by Tim Birkhead
51Ray (1686b).
52Ibid, Introduction, 1–25; whales and dolphins, 26–42; sharks and rays, 44–91; bony fishes, 94–343.
53Raven (1942: 343).
54Ibid (362); Ray (1686b: 82).
55Raven (1942: 363–4).
56Anthony Campbell, pers. comm. (29 January 2016); Boyle (1666).
57Kusukawa (2000, 2016) and pers. comm. (2 January 2016).
58Montgomerie and Birkhead (2009). Kate Loveman (pers. comm. 18 October 2017) has suggested to me that this coloured copy of the Ornithology may not have been presented to Pepys by Ray since it contains no authorial inscription recording the gift. Rather, she has suggested that it is equally (or more?) likely that Pepys commissioned the colouring himself, or that his partner (from 1670) Mary Skinner, who was known to colour books, either coloured the images herself or commissioned it.
59Raven (1942: 365); the Monmouth Rebellion, an attempt to overthrow James II.
60After whom the comet was named.
61Ogilivie (2016).
62See http://snailstales.blogspot.co.uk/2010/01/when-snails-were-insects.html.
63Charmantier et al. (2016: 365).
64Johnston (2016).
65Thomas Willoughby was raised to the peerage as Baron Middleton on 1 January 1672, along with others, ‘in order to safeguard the ministerial majority of the Lords’ (see http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690–1715/member/willoughby-sir-thomas-1672–1729) (D. Johnston, pers. comm.).
66Charmantier et al. (2016).
67Ibid.
68Roos (2017), ‘Only meer love of learning’: a rediscovered travel diary of the naturalist and collector, James Petiver (c. 1665–1718). Journal of the History of Collections. Petiver was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1695. His butterfly book was Papilionum Britanniae Icones (1718).
69Charmantier et al. (2016).
70Ogilvie (2016b).
71Mandelbrot (2004); Raven (1942: 305).
72Ogilvie (2016b).
73Ibid.
74Chinery (2012).
75Wilkins (1668).
76Birkhead (2008: 40–1); Ray (1691) later suggested there might be an additional 170, making a total of 670 species. There are now thought to be around 10,000 species of birds, although as molecular studies become increasingly refined, there may be many more (Barrowclough et al. 2016).
77Ray (1691: 119–20).
78Petiver (1718).
79Ramsay and Houston (2003).
80Olgilvie (2016).
81Kirkby (1802, vol. 1: 10): Willughby’s bee is Megachile willughbiella.
82Raven (1942: 366).
CHAPTER 10: A SUSTAINED FINALE: WILLUGHBY’S BUZZARD TAKES FLIGHT
1Smith (1788).
2Ibid.
3Raven (1942: 87).
4Swainson (1834: 27).
5Ibid. (30).
6Ibid. (31).
7C. T. Wood (1835) and N. Wood (1836); see Birkhead and Montgomerie (2016).
8N. Wood (1836).
9The Wood boys were well tutored by Edwin Lankester (see Birkhead and Montgomerie 2016), who also happened later to edit some of John Ray’s letters (Lankester 1848).
10C. T. Wood (1835: 83).
11N. Wood (1836: 412).
12Jardine (1843: 43).
13Newton (1896).
14Raven (1942: Preface, x).
15Ibid. (335–6).
16Ibid. (335). Virtuoso: A virtuoso was an expert academic without an academic position. On this basis Darwin too was a virtuoso. Since then the term has lost much of its lustre, and now often means a mere ‘dabbler’. Even in Willughby’s day not everyone valued virtuosity – experts were not universally esteemed. Some of the Royal Society’s various experiments and demonstrations drew public derision – not least, the blood transfusion (the first in England) performed in November 1667. The procedure was performed on Arthur Coga, a Divinity student suffering from a mild form of insanity, in the hope that introducing some nine ounces of lamb’s blood would quell the young man’s tempestuous nature. It didn’t of course. Thomas Shadwell’s play The Virtuoso, first performed at the Dorset Garden Theatre in London in 1676, four years after Willughby’s death, has been interpreted as a public attack on the Royal Society and some of its less useful experiments – like this one – but in fact the aim of the play seems to have to been satirise those ‘virtuosi’ who were mere dabblers with no expertise (see Gilde 1970).
17Raven (1942: 104).
18Ibid. (336).
19Ostwald (1909).
20Branscomb (1985); Woodward and Goodstein (1996).
21Snow bunting: Ornithology, 255; grasshopper warbler: Ornithology, 207.
22Jessop sending Willughby and Ray a scoter: Ornithology, 366.
23Ornithology, 365.
24Ibid. (315). Ray refers to it as ‘a small water hen, Aldrovandi calls it Polipus gallinula minor’.
25In a letter to Lister, Ray comments on how difficult raptors are to identify: ‘In respect of the genus of falcons and in general of all raptors nature seems to be playing tricks, in that it is well nigh impossible to distinguish precisely between the species. Even the same bird varies the colour of its wings in accordance with its age: in the case of older birds the colour generally fades and finally degenerates into a whiteish hue.’ Roos (2015: 118–19).
26Ornithology, 72.
27Newton (1896: 426).
28Birkhead et al. (2018).
29Ibid.
APPENDIX 3: THE STORY OF WILLUGHBY’S CHARR
1J. Leland. The Itinerary of John Leland in or about the Years 1535–43, ed. L. T. Smith, 1910.
2J. Ray. A Catalogue of Freshwater Fish found in England: an appendix in his Collection of English Words. London 1674.
3T. Pennant. British Zoology, vol. III. London 1769.
4A. Günther. Contribution to the Knowledge of British Charrs. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1862: 37–54.
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