God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican

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God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican Page 112

by Gerald Posner


  55 This write-off was part of the reason for the IOR’s lower net profit of €2.9 million versus 2012’s €86.6 million.

  56 Cindy Wooden, “Vatican Denies Cardinal Bertone is Under Criminal Investigation,” Catholic Herald, May 23, 2014.

  57 Philip Pullella, “Pope Fires Entire Board of Vatican Financial Watchdog,” Reuters, June 5, 2014.

  58 Pope Francis quoted in Liam Moloney, “Pope Appoints Outside Experts to Oversee Vatican Finances,” The Wall Street Journal, June 6, 2014, A7.

  59 The new AIF directors include Juan C. Zarate, a Harvard law school professor and advisor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington, DC, think tank; Marc Odendall, who administers philanthropic groups in Switzerland; Joseph Yuvaraj Pillay, a former managing director of Singapore’s Monetary Authority; and Maria Bianca Farina, head of two Italian insurance companies.

  60 Nicole Winfield, “Pope Francis Shakes Up Vatican Financial Watchdog,” Associated Press, June 5, 2014.

  61 Ibid.

  62 Pope Francis quoted in Tully, “This Pope Means Business,” Fortune.

  63 Franssu was a director appointed the previous year to COSEA, one of Francis’s financial advisory boards.

  64 Glendon had been appointed to a less formal commission looking over the bank in 2013. Franssu had been one of the six financiers summoned to Rome in the summer of 2013 to brief Pope Francis on possible reforms.

  65 Mark Thompson, “Vatican Turns to Wall Street to Fix Bank,” CNN/Money, July 9, 2014.

  66 Press Release for Financial Statement and Results, Istituto per le Opere di Religione, July 9, 2013. As of December 31, 2013, “The IOR had 17,419 customers (2012: approximately 18,900), of which 5,043 were Catholic institutions accounting for more than 80% of clients’ assets and 12,376 individuals making up less than 20%. The recorded decrease in customers corresponds with a decrease in overall clients’ assets of 5.9 %.”

  67 “Managing Mammon,” The Economist, July 12, 2014.

  68 Philip Pullella, “Vatican Bank To Be Scaled Back, Restructured: Sources,” Vatican City, Reuters, July 7, 2014.

  69 Pell quoted in Cindy Wooden, “Vatican Names New Bank President, Restructures Financial Offices,” National Catholic Reporter, July 9, 2014.

  70 Pell interviewed in John L. Allen Jr., “Finance czar aims to steer Vatican ‘off the gossip pages,’ ” The Boston Globe, July 9, 2014. In November 2014, Pell distributed to all Vatican departments a 45-page manual on financial ethics and good behavior. It included new policies, emphasizing transparency and international accounting standards, all set to become effective January 1, 2015. Philip Pullela, “Vatican Issues Staff with Financial Ethics Guidebook,” Reuters, Vatican City, November 6, 2014.

  71 Author interview with René Brülhart, Rome, September 23, 2013. Estimates from ranking cardinals advising Pope Francis about the reforms to Vatican finances is that they will not be complete until at least 2015. According to the NCR’s John L. Allen Jr., all the financial changes are “revolutionary” and a “complete earthquake.” But he notes, “The jury is still out on whether this reform will succeed.” John L. Allen Jr., “If You Want More Evidence of the Francis Earthquake, Look at the Finances,” Crux, November 6, 2014. See “Pope-C8 Meeting: Curia Reform Process Will Not Be Complete Until 2015,” Iacopo Scaramuzzi, “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, April 29, 2014.

  Index

  A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.

  Abbruciati, Danilo, 324

  ABC News, 502, 600n

  Abetz, Heinrich Otto, 585n

  Abs, Hermann Josef, 332, 347, 339–41, 656n

  Abwehr (German military intelligence), 133–36, 586n, 587n

  Ace Pizza, 299–300, 643n

  Acqua Santa, 199, 353, 358

  Actes et Documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale (ADSS), 553n, 566n, 568n

  Administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See (APSA), 183–84, 185, 187, 258, 263, 297, 364n, 371, 374–75, 416, 430, 431, 441, 452, 468, 473, 485, 489, 491, 505, 508–9, 510, 605n, 607n, 663n, 685n, 667n, 690n

  Adrian VI, Pope, see Hadrian VI

  Africa, 37, 68–69, 70–71, 96, 99, 131, 413, 418

  Ağca, Mehmet Ali, 304–5, 356, 433, 645n, 648n, 684n

  motive of, 305–06

  Agenzia A, 242–43

  Agnelli family, 58, 121, 293

  Agostino Gemelli Hospital, 253, 266n, 304, 376, 634n

  Albula, 126, 581n

  Alessandrini, Emilio, 287, 639n

  Alexander, King of Yugoslavia, 87, 590n

  Alexander III, Pope, 630n

  Alexander VI, Pope, 9

  Allen, John L., Jr., 401, 421, 422, 442, 494–95, 537n, 634n, 674n

  Allen, Richard, 307

  Allianz (German), 120, 123, 127, 579n

  Wiener Allianz (Austrian) 124

  Allied powers, 41, 42, 43, 78, 87, 90, 93, 96, 100, 102, 105–9, 112–18, 119, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130–33, 135–37, 138, 141, 143, 144, 148, 149, 151, 152, 159n, 164, 383, 385, 527n, 560n, 564n, 566n, 569n, 574n, 577n, 584n, 586n, 589n, 593n, 594n, 603n, 656n, 670n

  blacklist maintained by, 115–116, 119, 156–57.

  Holocaust publicly condemned by, 96

  Italy bombed by, 95, 98, 99, 106

  Italy invaded by, 98

  Normandy invasion of, 105

  North African invasion of, 131

  postwar gold commission of, 389–90.

  pressure on Pope Pius XII to condemn Nazi crimes, 90–91, 92–93, 96–97, 99, 104, 105–06, 107

  as silent on Holocaust, 109

  Ambrosiano, see Banco Ambrosiano

  Ambrosiano Overseas, 331, 333

  Ambrosoli, Giorgio, 228, 242, 290–91, 299, 300n, 309, 351, 640n, 643n

  murder of, 291–92, 299–300, 351

  Sindona investigation of, 290–91

  America, 73, 500, 553n, 557n

  American Bishops’ Conference, see United States Conference of Catholic Bishops

  Americanism, 31

  Condemned in Sacrorum Antistitum, 23n

  Denounced in Graves de Communi, 541n

  American Training Services (ATS), 284, 638n

  Anatomy of the Vatican (Hoffman), 558n

  Anderson, Carl, 442, 475–76, 479

  Andorra, 113, 119, 444

  Andreatta, Beniamino, 330–31

  Andreotti, Giulio, 221, 241, 287, 303n, 366, 368, 377, 626n

  Cardinal Francis Spellman foundation account and, 366–67, 440, 441

  Angleton, James Jesus, 132–33, 135–37, 140, 147, 153, 585n–87n

  agents in the Vatican and, 135

  forged Vatican telegrams of, 135n

  ANSA, 268n, 269, 293, 373, 477

  Antico, Franco, 269–70, 272

  antipopes, 10, 534n

  anti-Semitism, 12, 23, 74, 84

  of Catholic Church, 110, 341, 386, 393, 419, 537n

  in Italy, 72, 73, 74–75, 84, 122

  of Nazi Germany, 63–64, 66, 67, 72–73, 76–77, 84, 554n

  of Pius IX, 14, 15, 18, 22–23

  of Pius XI, 67

  of Pius XII, 110, 536n, 555n

  Pius XII’s tacit support for, 84–85

  Pius XI’s condemnation of, 73–74, 76

  see also Holocaust

  Antonelli, Cardinal Giacomo, 16–22, 24, 26–27, 540n

  Apostolic Palace, 99, 185, 217, 253, 268n, 269, 280, 465, 498, 602n, 660n

  APSA, see Administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See

  Ardeatine Caves, 100, 567n, 605n

  Argentina, xi–xii, 116, 120, 126, 145–46, 222–23, 274, 331, 380, 390, 424, 428, 497, 499, 500–501, 565n, 617n

  Nazi fugitives in, xi, 139, 145–146. 149, 150, 592n

/>   Nazi gold moved to, 139, 384, 392

  World War II archives of, xii, 390

  Arico, William, 299–300, 643n

  Arinze, Cardinal Francis, 418, 423, 495

  Aronwald, William, 210–11, 212–19, 617n, 618n

  Arrow Cross, 84, 105, 108, 571n

  Assicurazioni Generali, see Generali

  ASSS, see Special Administration of the Holy See

  Auschwitz concentration camp, xi, xii, 97, 98, 103–4, 105, 106, 108, 109, 131, 164, 340, 341, 342, 386, 390n, 563n, 564n, 571n

  Auschwitz Protocols, 106, 164, 571n

  Austria, 11, 13–14, 18, 22, 30, 32, 39, 41, 42, 43, 123, 125, 131, 139n, 146, 213, 384, 394, 540n, 560n

  Austrian Liberation Committee, 146, 591n

  Austro-Hungarian Empire, 41, 124, 134

  Benedict XVI’s creation of, 451–52

  Bertone and, 487

  Brülhart as head of, 486, 487–90, 493, 503–4, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 512–13

  Francis and, 508, 511

  Moneyval reports on, 484–85, 487, 508–509

  reforms of, 503–4, 511

  Authority of Financial Information, see Financial Intelligence Authority

  autopsies, 270–271, 632n, 635n

  in Calvi murder investigation, 6–7

  Axis powers, 79, 88, 90–91, 96, 113, 116, 117, 123, 127, 130, 136, 573n, 574n, 583n, 584n, 585n

  Badoglio, Pietro, 99–100, 128

  Bafisud (Banco Financiero Sudamericano), 238, 625n

  Baggio, Cardinal Sebastiano, 251, 252, 257, 263

  Bagnasco, Cardinal Angelo, 454, 495

  Bahamas, 201–2, 204, 207, 228, 236, 238, 314, 344, 414, 613n

  Balkans, 88, 134

  Bambino Gesù Hospital, 335n, 486

  Banca Cattolica del Veneto, 156, 206–8, 238, 258, 260, 309, 616n

  Ambrosiano’s acquisition of, 206–7

  Calvi’s purchase of, 290

  Vatican and sale of, 290

  Banca Commerciale Italiana (BCI), 50, 58, 83, 113, 122, 127, 158, 195, 547n, 560n, 577n, 578n

  Nogara as director of, 52, 57, 59, 116, 121, 134

  Banca del Gottardo, 239, 312–13, 315, 317, 319, 344, 352, 613n, 616n, 625n, 650n, 659n

  Banca della Svizzera Italiana, 116, 127, 575n

  Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL), 244, 288, 625n, 700n

  Banca Privata Finanziaria (BPF), 171, 177, 196, 223, 600n, 602n, 615n, 622n

  Banca Privata Italiana, 224, 228, 290, 292, 333, 607n, 639n

  Banca Unione, 223, 227, 229, 231, 300, 350, 602n, 615n, 639n

  Banco Ambrosiano, 2, 5, 195–97, 201–3, 205, 218n, 222, 225, 235–37, 238, 239, 240, 242–44, 260, 297, 303, 346, 349, 353–54, 356, 358, 362, 365n, 366, 371, 379, 389, 415, 426, 446, 448n, 509, 599n, 613n, 615n, 625n, 638n, 639n, 647n, 648n, 650n, 651n, 654n, 657n, 668n, 681n

  Banco di Roma, see Bank of Rome

  back-to-back loans of, 203, 237, 239, 273, 288, 296, 320, 327, 613n, 624n, 625n.

  Banca Cattolica acquired by, 206–7

  Bank of Italy investigation of, 286, 323, 325–26, 327, 331

  Bank of Italy’s control over, 328–29, 333

  Calvi and, see Calvi, Roberto

  collapse of, 5, 333, 339, 342–45, 348, 352, 363, 653n, 658n, 659n

  debt of, 322, 323, 327, 348

  indemnity letter for Vatican Bank of, 319–20, 321, 327–28

  Italy’s investigation of, 286–88, 300, 309, 330, 333

  loans made by, 316, 321

  Pesenti’s stake in, 347, 350

  Vatican Bank and, 203, 236, 286, 288, 296, 300, 309, 312–14, 317, 318, 319, 321–28, 330–31, 332, 336, 338, 339, 344, 345, 348, 357, 363

  Banco Ambrosiano Holding (BAH), 201, 202, 239, 244, 309, 333, 613n, 642n

  Banco Andino, 288, 319, 320, 322, 323, 331, 639n, 642n

  Banco Comercial, 319, 320

  Banco di Santo Spirito, 58, 238

  Banco Santander, 442, 443, 476, 479, 481

  Bank for International Settlements (BIS), 130–32, 583n–84n, 585n

  gold reserve laundering by, 130–31

  Bank of America, 176, 607n

  Bank of England, 547n, 577n

  Bank of Italy, 156, 224, 226, 228, 229, 238, 239, 242, 244, 288–91, 318, 332, 448, 449, 452, 488–89, 490, 503, 613n, 620n, 626n, 638n, 688n

  Ambrosiano investigated by, 286, 323, 325–26, 327, 331

  Ambrosiano taken over by, 328–29, 333

  Marcinkus’s meeting with investigators from, 331

  Vatican Bank and, 447–48

  Vigilance Department of, 477

  Bank of Rome, 58, 83, 114, 158, 226, 228, 229, 241, 322, 575n, 620n, 626n, 700n

  1887 real estate crash and, 28, 29

  financial crises of, 40, 45

  Mussolini’s bailout of, 45–46

  Vatican’s investment in, 28, 36–37, 40, 45, 53

  Bank Suisse Italienne of Lugano, 119, 577n, 670n

  Banque de Financement, 171, 231, 600n

  Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (Paribas), 176, 375, 607n

  Barbie, Klaus, 151

  Barbieri, Alberto, 213–14

  Barg, Alfred, 209–10, 211, 214, 218n

  Barone, Mario, 226, 228, 241, 620n, 626n

  Barr, Joseph, 226, 229

  Bastogi, 122, 212, 223, 578n, 620n

  BBC, 304, 509, 591n

  Belgium, 40, 92, 112, 131, 656n

  Benedict XIV, Pope, 540n, 578n

  Vix Pervenit encyclical of, 11, 535n

  Benedict XV, Pope, 16n, 34, 39–44, 51, 79, 424, 543n, 544n, 554n, 557n, 558n

  death of, 43–44

  financial difficulties of, 40–41, 43

  World War I and, 41–43

  Benedict XVI, Pope, 108, 355, 372n, 402n, 406, 408n, 437, 438–39, 441, 442, 447, 448, 450–53, 454–57, 458–60, 461–65, 469, 470, 471, 474–75, 477, 478–80, 482, 485–86, 490, 491–93, 494–95, 497, 498, 500, 501, 503, 509, 510, 511, 665n, 678n, 681n, 682n, 683n, 684n, 687n, 689n, 697n

  AIF created by, 451–52

  anti-Islamic, remarks of perceived as, 432–33

  anti-money-laundering law enacted by, 451, 510

  Bertone and, 454, 455, 456, 460, 461, 469, 480

  Caloia and, 430–31, 441

  capitalism distrusted by, 439

  Caritas in Veritate encyclical of, 439, 442

  Curial reform ignored by, 428–29, 431

  doctrinal orthodoxy of, 417–18, 419–20

  election of, 417–21, 423–25

  as former Hitler Youth, 421–22

  Gabriele pardoned by, 486

  isolation of, 477

  loyalty demanded by, 429

  motu proprio of, 451, 452, 454, 455, 456

  as out-of-touch with modern world, 428, 498

  as poor administrator, 426–27, 431, 461, 470, 482

  as Pope Emeritus, 493

  public relations failures of, 432–36, 469

  remoteness of, 432

  resignation of, 491–93, 494

  sexual abuse scandal and, 433–34

  as theology professor, 422

  Vatican Bank and, 511

  Vatileaks scandal and, 470

  Viganò and, 458–59

  on white finance, 438–39

  in World War II, 422–23

  Benelli, Cardinal Giovanni, 193, 208, 211, 215, 216, 249, 251, 256–57, 258, 259–61, 274–77, 280, 612n

  in conflict with Marcinkus, 193, 248–249.

  Bergoglio, Cardinal Jorge Mario, see Francis, Pope

  Berlusconi, Silvio, 302, 375, 455, 495, 506, 651n, 662n

  Bernardin, Joseph, 251–52, 332, 342

  Berry, Jason, 372n, 398–99, 408n, 410, 678n

  exposé of clerical sexual abuse crisis by, 398–399

  Berti, Alberto Jaime, 375–76

  Bertone, Cardinal Tarcisio, 379, 418, 433, 458, 468, 470, 471, 473, 474, 476, 477, 479, 482, 483, 493, 509, 511, 683n, 689n

  AIF and, 487

  Benedict XVI and, 454, 455, 456,
460, 469, 480

  coup attempt against, 461–62, 465–66, 468; see also Vatileaks scandal

  Francis’s replacement of, 507

  Gotti Tedeschi and, 455

  opponents of, 454, 455n, 456

  public relations missteps of, 435

  Vatican Bank reform attempted by, 442

  as Vatican secretary of state, 429, 430, 435, 441–42, 454, 455, 461, 470

  Viganò exiled by, 458, 460

  Biamonte, Tom, 215, 217, 618n

  Bigelow, Emerson, 139, 384–85, 588n

  Bisignani, Luigi, 373, 376

  Blackfriars Bridge, London, 1–5, 329, 331, 336, 415, 509, 652n

  Black Nobles, 27, 28, 32, 36, 37, 40, 41, 52, 59, 79, 83, 156, 159, 166, 183n, 202, 206, 261, 365, 540n, 589n

  Blet, Pierre, 553n, 572n

  Blount, Edward, 17, 537n

  Bodio, Giovanni, 363, 374, 664n

  Boffo, Dino, 474, 693n

  Bokun, Branko, 89–90, 563n

  Bologna, Italy, 220, 314n, 537n

  Bolshevik Revolution, 43, 110

  Boniface VI, Pope, 633n

  Boniface VIII, Pope, 55, 657n

  Boniface IX, Pope, 9

  Bordoni, Carlo, 205, 226, 229, 233, 245, 615n, 643n

  and Sindona’s arrest and trial, 289, 293, 298

  Borelli, Francesco Saverio, 372–73

  Borgia family, xiii, 9, 115

  Bormann, Martin, 65n, 390n, 560n

  “Bormann File, The” (Posner), xii, 390n

  Boston, Mass., 400, 404, 407, 674n

  Boyle, Paul, 280–82

  Brazil, 92, 116, 147, 433

  Brennan, Joseph, 332, 346

  Brezhnev, Leonid, 262, 306, 646n

  Briamonte, Michele, 482, 507

  British Foreign Office, 71, 72, 87, 89, 92, 145, 149, 590n

  Trading with the Enemy Branch (TEB) of, 115, 126

  Brown, Dan, 418, 483

  Brülhart, René, 511, 696n, 699n

  as AIF head, 486, 487–90, 493, 503–4, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 512–13

  background of, 486–87

  credit card crisis and, 488–90

  Buenos Aires, Argentina, xi, 146, 150, 222, 230, 288, 392, 494, 495, 497

  Bulgaria, 116, 127, 128, 141, 305, 314n, 645n

  Burzio, Giuseppe, 86, 97, 106, 562n, 571n

  Bush, George H. W., 310n, 390n

  Bush, George W., 408

  Business Week, 178, 232

  Buzzonetti, Renato, 261, 266, 271, 272, 634n

  Caggiano, Antonio, 150, 617n

  Calcagno, Cardinal Domenico, 491, 509

  Caloia, Angelo, 363, 377, 396–98, 406, 413, 414, 437–38, 443, 476, 663n, 666n, 667n, 669n, 685n

 

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