by Con Coughlin
34 Hassan Allawi, The Borrowed State, n.p., n.d., p. 90.
35 Mikhael Ramadan, In the Shadow of Saddam (New Zealand: GreeNZone, 1999), p. 12.
EIGHT: THE WARLORD
1 Iraq’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Iraqi-Iranian Conflict: Documentary Dossier (Baghdad: January 1981), pp. 208–214.
2 Miller and Mylroie, p. 109.
3 Quoted in Efraim Karsh, The Iran-Iraq War 1980–1988 (London: Osprey, 2002), p. 27.
4 John Bulloch and Harvey Morris, The Gulf War (London: Methuen, 1989), p. 47.
5 Quoted in Miller and Mylroie, p. 113.
6 Quoted in Karsh, p. 62.
7 Ibid., p. 114.
8 BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, June 22, 1982.
9 Dilip Hiro, The Longest War (London: Palladin, 1990), p. 35.
10 Ibid., p. 34.
11 Quoted in Washington Post, April 18, 1980.
12 Miller and Mylroie, p. 115.
13 Adel Darwish and Gregory Alexander, Unholy Babylon (London: Victor Gollancz, 1991), p. 129.
14 Baghdad Domestic Service, July 22, 1980.
15 Ibid., July 17, 1981.
16 Timmerman, p. 105.
17 Ibid., p. 106.
18 Ibid., p. 112.
19 BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 14, 1983.
20 Author’s interview, May 2002.
21 Bulloch and Morris, pp. 47–48.
22 Ibid.
23 Karsh, p. 67.
24 M. S. el-Azhary, ed. The Iran-Iraq War (London: Croom Helm, 1984), p. 54.
25 Sahib Hakim, Human Rights in Iraq (London: Middle East Watch, 1992), p. 125.
26 Wall Street Journal, August 27, 1990.
27 Al-Khalil, p. 28.
28 Bulloch and Morris, p. 71.
NINE: THE VICTOR
1 Timmerman, pp. 116–117.
2 Ibid., p. 118.
3 Aburish, p. 236.
4 Author’s interview, September 1995.
5 Author’s interview, April 2002.
6 Wafic al-Samurrai, The Destruction of the Eastern Gate (Kuwait, 1997), p. 153.
7 Author’s interview, February 2002.
8 These figures are taken from Anthony Cordesman, “The Iran-Iraq War in 1984: An Escalating Threat to the Gulf and the West,” Armed Forces Journal International, March 1984, p. 24.
9 Sunday Times (London), March 11, 1984.
10 Author’s interview, November 2001.
11 Marr, p. 297.
12 Author’s interview, February 2002.
13 Aburish, p. 187.
14 Author’s interview, May 2002.
15 Anthony H. Cordesman, The Iran-Iraq War and Western Security, 1984–87 (London: Jane’s Publishing, 1987), p. 99.
16 Author’s interview, January 2002.
17 This incident is generally regarded, and especially by this author, as the main reason for the bomb attack against Pan Am flight 103 over the Scottish town of Lockerbie in December 1988, in which 270 people died.
18 Timmerman, p. 293.
TEN: THE INVADER
1 Independent London), August 30, 1989.
2 Author’s interview, May 2002.
3 Author’s interview, June 200
4 Author’s interview, September 1998.
5 Sunday Times (London), March 26, 1989.
6 Karsh and Rautsi, p. 184.
7 Simon Henderson, Instant Empire: Saddam Hussein’s Ambition for Iraq (San Francisco: Mercury House, 1991), p. 82.
8 Cockburn and Cockburn, p. 155.
9 Sunday Times (London), March 26, 1989.
10 Author’s interview, February 1999.
11 Private source.
12 Author’s interview, June 2002.
13 Guardian (London), April 1, 1989.
14 Wall Street Journal, February 15, 1991.
15 Karsh and Rautsi, p. 202.
16 Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 251.
17 Atlantic Monthly, May 2002.
18 Author’s interview, July 2002.
19 Author’s interviews, Spring 2002.
20 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 824.
21 Observer (London), October 21, 1990.
22 Baghdad Domestic Service, July 18, 1990.
23 Author’s interview, February 2002.
24 Author’s interview, July 2002.
ELEVEN: THE LOSER
1 Thatcher, p. 817.
2 Baghdad Domestic Service, August 8, 1990.
3 Thatcher, p. 827.
4 Dilip Hiro, Desert Shield to Desert Storm (London: HarperCollins, 1992), p. 222.
5 Al-Thawra, December 2, 1990.
6 Economist (London), December 22, 1990.
7 Tripp, p. 254.
8 Iraqi National Accord, December 14, 20, 21, 1990.
9 Iraqi National Accord, January 18, 1991.
10 Author’s interview, August 2002.
11 Atlantic Monthly, May 2002.
12 As an accredited war correspondent with the British Armed Forces during Operation Desert Storm, the author can testify that Allied forces were on a constant state of alert for an Iraqi chemical weapons attack.
13 In 1998 UN weapons investigators confirmed that substantial quantities of weapons-grade anthrax were deployed in Kuwait and southern Iraq during the Gulf War. See Sunday Telegraph (London), February 15, 1998.
14 Time, September 18, 1995.
15 Baghdad Domestic Service, January 18, 1991.
16 Ibid., January 20, 1991.
17 CNN, January 28, 1991.
18 Baghdad Domestic Service, January 31, 1991.
19 Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh, The Gulf Conflict 1990–91 (London: Faber and Faber, 1993), p. 377.
20 Times (London), February 16, 1991.
21 Ibid., February 23, 1991.
22 Baghdad Domestic Service, February 26, 1991.
23 Independent (London), February 6, 1991.
24 Ibid., February 28, 1991.
25 Atlantic Monthly, May 2002.
TWELVE: THE SURVIVOR
1 Freedman and Karsh, p. 411.
2 Hansard (House of Commons), January 15, 1991.
3 New York Times, January 26, 1991.
4 BBC Radio 4, “The Desert War—A Kind of Victory,” February 16, 1992.
5 International Herald Tribune, March 28, 1991.
6 Cockburn and Cockburn, p. 27.
7 Sunday Times (London), March 10, 1991.
8 Private source.
9 Private source.
10 Scott Ritter, Endgame: Solving the Iraq Problem—Once and for All (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), p. 111.
11 ABC News, Peter Jennings Reporting (New York), June 26, 1997.
12 Cockburn and Cockburn, p. 38.
13 Quoted in Michael R. Gordon and Bernard E. Trainor, The Generals’ War (New York: Back Bay Books, 1995), p. 517.
14 Aburish, p. 319.
15 Observer (London), July 12, 1992.
16 Times (London), September 4, 1992.
17 Author’s interview, September 1998. The name Sami Salih is a pseudonym.
18 Daily Telegraph (London), August 23, 1993.
19 Aburish, p. 326.
20 Author’s interview, August 1999.
21 Author’s interview, May 2002.
22 Private source.
23 New Yorker, April 5, 1999.
24 Cockburn and Cockburn, p. 189.
25 Author’s interview, February 2002.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 Quoted in Time, September 18, 1995.
30 BBC Survey of World Broadcasts, August 14, 1995.
31 Iraq television, August 12, 1995.
32 Private source.
33 Author’s interview, September 1998.
34 Cockburn and Cockburn, p. 220.
35 Times (London), March 18, 1999.
36 Ibid., p. 229.
37 International Herald Tribune, September
9, 1996.
38 Author’s interview, May 2002.
39 Al-Wasat, March 12, 1997.
40 Tim Trevan, Saddam’s Secrets: The Hunt for Saddam’s Hidden Weapons (London: HarperCollins, 1999), p. 365.
41 Iraq television, June 22, 1997.
42 A detailed examination of CIA penetration of UNSCOM is contained in “Saddam’s Best Friend,” by Seymour M. Hersh, in the New Yorker, April 5, 1999.
43 William Shawcross, Deliver Us from Evil (London: Bloomsbury, 2000), p. 243.
44 Trevan, p. 374.
45 Ritter, p. 223.
46 Ibid., p. 224.
THIRTEEN: THE MENACE
1 Sunday Telegraph (London), April 28, 2002.
2 Guardian (London), May 17, 2002.
3 Time, May 13, 2002.
4 Atlantic Monthly, May 2002.
5 Private source.
6 Sunday Telegraph (London), March 29, 1999.
7 Scotland on Sunday, April 2, 2000.
8 Author’s interview, August 1999.
9 Private source.
10 Author’s interview, October 1999.
11 Sunday Times (London), August 15, 1999.
12 Quoted in Vanity Fair, February 2000.
13 Private source.
14 New York Times, December 20, 2001.
15 Time, May 13, 2002.
16 Times, June 17, 2002.
17 Quoted in Al-Watan, June 28, 2002.
18 John Kampfner, Blair’s Wars (London: Simon & Schuster, 2003), p. 197.
19 Private source.
20 Sun (London), September 25, 2003.
21 Times (London), October 18, 2002.
22 Times (London), November 22, 2002.
23 Author’s interview, August 2003.
24 Sunday Telegraph (London), December 1, 2002.
25 New York Times, December 14, 2002.
26 Interview with al-Dabbagh, Baghdad, November 2003.
27 Ibid.
28 Author’s interview, November 2002.
29 Reuters, April 11, 2003.
FOURTEEN: THE CAPTIVE
1 Williamson Murray and Major General Robert H. Scales Jr., The Iraq War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. 154–155.
2 Private source.
3 The Sun (London), March 24, 2003.
4 Ibid., p. 107.
5 New York Times, February 12, 2004.
6 Murray and Scales, p. 204.
7 Quoted in National Journal, May 6, 2003.
8 Los Angeles Times, May 11, 2003.
9 Private source.
10 Quoted in Daily Telegraph (London), April 8, 2003.
11 Private source.
12 Author’s interview, Baghdad, May 2003.
13 New York Times, May 2, 2003.
14 Private source.
15 Author’s interview, Baghdad, May 2003.
16 Author’s interview, Baghdad, May 2003.
17 New York Times, February 12, 2004.
18 Author’s interview, Baghdad, May 2003.
19 Private source.
20 Quoted on CNN, August 1, 2003.
21 Private source.
22 Quoted in The Times (London), November 7, 2003.
23 Quoted in Time, December 22, 2003.
EPILOGUE: LIBERATION
1 Quoted in New York Times, July 2, 2004.
2 Ibid.
3 GQ magazine, July 2005.
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