by Bower, Tom
After conversations with. AJC memorandum October 2, 1952.
252With little difficulty. RG 59 Negotiations with Switzerland 1943–57 Box 3.
“a most difficult.” RG 59 1950–4 Box 1013 254.0041/12–1250 January 11, 1951.
Rubin’s only success. AJDC letter Rubin to Blaustein July 7, 1950.
Germany’s bid during. FO 371/99852 February 10, 1952.
252“Unfortunately,” commented a. Allemagne, Question juive, Côte Z–16–4, vol. 329, pp. 170–4.
Reports from the. Ibid., pp. 153–7.
253“willingness of the.” RG 59 1950–1 Economic Affairs Branch Box 1046 April 4, 1951.
“The American delegation.” RG 59 254.0041/4–03 51 April 10, 1951.
“The Americans, British.” E 2001 (E) 1967/113 Bd 374 (111) October 31, 1950.
had “revealed no.” State Department Swiss Accord file May 21, 1951.
254“there exist in.” Allemagne, Côte 4–21–2, vol. 1025, p. 137.
“There are no.” Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 12; RG 59 1950–4 Box 1017 254.6241/5–2451 June 13, 1951.
“declared that there.” E 2801 1968/84 Bd 94 May 5, 1952. Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 52.
In a final. AJC, August 2, 1951.
CHAPTER 14: “KEEPERS OF THE FLAME”
255In April 1953. E 2001 (E) 1970/217 Bd 209 April 23, 1953; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 37.
256“This case,” Bindschedler. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 4 April 29, 1953.
“The Israelis’ imagination.” E 2001 (E) 1969/121 Bd 155 (Herrenlose Vermoegen) March 28, 1952.
“Our prospect of.” AJDC letter Jacobson to Leavitt May 19, 1953.
“What is the.” AJC memorandum October 2, 1952.
257Alexander sensed that. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 1 (Erbenlose. Vermoegen in der Schweiz) January 22, 1952.
Noncooperation was the. E 2001 (E) 1969/121 Bd 155 (Herrenlose Vermoegen) June 3 and July 23, 1952.
“There must be.” E 2801 1968/84 Bd 93 September 9/10, 1952; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 52.
257After all, the. Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 45.
Without moral qualms. Allemagne, Questions financiers, Côte EU 4–15–7, vol. 1006, p. 33.
258“Most Germans,” he. Allemagne, Commission Tripartite des Dettes, vol. 1017, p. 223.
“Undoubtedly this will.” E 2001 (E) 1970/217 Bd 209 April 23, 1953; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 37.
259In the code. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 1 (Erblose Vermoegen) “isolationist and lacked.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 1 (Erblose Vermoegen) August 31, 1953.
260“whether it is.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 1 (JPD, Erbenlose Vermoegen) February 12, 1954.
“some preliminary work.” AJC Hevesi to Rubin March 1, 1954.
“An official of.” SIG Archives, Zurich, Erblose Vermoegen.
261“If, despite our.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 1 (JPD Erbenlose Vermoegen) March 8, 1954.
“Predictable if the.” E 2001 (E) 1969/221 Bd 155 (Herrenlose Vermoegen) July 14, 1954.
262Max Troendle, the. E 2001 (E) 1969/221 Bd 155 (Herrenlose Vermoegen) September 28, 1954.
“Perhaps the banks.” E 2001 (E) 1970/217 Bd 209 (Herrenlose Vermoegen) March 28, 1955.
“after the expiry.” E 2801 1968/84 Bd 98 (W.45) July 7, 1955. Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 39.
263“We must solve.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 4 March 28, 1955.
264“Each delay.” Feldmann. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 1 March 31, 1955.
265Jews were never. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 1 June 11, 1955.
“the agreement with.” E 2001 (E) 1970/217 Bd 209 (Herrenlose Vermoegenswerte) May 3, 1955.
“We’ve told [the.” E 2001 (E) 1970/217 Bd 209 (Herrenlose Vermoegenswerte) September 15, 1955.
But, since Feldmann. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 1 September 12, 1955
What was more. E4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 1 November 12, 1955.
265The bankers departed. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 1 June 4 and September 24, 1956.
266“confirm in writing.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 1 September 26, 1956.
The bank’s dishonesty. E 2001 (E) 1970/217 Bd 209 (Herrenlose Vermoegenswerte) June 6, 1956.
Either there was. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XII) April 15, 1957.
“It would look.” E 6100 (B) 1973/141 Bd 182 (987.2) May 13, 1957; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 51.
“has simply capitulated.” E 2801 1968/84 Bd 98 (W.45) May 23, 1957; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 52.
“hoped that there.” E 2001 (E) 1972/33 Bd 280 August 9, 1957; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 52.
267The Bankers Association’s. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XIII) January 14, 1958.
“Delay telling anything.” E 2001 (E) 1970/217 Bd 209 (Herrenlose Vermoegenswerte) November 18 and December 6, 1957.
“Switzerland has always.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XIII) January 14, 1958.
“We will not.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XIII) December 3, 1957; E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XIV) October 30, 1958.
268“The Swiss Confederation.” AJC Jewish Agency for Israel December 16, 1958.
“A specialist banker.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 March 26, 1959.
270Four years earlier. E4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 February 17, 1959; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 56.
It was their fear. Picard, Die Schweiz, p. 150.
271“This all shines.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XV) May 22, 1959.
273To threaten that. April 11, 1959 and March 1959 47th annual report of Bankers Association.
“The Bankers Association’s.” AJDC Rubin report November 16, 1959.
“We cannot renege.” E 2001 (E) 1976/17 Bd 97 November 13, 1959; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 58.
273Reminding the Swiss. 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 4 June 1 and July 6, 1960.
274“Besides the fact.” E 2801 1968/84 Bd 98 May 27, 1957; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 52.
Days later, Petitpierre’s. Jewish Agency for Israel, Bern, July 6, 1960, Federal Policy Bureau to U.S. Embassy Bern; 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 4 June 1 and July 6, 1960.
“It would be.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XV) October 5, 1960.
275“The matter must.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XV) February 12, 1961.
To help the. Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 59.
“Israeli exaggerations,” the. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XIX) August 7, 1961.
“My organization always.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XIX) July 7, 1961.
And they loved. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XX) August 30, 1961.
276If the amount. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XIX) September 1961.
“Just on the.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XIX) October 10, 1961.
“From my own.” E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 3 (d) November 21, 1962.
But there was. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2 (XIX) August 30, 1961.
277Oetterli had successfully. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 3 (d). The law became effective on August 29, 1963.
CHAPTER 15: COMPLICATING THE RIDDLE
279“explicitly charged to.” Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 71.
280“tens of thousands.” E4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 4 (Vollziehungsverordnung) May 7, 1963.
Panicky Jews evoked. Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 64.
“Do not waste.” E 2001 (E) 1978/84 Bd 144 March 19, 1964; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 65.
Unwilling to succumb. E 2001 (E) 1978/84 Bd 144 April 17, 1964; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 65.
from “false premises.” E 2001 (E) 1976/17 vol 97. (B.42.13); Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 62.
281Switzerland’s image was. E 2001 (E) 1978/84 Bd 144 April 22, 1964; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 65.
“That’s all we.” E 2001 (E) 1978/84 Bd 144 July 30, 1964; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 66.
The lawyer of. E 4111 (A) 1980/13 Bd 159; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 68.
282SBC, which had. Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 68–9.
Unless Weber pursued. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 2.
While Switzerland’s Jewish. AJDC letter Lack t
o Leavitt March 13, 1964.
283No lists of. Hug and Perrenound, Assets, pp. 60, 73.
In 1966, Weber. AJDC Jewish Agency for Israel memorandum February 1, 1966; Weber letter November 18, 1964.
Weber’s office offered. E 4110 (A) 1973/85 Bd 4 October 16, 1962.
284The Union Bank. E 4111 (A) 1980/13 Bd 28 (A5028) June 29, 1964; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, pp. 44, 70.
285Always inclined to. Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 42
286The money was. E 2001 (E) 1978/84 Bd 144 (B.42.13/4); Hug and Perrenound, Assets, pp. 66–8.
287But Weber didn’t. E 4111 (A) 1980/13 vol. 159; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 68.
At least a hundred. Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 111–2.7
288Häberlin passed their. Ibid., p. 78.
But SF4.8 million. E 4111 (A) 1980/13 Bd 157; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 74.
There would be. Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 76.
Having negotiated. E 4001 (E) 1988/20 Bd 372 (64) March 8, 1972; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 76.
289“great relief and.” E 4001 (E) 1988/20 Bd 373 (64) August 11, 1972; Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 77.
Each file revealed. Hug and Perrenound, Assets, p. 80.
That money was. Ibid.
In May 1949. Ibid., p. 86.
291That money, Weber. Ibid., p. 112.
292The object, explained. Ibid., p. 114
Its first report. Ibid., p. 117.
“This is thin.” Ibid.
CHAPTER 16: THE DEAL
309Headlines reporting that. Financial Times, September 20, 1996.
310“could still be.” Financial Times, September 12, 1946.
“This is the greatest.” Financial Times, September 18, 1946.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bauer, Yehuda. Jews for Sale? (Yale University Press, 1994)
Bower, Tom. Blind Eye to Murder, revised edition (Little, Brown, 1996)
——The Paperclip Conspiracy (Paladin, 1988)
Castlemur, Linus von. Schweizerisch-Alliierte Finanzbeziehungen im Übergang vom Zweiten Welt Kreig (Cronos, 1992)
Faith, Nicholas. Safety in Numbers (Hamish Hamilton, 1982)
Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Nazi Gold: Information from the British Archives (September 1996; revised edition, January 1997)
Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust (Collins, 1986)
Haesler, Alfred. The Lifeboat Is Full (Funk & Wagnalls, 1969)
Hug, Peter, and Marc Perrenound. Assets in Switzerland of Victims of Nazism and the Compensation Agreements with East Bloc Countries (Swiss Foreign Affairs Department, Bern, December 1996; English version, January 1997)
Picard, Jacques. Die Schweiz und die Juden (Chronos, 1994)
Rings, Werner. Raubgold aus Deutschland (Zurich, 1985)
Sandilands, Roger. The Life and Political Economy of Lauchlin Currie (Duke University Press, 1990)
Schneeberger, E. Wirtschaftskrieg auch in Frieden (Bern, 1984)
Trepp, Gian. Bankgeschaefte mit dem Feind (Rotpunktverlag, 1993)
INDEX
Aarons, Lehman, 60
Abramovitz, Moses, 98, 125, 126, 129, 157
Abs, Hermann, 246, 344
Abwehr, 37
Acheson, Dean, 181, 230, 231, 340
Achilles, Theodore, 220–221
Adenauer, Konrad, 257–58
Affidavits of non-German ownership of assets, 44, 65, 101, 103, 192, 194, 195, 243
AJDC. See American Joint Distribution Committee
Alexander, Emil, 2–3, 206, 207–208, 213–14, 251, 257, 258
Allen, Dennis, 58
Allianz Insurance Company, 334–35
Allied Law No. 5, 117–19, 153
Allied Tripartite Gold Commission, 338–39, 347
American Jewish Committee (AJC), 184, 217, 254
American Jews, 24, 223, 275
American Joint Distribution Committee (AJDC), 160, 161, 180–181, 204, 205, 250
Amman, Max, 43
Anderson, John, 348
Angell, James, 125, 126, 129
Anti-Semitism, 19–20, 179–80, 261, 275, 295, 323, 344–45
Arabs, 97–98, 127
Argentina, 67, 76, 167, 319
Art, looted, 53, 54, 90, 334, 335
Assicurazioni Generali, 334
Attlee, Clement, 131
Auschwitz, 25, 61, 334–35, 337, 342, 344
Austria, 52, 139, 205
Austrian Jews, 21, 126
Bach, Morton, 95
Bachus, Spencer, 321
Baer, Hans, 296, 302, 304, 305, 318
Baer, Julius, 193
Balfour, Arthur, 97
Balfour Declaration, 97
Balkan countries, 139
Balkan Jews, 223
Bally Shoes, 21, 111
Bankers Association. See Swiss Bankers Association
Bank for International Settlements, 339, 349
Bank Leu, 347–48
Bank of England, 349
Banque de France. See National Bank (France)
Banque de Paris (Geneva), 95
Basler Handelsbank, 44, 66, 83
Basler Kantonalbank, 4
Basler Lebens Versicherungs
Gesellschaft, 111
Becher, Kurt, 62, 86–87
Beer, Greta, 303–5, 318
Belgian Jews, 23
Belgium, gold looted from, 52, 55, 79, 139–43, 148, 149, 151, 152, 156, 162
Ben Gurion, David, 158
Bentley, Elizabeth, 203
Bergier, Jean-François, 343–44, 347
Bergson, Abraham, 98
Berner Kantonalbank, 8, 16
Bernstein, Bernard, 30
Bienenfeld, Dr. Franz-Josef, 164, 206, 208, 215
Bindschedler, Rudolf, 227–28, 240, 255–56, 261, 262, 273
Binney, Max, 72
Birch, John, 114
Bissell, Clayton, 71
Bliss, E. H., 60, 81
Bloch, Rolf, 295, 296
Blocher, Christoph, 341
Blum, Léon, 70
Bodenkreditbank, 244
Boisanger, Yves de, 55–56, 143
Bolla, Plinio, 259, 260
Bonds. See Shares and securities
Borer, Thomas, 314, 315, 318–23, 324–25, 328, 332, 333, 335, 336, 341–42, 343, 344, 345, 350
Bormann, Martin, 344
Bragowski, Hirschel, 239
Brandt, W. A., 95, 131, 140–41
Braunschvig, Armand, 162
Brazil, 76, 167
Brentano, Heinrich von, 268
Bretton Woods conference (1944), 31
Bretton Woods Resolution, 59, 60, 64, 77, 79
Bronfman, Edgar, 294–306, 320, 322, 324, 327–29, 331, 332, 349, 350
Bruggmann, Charles, 247
Brunschvig, George, 3, 7, 219, 223, 241, 257, 260, 261, 275, 286
Brunschvig, Jean, 204
Bubb, Christoph, 14–15, 317
Bucher, Rudolf, 20
Burckhardt, Jakob, 206
Burg, Avraham, 324, 325
Burger, Sam, 158
Caflisch, Alberto, 101–4, 188–89, 195
Caruth, Tom, 167
Cavendish-Bentinck, William, 85–86
Census of assets, 6, 259–60
German-owned assets, 77, 80, 93, 102, 103, 113, 114, 117–18, 130, 131
heirless assets, 188, 189, 204, 207, 227, 228, 265–66, 297, 341, 350–51
1996 Swiss announcement of results of, 300–301
Polish assets, 267
Chapuis, Jean-Paul, 296
Charguéraud, Paul, 73, 79, 135–36, 137, 141–42, 149–50, 151, 152, 154
Churchill, Winston, 20, 65–66, 73
Class action suits against Swiss banks, 315, 316, 322, 349
Clay, Lucius, 198
Clayton, William, 152
Clinton, Bill, 305, 345
Cohen, Mark, 302, 312
Committee Against the Third World War, 179, 201
Compensation and restitution of property of Jews, 92
–94, 343, 345, 350. See also Reparations and restitution, by Germany
Compensation Office, Swiss, 102–103, 104, 116, 118, 121–22, 123, 163–64, 168, 169, 174–77, 179, 180, 182–183, 187–88, 192–95, 197, 201–202, 234, 235, 244–45, 248, 249, 262, 265, 271, 287, 350
Confiscation and sale of German property, 68, 94, 110, 117–19, 121, 133, 182–85, 233, 234. See also German assets in Switzerland
Conover, Harry, 115, 175
Convent des Ursulines, 25
Cook, Robin, 346–47
Cotti, Flavio, 310, 312–13, 315, 327–28, 333, 350
Coulson, Jack, 93–94, 128
Crédit Suisse, 12, 42, 43, 44, 45, 66, 67, 83, 95, 130, 193, 315, 342, 347–48
Croatian Ustache government, 351–52
Culberston, Paul, 172
Cummings, Herbert, 32–33, 58
Currie, Lauchlin, 70–71, 73–74, 76–81, 203
agreement with Switzerland negotiated by, 76–84, 89, 90, 95, 102–4, 109, 114, 122
Czechoslovakia, 52, 139, 160, 164, 227, 229, 347, 350
Daeniker, Armin, 202
Daeniker, Heinrich, 227
Daimler, 335
Daladier, Edouard, 70
D’Amato, Alfonse, 10–14, 298–306, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317–22, 324, 325, 326, 328, 331, 332, 333, 336, 341, 343, 344
Danzig, 139
Davos, 37, 70, 121, 167, 327
Degussa, 335
Delamuraz, Jean-Pascal, 323–24
Deligdisch, Siegfried, 303, 304
Denmark, 52
Dental fillings, gold, 82, 91, 307, 335, 336, 337, 342
Dessauer, Lothar, 266, 276
Deutsche Bank, 246, 342, 344, 348
Deutsche Interresenvertretung (DIV; German Interests Section), 100, 121
Diamonds, 54, 82, 85
Diez, Emmanuel, 280, 291–93
Diggelmann, Jakob, 261, 265
Dirksen, Everett, 258
DIV. See Deutsche Interresenvertretung (DIV; German Interests Section)
Dormant accounts. See Heirless assets
Dresdener Bank, 348
Dulles, Allen, 88, 89–90
Dulles, John Foster, 90, 258
Dulles brothers, 90, 146, 151
Dunajewski, Chaim, 262, 284–85
Dunant, Robert, 168–70, 175–77, 193, 195, 197, 202, 239
Dunkel, William, 139
Dutch gold, 52, 53, 139, 140, 247
Dutch Jews, 23
Eastern Europe (Eastern European Jews), 129, 287–89, 313, 334, 335, 350, 351–52
Edelmann, Luder, 13
Eden, Sir Anthony, 47–49
Eichmann, Adolf, 61, 62, 274