Voltaire, Candide. From CANDIDE OR OPTIMISM by Voltaire, translated by John Butt (Penguin Classics, 1947). This edition copyright © John Butt, 1947. Reproduced by permission of Penguin Books, Ltd.
DIDEROT QUESTIONS CHRISTIAN SEXUAL STANDARDS
From Rameau’s Nephew and Other Works by Denis Diderot. Copyright © 1956 by Jacques Barzun and Ralph Bowen. Used by permission of Jacques Barzun.
A SOCIAL CONTRACT
Extract from A SOCIAL CONTRACT by Jean-Jacques Rousseau translated by Maurice Cranston (translation copyright © Estate Maurice Cranston 1968) is reproduced by permission of PFD (www.pfd.co.uk.) on behalf of the Estate of Maurice Cranston.
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: WOMEN IN THE AGE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT: ROUSSEAU AND WOLLSTONECRAFT
Rousseau, Emile (1762). Copyright ©1979 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Michael Wu. Reprinted by permission of Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group.
Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). From Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792).
THE PUNISHMENT OF CRIME
From Les Nuits de Paris or Nocturnal Spectator: A Selection, trans. L. Asher and E. Fertig. New York: Knopf, 1964.
THE CONVERSION EXPERIENCE IN WESLEY’S METHODISM
From The Journal of the Reverend John Wesley AM, vol. 2. J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1920.
CHAPTER 18
THE FRENCH KING’S BEDTIME
From Memoirs of the Comtesse de Boigne. Ed. M. Charles Nicoullaud. New York: Heinemann, 1907.
FREDERICK THE GREAT AND HIS FATHER
From Readings in European History, vol. 2, by James Harvey Robinson (Lexington, Mass.: Ginn and Co., 1906).
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM: ENLIGHTENED OR ABSOLUTE?
Letter of Baron de Breteuil. From G. Vernadsky, A Source Book for Russian History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972), Vol. 2.
Catherine II, Proposals for a New Law Code. From Documents of Catherine the Great, W. F. Reddaway © 1931 by Cambridge University Press. Reprinted with permission of Cambridge University Press.
Decree on Serfs. From G. Vernadsky, A Source Book for Russian History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972), Vol. 2.
BRITISH VICTORY IN INDIA
From Readings in European History, vol. 2, by James Harvey Robinson (Lexington, Mass.: Ginn and Co., 1906).
MARITAL ARRANGEMENTS
From The Rivals by Richard Sheridan (London, 1775).
PROPAGANDA FOR THE NEW AGRICULTURE
Arthur Young, Travels during the Years, 1787, 1788, and 1789 … in the Kingdom of France (London: W. Richardson, 1794).
THE BEGINNINGS OF MECHANIZED INDUSTRY: THE ATTACK ON NEW MACHINES
Leeds Woolen Workers’ Petition (Leeds, 1786).
POVERTY IN FRANCE
From European Society in the Eighteenth Century by Robert Forster and Elborg Forster. Copyright © 1969 by Robert and Elborg Forster. Reprinted by permission of Walker & Co.
CHAPTER 19
THE ARGUMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE
From The Federal and State Constitutions, S. N. Th orpe, compiler and editor, volume 1. Washington, D.C., 1909.
THE FALL OF THE BASTILLE
From The Press in the French Revolution: a selection of documents taken from the press of the Revolution for the years 1789–1794.
J. Gilchrist and W. J. Murray, eds. (London: Ginn, 1971).
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE NATURAL RIGHTS OF THE FRENCH PEOPLE: TWO VIEWS
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. From The French Revolution by Paul H. Beik. Copyright © 1970 by Paul H. Beik. Reprinted by permission of Walker & Co.
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. From Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789–1795: Selected Documents Translated with Notes and Commentary. Translated with notes and commentary by Darline Gay Levy, Harriet Branson Applewhite, and Mary Durham Johnson. Copyright 1979 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. Used with permission of the editors and the University of Illinois Press.
JUSTICE IN THE REIGN OF TERROR
From J. M. Th ompson, English Witness of the French Revolution (Oxford: Blackwell, 1938).
ROBESPIERRE AND REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
From Robespierre, edited by George Rudé. Copyright © 1967 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the Estate of George Rudé.
DE-CHRISTIANIZATION
From The French Revolution by Paul H. Beik. Copyright © 1970 by Paul H. Beik. Reprinted by permission
of Walker & Co.
NAPOLEON AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE
From A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution by John Hall Stewart. Copyright © 1951 by Macmillan Publishing Company, renewed 1979 by John Hall Stewart.
MAPS
* * *
MAP 11.1
Spread of the Black Death
MAP 11.2
The Hundred Years’ War
SPOT MAP
The Holy Roman Empire in the Fourteenth Century
SPOT MAP
The States of Italy in the Fourteenth Century
SPOT MAP
Avignon
MAP 12.1
Renaissance Italy
MAP 12.2
Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century
MAP 12.3
The Iberian Peninsula
MAP 12.4
The Ottoman Empire and Southeastern Europe
MAP 13.1
The Empire of Charles V
SPOT MAP
The Swiss Cantons
MAP 13.2
Catholics and Protestants in Europe by 1560
MAP 13.3
The Height of Spanish Power Under Philip II
MAP 14.1
Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
SPOT MAP
The Maya
SPOT MAP
The Aztecs
SPOT MAP
The Inca
MAP 14.2
Triangular Trade Route in the Atlantic Economy
SPOT MAP
Southeast Asia, c. 1700
SPOT MAP
The Mughal Empire
SPOT MAP
The Qing Empire
SPOT MAP
The West Indies
MAP 14.3
The Columbian Exchange
MAP 15.1
The Thirty Years’ War
MAP 15.2
The Wars of Louis XIV
MAP 15.3
The Growth of Brandenburg-Prussia
MAP 15.4
The Growth of the Austrian Empire
MAP 15.5
Russia: From Principality to Nation-State
SPOT MAP
Sweden in the Seventeenth Century
MAP 15.6
The Ottoman Empire
SPOT MAP
Poland in the Seventeenth Century
SPOT MAP
Civil War in England
SPOT MAP
Pacific Discoveries
MAP 17.1
The Enlightenment in Europe
MAP 17.2
Religious Populations of Eighteenth-Century Europe
MAP 18.1
Europe in 1763
SPOT MAP
Pugachev’s Rebellion
MAP 18.2
The Partitioning of Poland
MAP 18.3
Battlefields of the Seven Years’ War
MAP 19.1
North America, 1700–1803
SPOT MAP
Rebellion in France
MAP 19.2
French Expansion During the Revolutionary Wars, 1792–1799
SPOT MAP
Revolt in Saint-Domingue (Haiti)
MAP 19.3
Napoleon’s Grand Empire in 1810
FEATURES
* * *
FILM &
HISTORY
Joan of Arc (1948), The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (1999)
Luther (2003)
/>
Elizabeth (1998)
The Mission (1986)
Amadeus (1984)
Marie Antoinette (2006)
OPPOSING VIEW POINTS
Causes of the Black Death: Contemporary Views
The Renaissance Prince: The Views of Machiavelli and Erasmus
A Reformation Debate: Conflict at Marburg
West Meets East: An Exchange of Royal Letters
Oliver Cromwell: Three Perspectives
A New Heaven? Faith Versus Reason
Women in the Age of the Enlightenment: Rousseau and Wollstonecraft
Enlightened Absolutism: Enlightened or Absolute?
The Natural Rights of the French People: Two Views
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE
Entertainment in the Middle Ages
Spices and World Trade
Dutch Domesticity
The Aristocratic Way of Life
PREFACE
* * *
DURING A VISIT to Great Britain, where he studied as a young man, Mohandas Gandhi, the leader of the effort to liberate India from British colonial rule, was asked what he thought of Western civilization. “I think it would be a good idea,” he replied. Gandhi’s response was as correct as it was clever. Western civilization has led to great problems as well as great accomplishments, but it remains a good idea. And any complete understanding of today’s world must take into account the meaning of Western civilization and the role Western civilization has played in history. Despite modern progress, we still greatly reflect our religious traditions, our political systems and theories, our economic and social structures, and our cultural heritage. I have written this history of Western civilization to assist a new generation of students in learning more about the past that has helped create them and the world in which they live.
At the same time, for the eighth edition, as in the seventh, I have added considerable new material on world history to show the impact other parts of the world have made on the West. Certainly, the ongoing struggle with terrorists since 2001 has made clear the intricate relationship between the West and the rest of the world. It is important then to show not only how Western civilization has affected the rest of the world but also how it has been influenced and even defined since its beginnings by contacts with other peoples around the world.
Another of my goals was to write a well-balanced work in which the political, economic, social, religious, intellectual, cultural, and military aspects of Western civilization have been integrated into a chronologically ordered synthesis. I have been especially aware of the need to integrate the latest research on social history and women’s history into each chapter of the book rather than isolating it either in lengthy topical chapters, which confuse the student by interrupting the chronological narrative, or in separate sections that appear at periodic intervals between chapters.
Another purpose in writing this history of Western civilization has been to put the story back in history. Th at story is an exciting one; yet many textbooks fail to capture the imagination of their readers. Narrative history effectively transmits the knowledge of the past and is the form that best aids remembrance. At the same time, I have not overlooked the need for the kind of historical analysis that makes students aware that historians often disagree on their interpretations of the past.
Features of the Text
To enliven the past and let readers see for themselves the materials that historians use to create their pictures of the past, I have included in each chapter primary sources (boxed documents) that are keyed to the discussion in the text. The documents include examples of the religious, artistic, intellectual, social, economic, and political aspects of Western life. Such varied sources as a Renaissance banquet menu, a student fight song in nineteenth-century Britain, letters exchanged between a husband on the battle front and his wife in World War I, the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in the French Revolution, and a debate in the Reformation era all reveal in a vivid fashion what Western civilization meant to the individual men and women who shaped it by their activities. I have added questions at the end of each source to help students in analyzing the documents. In addition to the sources featured in the text, Primary Source Icons appear in the margins of each chapter, indicating documents that are available on the website.
Each chapter has an introduction and an illustrated chapter summary to help maintain the continuity of the narrative and to provide a synthesis of important themes. Anecdotes in the chapter introductions dramatically convey the major theme or themes of each chapter. Detailed chronologies reinforce the events discussed in the text, and a chapter timeline at the end of each chapter enables students to review at a glance the chief developments of an era. Many of the timelines also show parallel developments in different cultures or nations. An annotated bibliography at the end of each chapter reviews the most recent literature on each period and also gives references to some of the older, “classic” works in each field. New “Upon Reflection” Chapter Review Questions and Key Terms lists provide valuable study aids.
Updated maps and extensive illustrations serve to deepen the reader’s understanding of the text. Detailed map captions are designed to enrich students’ awareness of the importance of geography to history, and numerous spot maps enable readers to see at a glance the region or subject being discussed in the text. Map captions also include a map question to guide students’ reading of the map, as well as references to online interactive versions of the maps. To facilitate understanding of cultural movements, illustrations of artistic works discussed in the text are placed near the discussions. Throughout the text, illustration captions have been revised and expanded to further students’ understanding of the past. Chapter outlines and focus questions, including critical thinking questions, at the beginning of each chapter give students a useful overview and guide them to the main subjects of each chapter. The focus questions are then repeated at the beginning of each major section in the chapter. A glossary of important terms (boldfaced in the text when they are introduced and defined) is provided at the back of the book to maximize reader comprehension. A guide to pronunciation is now provided in the text in parentheses following the first mention of a complex name or term.
New to This Edition
As preparation for the revision of Western Civilization, I reexamined the entire book and analyzed the comments and reviews of many colleagues who have found the book to be a useful instrument for introducing their students to the history of Western civilization. In making revisions for the eighth edition, I sought to build on the strengths of the first seven editions and, above all, to maintain the balance, synthesis, and narrative qualities that characterized those editions. To keep up with the ever-growing body of historical scholarship, new or revised material has been added throughout the book on the following topics:
Chapter 1 the first humans; the Akkadian Empire; the Third Dynasty of Ur; revision of Images of Everyday Life feature on “The Egyptian Diet.”
Chapter 2 the Assyrian Empire; new Opposing Viewpoints feature on “The Governing of Empires: Two Approaches.”
Chapter 3 the Persian Wars; new Film & History feature on 300.
Chapter 4 Philip’s military reforms; new section, “Alexander’s Military Success.”
Chapter 5 Roman military success; new Opposing Viewpoints feature on “The End of The Republic: Three Views.”
Chapter 6 the Roman army; new Film & History feature on Gladiator.
Chapter 7 iconoclasm; the practice of war and diplomacy in the Byzantine Empire; Constantinople and the role of trade; the rise of Islam.
Chapter 8 Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire; new Opposing Viewpoints feature on “Lords and Vassals in Europe and Japan.”
Chapter 9 Goliardic poetry.
Chapter 10 King John; Magna Carta; King Philip Augustus; the French Parlement; revision of Film & History feature on The Lion in Winter; the rise of the mendicant orders; the Crusades; new Images of Everyday Life
feature on “Monastic Life in the Middle Ages.”
Chapter 11 new section on “The Black Death: From Asia to Europe,” with subsection on “Role of the Mongols”; revised section on “The Black Death in Europe”; new Opposing Viewpoints feature on “The Black Death: Contemporary Views.”
Chapter 12 the impact of the Italian wars on Machiavelli; the studia humanitatis; the Spanish expulsion of the Jews and Muslims; the threat of the Ottoman Turks to the West; women in the home in the Italian Renaissance.
Chapter 13 Erasmus’s New Testament scholarship; Thomas More; Luther and the Christian humanists; Luther and the peasants; Luther and predestination; the empire of Charles V; political motives of popes and monarchs; the Ottoman Turks; the meaning of the Catholic Reformation.
Chapter 14 new Images of Everyday Life feature on “The Role of Spices in World Trade”; revision of introduction to include a more concise road map of the chapter; viceroys in Spain’s Latin American empire; impact of slave trade on Africa; products of the Columbian Exchange, including cochineal; mercantilism.
Western Civilization: Volume B: 1300 to 1815, 8th Edition Page 3