11. http:// eng.kremlin.ru/news/752 (last accessed 7 September 2011).
12. http://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/news/1247042/skandal_s_zakupkami_tomografov (last accessed 7 September 2011).
13. http:// ria.ru/trend/belevitin_case_02062011/ (last accessed 7 September 2011).
14. Financial Times, 12 November 2010.
15. http://en.rian.ru/russia/20110706/165063309.html (last accessed 8 September 2011).
16. See http://russian-untouchables.com/eng/ (last accessed 7 September 2011).
17. Guardian, 21 December 2007. In a different interview, with Die Welt, Belkovsky put Putin’s stake in Gunvor at 50 rather than 7 per cent.
18. Putin’s own website reprints an article from the opposition newspaper Novaya gazeta about the prime minister’s network of business friends and interests: http://premier.gov.ru/pda/eng/premier/press/ru/4558/ (last accessed 7 September 2011).
19. Financial Times, 15 May 2008.
20. Milov, Nemtsov, Ryzhkov and Shorina (eds), Putin. Korruptsiya. Nezavisimyy ekspertnyy doklad.
21. Guardian, 1 December 2010.
22. http:// navalny.livejournal.com/526563.html.
23. http:// rospil.info/results.
24. See Julia Joffe’s excellent account of Navalny’s work in The New Yorker, 4 April 2011.
Chapter 13. Tandemology
1. Interview with Dimitry Muratov, 14 December 2010.
2. Interview with Arkady Dvorkovich, 29 June 2011.
3. Interview with Olga Kryshtanovskaya in Svobodnaya pressa, 8 February 2011, svpressa.ru/politic/article/38451 (last accessed 7 September 2011).
4. http://www.bfm.ru/news/2011/08/29/dvorkovich-zubkov-ne-ujdet-iz-gazproma-do-1-oktjabrja.html (last accessed 7 September 2011).
5. Guardian, 1 July 2011.
6. Financial Times, 20 June 2011.
7. http://www.rferl.org/content/medvedev_talks_reform_in_st_petersburg/24238558.html (last accessed 7 September 2011).
Conclusion
1. I notice that my book about the Gorbachev years ended very hopefully. See Angus Roxburgh, The Second Russian Revolution (London: BBC Books, 1991).
2. Sunday Times, 14 August 2011.
3. http://valdaiclub.com/history/29960.html – 18 August 2011 (last accessed 7 September 2011).
ENDNOTES
1. The magistrate who rejected the extradition request for Berezovsky (and also for an exiled Chechen leader, Akhmed Zakayev, who was also wanted by Moscow) was Judge Timothy Workman. A few months later, in January 2004, an 83-year-old man with the same surname, Robert Workman, was shot dead when he opened his front door to a stranger in a quiet village north of London. No motive for the murder has been established and the killer has not been found. There was speculation that the murder could have been a case of mistaken identity.
2. The word silovik is often translated as ‘strongman’, but it really means ‘a member of the security forces’. It derives from the term silovye struktury, or ‘power structures’, in other words the FSB, ministry of defence, police, and so on. In effect the siloviki are men (I can’t think of any female siloviki) who derive their power from having worked in one of these structures.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1. President Yeltsin hands Vladimir Putin the seals of office, 31 December 1999. (www.kremlin.ru)
2. President Putin’s inauguration speech, 7 May 2000. (www.kremlin.ru)
3. Putin’s St Petersburg friend Alexei Kudrin became Russia’s most successful finance minister. (www.kremlin.ru)
4. Putin with his early team of reformers, German Gref, Alexei Kudrin and Andrei Illarionov. (Courtesy of RIA Novosti)
5. President George W. Bush with Putin in 2001, when Bush looked into Putin’s eyes and saw his soul. (www.kremlin.ru)
6. Bush and Putin became good friends despite serious policy clashes. (www.kremlin.ru)
7. US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Russian defence minister Sergei Ivanov came to trust one another after 9/11. (www.kremlin.ru)
8. Tony and Cherie Blair with the Putins at the Mariinsky Theatre, St Petersburg, March 2000. (www.kremlin.ru)
9. Putin with one of his closest Western allies, Italian leader Silvio Berlusconi. (www.kremlin.ru)
10. Putin got on less well with German chancellor Angela Merkel, whom he tried to scare with his dog. (www.kremlin.ru)
Victims of the Putin regime?
11. Oil tycoon Mikhail Khodorkovsky. (Photo by Oleg Nikishin/Getty Images)
12. Journalist Anna Politkovskaya. (Photo by Schreibstube)
13. Ex-KGB agent Alexander Litvinenko. (Photo by Natasja Weitsz/Getty Images)
14. Putin’s placeman in Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov. (Photo by Ruslan Alkhanov/AFP/Getty Images)
15. All smiles at Putin’s first meeting in 2004 with the Western-oriented Georgian leader Mikheil Saakashvili. Saakashvili later mocked the Russian as ‘Liliputin’. (www.kremlin.ru)
16. Viktor Yushchenko and Yulia Tymoshenko, leaders of Ukraine’s Orange Revolution. (Courtesy of European Peoples Party)
17. Putin’s patriots. The Russian leader holds regular meetings with his young supporters in Nashi. (www.kremlin.ru)
18. Putin’s portraits for sale in a stationery store. (Vladimir Menkov)
19. Putin as a child dreamt of joining the KGB. (www.kremlin.ru)
20. After university he fulfilled his dream. (www.kremlin.ru)
21. Putin with his wife Lyudmila on a rare public appearance together. (www.kremlin.ru)
22. Putin’s appearances with his dog Koni are more frequent. (www.kremlin.ru)
23. Putin the judoist. (www.kremlin.ru)
24. Putin discovers two Grecian urns in the Black Sea in the summer of 2011. His spokesman later admitted they were planted for him. (Courtesy of RIA Novosti)
25. Doing the butterfly stroke in an icy Siberian river. (Courtesy of RIA Novosti)
26. Putin at the controls of a jetplane. (www.kremlin.ru)
27. Putin and Dmitry Medvedev celebrate the latter’s election as president in May 2008. The crowd on Red Square chanted only Putin’s name. (www.kremlin.ru)
28. During the 2009 financial crisis, Putin forces billionaire Oleg Deripaska to sign a paper promising to get the one-factory town of Pikalyovo working again. (Courtesy of RIA Novosti)
29. July 2009: President Barack Obama explains his plans for a US–Russian ‘reset’ at Putin’s dacha. (www.kremlin.ru)
30. June 2010: President Medvedev heads off with Barack Obama for a hamburger lunch. (www.kremlin.ru)
31. Foreign minister Sergei Lavrov and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton press a toy ‘reset button’. (www.kremlin.ru)
32. The modernising Medvedev is rarely seen without his iPad. (Courtesy of RIA Novosti)
33. Dmitry Medvedev became president in 2008 knowing he would probably hand back to Putin four years later. (www.kremlin.ru)
34. In September they told a congress of the United Russia party that they had agreed to swap roles, allowing Putin to regain the presidency for as much as 12 more years. (www.kremlin.ru)
President Yeltsin hands Vladimir Putin the seals of office, 31 December 1999. (www.kremlin.ru)
President Putin’s inauguration speech, 7 May 2000. (www.kremlin.ru)
Putin’s St Petersburg friend Alexei Kudrin became Russia’s most successful finance minister. (www.kremlin.ru)
Putin with his early team of reformers, German Gref, Alexei Kudrin and Andrei Illarionov. (Courtesy of RIA Novosti)
President George W. Bush with Putin in 2001, when Bush looked into Putin’s eyes and saw his soul. (www.kremlin.ru)
Bush and Putin became good friends despite serious policy clashes. (www.kremlin.ru)
US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Russian defence minister Sergei Ivanov came to trust one another after 9/1
1. (www.kremlin.ru)
Tony and Cherie Blair with the Putins at the Mariinsky Theatre, St Petersburg, March 2000. (www.kremlin.ru)
Putin with one of his closest Western allies, Italian leader Silvio Berlusconi. (www.kremlin.ru)
Putin got on less well with German chancellor Angela Merkel, whom he tried to scare with his dog. (www.kremlin.ru)
Victims of the Putin regime?
Oil tycoon Mikhail Khodorkovsky. (Photo by Oleg Nikishin/Getty Images)
Journalist Anna Politkovskaya. (Photo by Schreibstube)
Ex-KGB agent Alexander Litvinenko. (Photo by Natasja Weitsz/Getty Images)
Putin’s placeman in Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov. (Photo by Ruslan Alkhanov/AFP/Getty Images)
All smiles at Putin’s first meeting in 2004 with the Western-oriented Georgian leader Mikheil Saakashvili. Saakashvili later mocked the Russian as ‘Liliputin’. (www.kremlin.ru)
Viktor Yushchenko and Yulia Tymoshenko, leaders of Ukraine’s Orange Revolution. (Courtesy of European Peoples Party)
Putin’s patriots. The Russian leader holds regular meetings with his young supporters in Nashi. (www.kremlin.ru)
Putin’s portraits for sale in a stationery store. (Vladimir Menkov)
Putin as a child dreamt of joining the KGB. (www.kremlin.ru)
After university he fulfilled his dream. (www.kremlin.ru)
Putin with his wife Lyudmila on a rare public appearance together. (www.kremlin.ru)
Putin’s appearances with his dog Koni are more frequent. (www.kremlin.ru)
Putin the judoist. (www.kremlin.ru)
Putin discovers two Grecian urns in the Black Sea in the summer of 2011. His spokesman later admitted they were planted for him. (Courtesy of RIA Novosti)
Doing the butterfly stroke in an icy Siberian river. (Courtesy of RIA Novosti)
Putin at the controls of a jetplane. (www.kremlin.ru)
Putin and Dmitry Medvedev celebrate the latter’s election as president in May 2008. The crowd on Red Square chanted only Putin’s name. (www.kremlin.ru)
During the 2009 financial crisis, Putin forces billionaire Oleg Deripaska to sign a paper promising to get the one-factory town of Pikalyovo working again. (Courtesy of RIA Novosti)
July 2009: President Barack Obama explains his plans for a US–Russian ‘reset’ at Putin’s dacha. (www.kremlin.ru)
June 2010: President Medvedev heads off with Barack Obama for a hamburger lunch. (www.kremlin.ru)
Foreign minister Sergei Lavrov and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton press a toy ‘reset button’. (www.kremlin.ru)
The modernising Medvedev is rarely seen without his iPad. (Courtesy of RIA Novosti)
Dmitry Medvedev became president in 2008 knowing he would probably hand back to Putin four years later. (www.kremlin.ru)
In September they told a congress of the United Russia party that they had agreed to swap roles, allowing Putin to regain the presidency for as much as 12 more years. (www.kremlin.ru)
Strongman Page 35