Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride (Van Eyck)
Giovanni di Dondi
Girondins
Globalization: expansion and
Globe theater
Glorious Revolution (England)
Goa, Portugal and
Gold: in Africa Spanish for trade
Gold Coast
Golden age: of Dutch Republic “Golden Speech, The” (Elizabeth I) Gonfalionere (Florence)
Gonzaga family (Mantua) Francesco Gian Francesco I Gorée, Senegal: slave trade in Gouges, Olympe de Government: of Austrian Empire of Catholic states of France of Inca Empire of Italian city-states Montesquieu on nobility in Ottoman of Poland of Prussia of Russia of Spain of Spanish America of United States See also Monarchs and monarchies specific locations
Government bonds
Goya, Francisco
Grammar schools
Granada
Grand Army (Napoleon)
Grand Duchy of Warsaw
Grand Empire (Napoleon)
Grandi (nobility)
Grand tour
Grand viziers (Ottoman)
Gravitation, Newton on
Gray, Thomas
Great council (Venice)
Great Council of barons
Great Instauration, The (Bacon)
Great Lakes region
Great Northern War
“Great Retreat,” by Napoleon
Great Schism (Catholic Church)
Great Wall (China)
Great War for Empire
Greco-Roman culture: Renaissance and
Greece: Classical
Greek Orthodoxy. See Eastern Orthodoxy
Greenwich, England: Royal Observatory at
Gregory XI (Pope)
Grimmelshausen, Jakob von Groote, Gerard
Gros, Antoine-Jean (Baron)
Guadeloupe
Guatemala
Guicciardini, Francesco
Guilds: in 18th century Renaissance artists and
Guillotine
Guise family (France)
Gulf of Mexico
Gunpowder
Gustavus III (Sweden)
Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden)
Gustavus Vasa. See Vasa, Gustavus Gutenberg, Johannes
Guzman, Gaspar de. See Olivares (Count) Gymnasium
Habsburg dynasty Bourbon dynasty and economy and in 18th century Thirty Years’ War and and War of the Austrian Succession Habsburg-Valois Wars
Haiti
Hall of Mirrors (Versailles)
Hamburg
Hamilton, Alexander
Hancock, John
Handbook of the Christian Knight (Erasmus)
Handel, George Frederick
Hanoverian dynasty (England)
Hanseatic League (Hansa)
Hardenberg, Karl August von
Harlem
Harvey, William
Haydn, Franz Joseph
Healing. See Medicine
Health and health care. See Medicine
Heliocentric conception of universe
Henrietta Marie (England)
Henry II (France)
Henry III (England)
Henry III (France)
Henry IV (England)
Henry V (England)
Henry VI (England)
Henry VII (England)
Henry VIII (England)
Henry of Navarre
Henry the Navigator (Portugal)
Herculaneum
Heresy: in England in Renaissance
Hermeticism
Hevelius, Johannes
Hierarchies (social): in Prussia
High culture: of 18th century
High Renaissance, artistic
Hindus, in India
Hippolytus (Euripides)
Hirado
Hispaniola
Historical and Critical Dictionary (Bayle)
History and historians: Enlightenment writing and
humanism and
History of Italy (Guicciardini)
History of the Florentine People (Bruni)
History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, The (Clarendon)
History of Tom Jones, The… (Fielding)
Hobbes, Thomas
Hohenstaufen dynasty
Hohenzollern dynasty
Holbach, Paul d’ (Baron)
Holbein, Ambrosius
Holbein, Hans, the Younger
Holland. See Dutch Netherlands
Holy League
Holy Office. See Roman Inquisition
Holy Roman Empire Bohemia in Catholic Church and divisions in in 18th century France and German city-states and Habsburgs and independence of states in Th irty Years’ War and
Hondius, Henricus
Horses
Hospitals unwanted children at
Hôtel-Dieu
House of Commons (England)
House of Lords (England)
House of Medici. See Medici family
Housing: in Amsterdam architecture of
Howard, Catherine
Huayna Inca
Hubertusburg, Peace of
Hudson, Henry
Hudson’s Bay Territory
Huguenots
Humanism Christian education and history and Luther and in Renaissance Italy sciences and
Human sacrifice: in Benin
Hume, David
Hundred Years’ War
Hungary Austria and Ottomans and revolts in Roman Catholicism in
Hus, John, and Hussites
Hussite wars
Hyde, Edward (first earl of Clarendon)
Iberian peninsula See also Portugal; Spain
Ice age: “little,”
Ignatius of Loyola. See Loyola, Ignatius of
Ignorant Philosopher, The (Voltaire) Illegitimacy
Illness. See Disease; Medicine
Imitation of Christ, The (Thomas à Kempis)
Immigration: to cities
“Imperial Edict to the King of England, An” (Qianlong)
Imperialism: in 19th century
Imports
Inca Empire
Independents: Puritans as
Index of Forbidden Books
India: cotton from Dutch and England and France and Jesuits in Mughal Empire in Napoleon and Portugal and in Seven Years’ War and War of the Austrian Succession
Indian Ocean region
Indians (Native Americans): conversion of in French and Indian War in Latin American society Spanish treatment of use of term Individualism
Indonesia
Induction
Indulgences
Industrial Revolution: in England
Industry: European mechanized in Renaissance Spanish trade and
Inertia
Infanticide: in 18th century
Infant mortality
Inflation: in 16th century See also Economy
Inquisition Galileo and Roman Spanish
Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin)
Institutional church, in 18th century
Instruction (Catherine the Great)
Instrument of Government (England)
Intellectual thought: Chinese influence on in Renaissance Italy women and See also Enlightenment Humanism Renaissance Scientific Revolution
Intendants
Inventions: in 14th century
Ireland: England and potato in Isabella (Capetian family)
Isabella of Castile
Islam. See Muslims
Istanbul. See Constantinople (Istanbul) Isthmus of Panama
Italy: Austria and Black Death in city-states in France and Germany and Holy Roman Empire and intellectual thought in mannerism in Napoleon and Renaissance in slaves in Spain and states in warfare in See also Renaissance Rome
Ivan III (Russia)
Ivan IV the Terrible (Russia)
Jacobins
Jacquerie
Jadwiga (Poland)
Jagiello dynasty (Poland)
Jakarta. See Batavia (
Jakarta)
Jamaica
James I (England)
James II (England)
Jamestown
Janissaries
Japan: Catholic Church in Europeans and Jesuits in
Java
Jeanne d’Albret
Jefferson, Thomas Jesuits
Jews and Judaism in eastern Europe plague and in Spain toleration and
Joanna (Spain)
Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc (movie)
John II (France)
John of Leiden
Johnson, Samuel
Joint-stock company
Jollain, Nicolas-René, the Elder
Joseph II (Austria)
Josephine de Beauharnais (France)
Journal des Savants
Journal of the Reverend John Wesley, The
Judaism. See Jews and Judaism
Judith Beheading Holofernes (Gentileschi)
Julius II (Pope)
Junkers
Justification by faith alone
Kangxi (China)
Kant, Immanuel
Karelia
Karlowitz, Treaty of
Kaunitz, Wenzel von
Kepler, Johannes
Keynes, John Maynard
Kingdom of Naples
Kings and kingdoms. See Monarchs and monarchies specific rulers and locations
Kirch, Gottfried
Knighton, Henry
Knights: in Hundred Years’ War
Knox, John
Königshofen, Jacob von
Kosciuszko, Thaddeus
Kosovo: Battle of (1389)
Kuchuk-Kainarji, Treaty of
Kyushu
Labor: in 14th century in 18th century Black Death and as social estate See also Slavery; Workers Working class
La Bruyère, Jean de
Lafayette, marquis de
Laissez-faire doctrine
Lake Texcoco
Lamentation (Giotto)
Lampi, Johann
Land: in 18th century European conquerors and in High Middle Ages See also Agriculture
Landing of Marie de’ Medici at Marseilles, The (Rubens)
Landlords: in 14th century
Laocoön (El Greco)
Las Casas, Bartolomé de
Last Supper, The (Leonardo da Vinci)
Lateen sails
Later Middle Ages See also Middle Ages
Latin America: European colonies in independence and See also Colonies and colonization specific locations
Latin Christianity. See Catholic Church
Latin language: in Renaissance
La Tour, Maurice-Quentin de
Laud, William
Launay, marquis de
Lavoisier, Antoine and Marie-Anne
Law(s). See Law codes Scientific laws specific laws
Law, John
Law codes: Napoleonic in Sweden Law of 14 Frimaire
Law of the General Maximum
Lay piety, in 14th century
Lazar (Serbia)
Leeds Woolen Workers’ Petition, The
Legal issues. See Law codes
Legislative Assembly (France)
Leibniz, Gottfried
Leiden, University of
Leipzig Debate
Leo X (Pope)
Leonardo da Vinci
Leopold II (Holy Roman Emperor)
Lepanto, Battle of
Lerma, duke of (Spain)
Lesueur brothers
Letters: of Isabella d’Este between Louis XIV and King of Tonkin
“Letter to Paolo Foscarini” (Bellarmine)
“Letter to Raphael Sanchez, Treasurer to the King and Queen of Spain” (Columbus)
“Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina” (Galileo)
Levellers
Leviathan (Hobbes)
Leyster, Judith
Liberal arts
Liberals and liberalism: economic
Liberty: Locke on
Lifestyle: in 14th century in 18th century in Amsterdam aristocratic Black Death and Columbian Exchange and in country houses of Dutch grand tour and in Italian Renaissance of Louis XIV (France) of nobility in Russia
Lima, Pizarro in
Limited monarchies
Limoges: sack of
Linen Cupboard, The (de Hooch)
Literacy
Literature: Elizabethan in England in France novels and in Spain travel vernacular See also specific works and authors
Lithuania
“Little ice age,”
Little Pretty Pocket-Book
Livestock
Livingston, Robert
Livonia
Li Zicheng (China)
Locke, John
Lodi, Peace of
Lollardy
Lombardy
London: finance in
Longbow
Long Parliament
Looms
Lope de Vega, Félix
Lord Protector (England)
Lords See also Nobility
Lord’s Supper See also Eucharist
Lorraine
Louis XI (“Spider” king, France)
Louis XIII (France)
Louis XIV (France) absolutism of letters to king of Tonkin parlements and religious minorities and Royal Academy of Sciences and Versailles court of wars of
Louis XVI (France) execution of French Revolution and National Assembly and ouis XVIII (France)
Louisbourg
Louis of Hungary
Louvois, marquis de (François-Michel Le Tellier)
Low Countries See also Belgium Netherlands
Lower Austria
Lower classes See also Classes
Loyalists: in American Revolution
Loyola, Ignatius of (Saint)
Lübeck
Ludlow, Edmund
Lussault, Françoise
Luther (movie)
Luther, Martin on education marriage of Peasants’ War and Zwingli and
Lutheranism in 18th century in Netherlands in Scandinavia spread of
Luther Versus the Pope
Lützen, Battle of
Luxembourg
Luxury goods
Lyons
Macartney (Lord), China trade and
Machiavelli, Niccolò
Madison, James
Madras (Chennai)
Madrigals
Magazines
Magellan, Ferdinand
Magi
Magic
Magic Flute, The (Mozart)
Maine, France
Maize. See Corn
Malacca
Malay world
Malnutrition
Manchu dynasty (China)
Manchuria
Mannerism
Mantua
Manufacturing: in France industrialization and
See also Industry
Maps
Marburg Colloquy
Marcel, Étienne
Maria Theresa (Austria)
Marie Antoinette (France)
Marie Antoinette (movie)
Markets: in 18th century
Marlborough, duke of (John Churchill)
Marriage: age at arranged clerical in 18th century Habsburg dynastic Luther on in Middle Ages Protestantism and in Renaissance Italy
Marriage of Figaro, The (Mozart)
“Marseillaise,”
Marseilles
Marsiglio of Padua
Martin V (Pope)
Martinique
Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, The (Pollaiuolo)
Mary, queen of Scots
Mary (Burgundy), marriage of
Mary I (England)
Mary II (England)
Masaccio
Masons
Massachusetts
Mästlin, Michael
Materialism
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Newton). See Principia (Newton)
Mathematics: Scientific Revolution and
Maurice (Saint)
&
nbsp; Maximilian (Bavaria)
Maximilian I (Holy Roman Empire)
Maya
Mazarin, Jules (Cardinal)
Mechanics: motion and
Mechanization
Medical schools
Medici family Catherine de’ Church of San Lorenzo and Cosimo de’ Cosimo II Lorenzo the Magnificent
Medicine: in 14th century in 18th century in Middle Ages in Scientific Revolution See also Disease
Medieval Europe. See Middle Ages Mediterranean region: in 18th century
Mehmet II (Ottomans)
Melanchthon, Philip
Melchiorites
Memoirs (Comtesse de Boigne)
Memoirs (Ludlow)
Memoirs (Saint-Simon)
Memoirs of the Dauphin (Louis XIV)
Men: roles of
Mennonites
Mercantilism
Mercator, Gerardus
Mercator projection
Mercenaries
Merchant fleets
Merchants: in Amsterdam in Asia mercantilism and in Renaissance slave trade and See also Commerce Trade Merchant ships
Merian, Maria Sibylla
Mesoamerica
Messenger, The: …
Messiah (Handel)
Mestizos
Metallurgy
Metals. See Gold Silver
Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam (Merian)
Methodism
Metz
Mexico population of Spanish conquests in
Michael Romanov
Michelangelo
Middle Ages entertainment in See also Plague
Middle class(es): French Prussian
Middle Passage
Midwives
“Mighty Fortress Is Our God, A” (Luther)
Migration: in Middle Ages See also Immigration
Milan Austria and duchy of
Militarism: Prussian
Military: in 18th century in France in Hundred Years’ War Japanese nobility and in Prussia Russian in Spain after Thirty Years’ War See also Mercenaries Navy specific battles and wars Millenarianism, of Melchiorites
Milligen, J. G.
Minerals
Mines and mining
Ming dynasty (China)
Minorities: religious (18th century)
Miracles: humanist historians on
Mission, The (movie)
Missions and missionaries: in Asia in colonies in Japan Jesuit
Moctezuma (Aztecs)
Modern Devotion
Mohács, Battle of
Molière, Jean-Baptiste
Moluccas (Spice Islands)
Monarchs and monarchies: Austrian divine right and in Dutch Republic in eastern Europe in England in 14th century in France in Germany Holy Roman Empire and limited in Poland in Renaissance in 17th century in Spain in Sweden See also Absolutism Limited monarchies specific rulers and locations
Money. See Currency Inflation
Money payments, as scutage
Mongolia
Mongols
Monism. See Pantheism
Monopolies: in England
Montcalm, Louis-Joseph
Montecino, Antón
Montefeltro family (Urbino)
Montesquieu, baron de (Charles de Secondat)
Montpellier
Moravia
More, Hannah
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