55 This write-off was part of the reason for the IOR’s lower net profit of €2.9 million versus 2012’s €86.6 million.
56 Cindy Wooden, “Vatican Denies Cardinal Bertone is Under Criminal Investigation,” Catholic Herald, May 23, 2014.
57 Philip Pullella, “Pope Fires Entire Board of Vatican Financial Watchdog,” Reuters, June 5, 2014.
58 Pope Francis quoted in Liam Moloney, “Pope Appoints Outside Experts to Oversee Vatican Finances,” The Wall Street Journal, June 6, 2014, A7.
59 The new AIF directors include Juan C. Zarate, a Harvard law school professor and advisor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington, DC, think tank; Marc Odendall, who administers philanthropic groups in Switzerland; Joseph Yuvaraj Pillay, a former managing director of Singapore’s Monetary Authority; and Maria Bianca Farina, head of two Italian insurance companies.
60 Nicole Winfield, “Pope Francis Shakes Up Vatican Financial Watchdog,” Associated Press, June 5, 2014.
61 Ibid.
62 Pope Francis quoted in Tully, “This Pope Means Business,” Fortune.
63 Franssu was a director appointed the previous year to COSEA, one of Francis’s financial advisory boards.
64 Glendon had been appointed to a less formal commission looking over the bank in 2013. Franssu had been one of the six financiers summoned to Rome in the summer of 2013 to brief Pope Francis on possible reforms.
65 Mark Thompson, “Vatican Turns to Wall Street to Fix Bank,” CNN/Money, July 9, 2014.
66 Press Release for Financial Statement and Results, Istituto per le Opere di Religione, July 9, 2013. As of December 31, 2013, “The IOR had 17,419 customers (2012: approximately 18,900), of which 5,043 were Catholic institutions accounting for more than 80% of clients’ assets and 12,376 individuals making up less than 20%. The recorded decrease in customers corresponds with a decrease in overall clients’ assets of 5.9 %.”
67 “Managing Mammon,” The Economist, July 12, 2014.
68 Philip Pullella, “Vatican Bank To Be Scaled Back, Restructured: Sources,” Vatican City, Reuters, July 7, 2014.
69 Pell quoted in Cindy Wooden, “Vatican Names New Bank President, Restructures Financial Offices,” National Catholic Reporter, July 9, 2014.
70 Pell interviewed in John L. Allen Jr., “Finance czar aims to steer Vatican ‘off the gossip pages,’ ” The Boston Globe, July 9, 2014. In November 2014, Pell distributed to all Vatican departments a 45-page manual on financial ethics and good behavior. It included new policies, emphasizing transparency and international accounting standards, all set to become effective January 1, 2015. Philip Pullela, “Vatican Issues Staff with Financial Ethics Guidebook,” Reuters, Vatican City, November 6, 2014.
71 Author interview with René Brülhart, Rome, September 23, 2013. Estimates from ranking cardinals advising Pope Francis about the reforms to Vatican finances is that they will not be complete until at least 2015. According to the NCR’s John L. Allen Jr., all the financial changes are “revolutionary” and a “complete earthquake.” But he notes, “The jury is still out on whether this reform will succeed.” John L. Allen Jr., “If You Want More Evidence of the Francis Earthquake, Look at the Finances,” Crux, November 6, 2014. See “Pope-C8 Meeting: Curia Reform Process Will Not Be Complete Until 2015,” Iacopo Scaramuzzi, “Vatican Insider,” La Stampa, April 29, 2014.
Index
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
Abbruciati, Danilo, 324
ABC News, 502, 600n
Abetz, Heinrich Otto, 585n
Abs, Hermann Josef, 332, 347, 339–41, 656n
Abwehr (German military intelligence), 133–36, 586n, 587n
Ace Pizza, 299–300, 643n
Acqua Santa, 199, 353, 358
Actes et Documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale (ADSS), 553n, 566n, 568n
Administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See (APSA), 183–84, 185, 187, 258, 263, 297, 364n, 371, 374–75, 416, 430, 431, 441, 452, 468, 473, 485, 489, 491, 505, 508–9, 510, 605n, 607n, 663n, 685n, 667n, 690n
Adrian VI, Pope, see Hadrian VI
Africa, 37, 68–69, 70–71, 96, 99, 131, 413, 418
Ağca, Mehmet Ali, 304–5, 356, 433, 645n, 648n, 684n
motive of, 305–06
Agenzia A, 242–43
Agnelli family, 58, 121, 293
Agostino Gemelli Hospital, 253, 266n, 304, 376, 634n
Albula, 126, 581n
Alessandrini, Emilio, 287, 639n
Alexander, King of Yugoslavia, 87, 590n
Alexander III, Pope, 630n
Alexander VI, Pope, 9
Allen, John L., Jr., 401, 421, 422, 442, 494–95, 537n, 634n, 674n
Allen, Richard, 307
Allianz (German), 120, 123, 127, 579n
Wiener Allianz (Austrian) 124
Allied powers, 41, 42, 43, 78, 87, 90, 93, 96, 100, 102, 105–9, 112–18, 119, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130–33, 135–37, 138, 141, 143, 144, 148, 149, 151, 152, 159n, 164, 383, 385, 527n, 560n, 564n, 566n, 569n, 574n, 577n, 584n, 586n, 589n, 593n, 594n, 603n, 656n, 670n
blacklist maintained by, 115–116, 119, 156–57.
Holocaust publicly condemned by, 96
Italy bombed by, 95, 98, 99, 106
Italy invaded by, 98
Normandy invasion of, 105
North African invasion of, 131
postwar gold commission of, 389–90.
pressure on Pope Pius XII to condemn Nazi crimes, 90–91, 92–93, 96–97, 99, 104, 105–06, 107
as silent on Holocaust, 109
Ambrosiano, see Banco Ambrosiano
Ambrosiano Overseas, 331, 333
Ambrosoli, Giorgio, 228, 242, 290–91, 299, 300n, 309, 351, 640n, 643n
murder of, 291–92, 299–300, 351
Sindona investigation of, 290–91
America, 73, 500, 553n, 557n
American Bishops’ Conference, see United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
Americanism, 31
Condemned in Sacrorum Antistitum, 23n
Denounced in Graves de Communi, 541n
American Training Services (ATS), 284, 638n
Anatomy of the Vatican (Hoffman), 558n
Anderson, Carl, 442, 475–76, 479
Andorra, 113, 119, 444
Andreatta, Beniamino, 330–31
Andreotti, Giulio, 221, 241, 287, 303n, 366, 368, 377, 626n
Cardinal Francis Spellman foundation account and, 366–67, 440, 441
Angleton, James Jesus, 132–33, 135–37, 140, 147, 153, 585n–87n
agents in the Vatican and, 135
forged Vatican telegrams of, 135n
ANSA, 268n, 269, 293, 373, 477
Antico, Franco, 269–70, 272
antipopes, 10, 534n
anti-Semitism, 12, 23, 74, 84
of Catholic Church, 110, 341, 386, 393, 419, 537n
in Italy, 72, 73, 74–75, 84, 122
of Nazi Germany, 63–64, 66, 67, 72–73, 76–77, 84, 554n
of Pius IX, 14, 15, 18, 22–23
of Pius XI, 67
of Pius XII, 110, 536n, 555n
Pius XII’s tacit support for, 84–85
Pius XI’s condemnation of, 73–74, 76
see also Holocaust
Antonelli, Cardinal Giacomo, 16–22, 24, 26–27, 540n
Apostolic Palace, 99, 185, 217, 253, 268n, 269, 280, 465, 498, 602n, 660n
APSA, see Administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See
Ardeatine Caves, 100, 567n, 605n
Argentina, xi–xii, 116, 120, 126, 145–46, 222–23, 274, 331, 380, 390, 424, 428, 497, 499, 500–501, 565n, 617n
Nazi fugitives in, xi, 139, 145–146. 149, 150, 592n
/> Nazi gold moved to, 139, 384, 392
World War II archives of, xii, 390
Arico, William, 299–300, 643n
Arinze, Cardinal Francis, 418, 423, 495
Aronwald, William, 210–11, 212–19, 617n, 618n
Arrow Cross, 84, 105, 108, 571n
Assicurazioni Generali, see Generali
ASSS, see Special Administration of the Holy See
Auschwitz concentration camp, xi, xii, 97, 98, 103–4, 105, 106, 108, 109, 131, 164, 340, 341, 342, 386, 390n, 563n, 564n, 571n
Auschwitz Protocols, 106, 164, 571n
Austria, 11, 13–14, 18, 22, 30, 32, 39, 41, 42, 43, 123, 125, 131, 139n, 146, 213, 384, 394, 540n, 560n
Austrian Liberation Committee, 146, 591n
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 41, 124, 134
Benedict XVI’s creation of, 451–52
Bertone and, 487
Brülhart as head of, 486, 487–90, 493, 503–4, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 512–13
Francis and, 508, 511
Moneyval reports on, 484–85, 487, 508–509
reforms of, 503–4, 511
Authority of Financial Information, see Financial Intelligence Authority
autopsies, 270–271, 632n, 635n
in Calvi murder investigation, 6–7
Axis powers, 79, 88, 90–91, 96, 113, 116, 117, 123, 127, 130, 136, 573n, 574n, 583n, 584n, 585n
Badoglio, Pietro, 99–100, 128
Bafisud (Banco Financiero Sudamericano), 238, 625n
Baggio, Cardinal Sebastiano, 251, 252, 257, 263
Bagnasco, Cardinal Angelo, 454, 495
Bahamas, 201–2, 204, 207, 228, 236, 238, 314, 344, 414, 613n
Balkans, 88, 134
Bambino Gesù Hospital, 335n, 486
Banca Cattolica del Veneto, 156, 206–8, 238, 258, 260, 309, 616n
Ambrosiano’s acquisition of, 206–7
Calvi’s purchase of, 290
Vatican and sale of, 290
Banca Commerciale Italiana (BCI), 50, 58, 83, 113, 122, 127, 158, 195, 547n, 560n, 577n, 578n
Nogara as director of, 52, 57, 59, 116, 121, 134
Banca del Gottardo, 239, 312–13, 315, 317, 319, 344, 352, 613n, 616n, 625n, 650n, 659n
Banca della Svizzera Italiana, 116, 127, 575n
Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL), 244, 288, 625n, 700n
Banca Privata Finanziaria (BPF), 171, 177, 196, 223, 600n, 602n, 615n, 622n
Banca Privata Italiana, 224, 228, 290, 292, 333, 607n, 639n
Banca Unione, 223, 227, 229, 231, 300, 350, 602n, 615n, 639n
Banco Ambrosiano, 2, 5, 195–97, 201–3, 205, 218n, 222, 225, 235–37, 238, 239, 240, 242–44, 260, 297, 303, 346, 349, 353–54, 356, 358, 362, 365n, 366, 371, 379, 389, 415, 426, 446, 448n, 509, 599n, 613n, 615n, 625n, 638n, 639n, 647n, 648n, 650n, 651n, 654n, 657n, 668n, 681n
Banco di Roma, see Bank of Rome
back-to-back loans of, 203, 237, 239, 273, 288, 296, 320, 327, 613n, 624n, 625n.
Banca Cattolica acquired by, 206–7
Bank of Italy investigation of, 286, 323, 325–26, 327, 331
Bank of Italy’s control over, 328–29, 333
Calvi and, see Calvi, Roberto
collapse of, 5, 333, 339, 342–45, 348, 352, 363, 653n, 658n, 659n
debt of, 322, 323, 327, 348
indemnity letter for Vatican Bank of, 319–20, 321, 327–28
Italy’s investigation of, 286–88, 300, 309, 330, 333
loans made by, 316, 321
Pesenti’s stake in, 347, 350
Vatican Bank and, 203, 236, 286, 288, 296, 300, 309, 312–14, 317, 318, 319, 321–28, 330–31, 332, 336, 338, 339, 344, 345, 348, 357, 363
Banco Ambrosiano Holding (BAH), 201, 202, 239, 244, 309, 333, 613n, 642n
Banco Andino, 288, 319, 320, 322, 323, 331, 639n, 642n
Banco Comercial, 319, 320
Banco di Santo Spirito, 58, 238
Banco Santander, 442, 443, 476, 479, 481
Bank for International Settlements (BIS), 130–32, 583n–84n, 585n
gold reserve laundering by, 130–31
Bank of America, 176, 607n
Bank of England, 547n, 577n
Bank of Italy, 156, 224, 226, 228, 229, 238, 239, 242, 244, 288–91, 318, 332, 448, 449, 452, 488–89, 490, 503, 613n, 620n, 626n, 638n, 688n
Ambrosiano investigated by, 286, 323, 325–26, 327, 331
Ambrosiano taken over by, 328–29, 333
Marcinkus’s meeting with investigators from, 331
Vatican Bank and, 447–48
Vigilance Department of, 477
Bank of Rome, 58, 83, 114, 158, 226, 228, 229, 241, 322, 575n, 620n, 626n, 700n
1887 real estate crash and, 28, 29
financial crises of, 40, 45
Mussolini’s bailout of, 45–46
Vatican’s investment in, 28, 36–37, 40, 45, 53
Bank Suisse Italienne of Lugano, 119, 577n, 670n
Banque de Financement, 171, 231, 600n
Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (Paribas), 176, 375, 607n
Barbie, Klaus, 151
Barbieri, Alberto, 213–14
Barg, Alfred, 209–10, 211, 214, 218n
Barone, Mario, 226, 228, 241, 620n, 626n
Barr, Joseph, 226, 229
Bastogi, 122, 212, 223, 578n, 620n
BBC, 304, 509, 591n
Belgium, 40, 92, 112, 131, 656n
Benedict XIV, Pope, 540n, 578n
Vix Pervenit encyclical of, 11, 535n
Benedict XV, Pope, 16n, 34, 39–44, 51, 79, 424, 543n, 544n, 554n, 557n, 558n
death of, 43–44
financial difficulties of, 40–41, 43
World War I and, 41–43
Benedict XVI, Pope, 108, 355, 372n, 402n, 406, 408n, 437, 438–39, 441, 442, 447, 448, 450–53, 454–57, 458–60, 461–65, 469, 470, 471, 474–75, 477, 478–80, 482, 485–86, 490, 491–93, 494–95, 497, 498, 500, 501, 503, 509, 510, 511, 665n, 678n, 681n, 682n, 683n, 684n, 687n, 689n, 697n
AIF created by, 451–52
anti-Islamic, remarks of perceived as, 432–33
anti-money-laundering law enacted by, 451, 510
Bertone and, 454, 455, 456, 460, 461, 469, 480
Caloia and, 430–31, 441
capitalism distrusted by, 439
Caritas in Veritate encyclical of, 439, 442
Curial reform ignored by, 428–29, 431
doctrinal orthodoxy of, 417–18, 419–20
election of, 417–21, 423–25
as former Hitler Youth, 421–22
Gabriele pardoned by, 486
isolation of, 477
loyalty demanded by, 429
motu proprio of, 451, 452, 454, 455, 456
as out-of-touch with modern world, 428, 498
as poor administrator, 426–27, 431, 461, 470, 482
as Pope Emeritus, 493
public relations failures of, 432–36, 469
remoteness of, 432
resignation of, 491–93, 494
sexual abuse scandal and, 433–34
as theology professor, 422
Vatican Bank and, 511
Vatileaks scandal and, 470
Viganò and, 458–59
on white finance, 438–39
in World War II, 422–23
Benelli, Cardinal Giovanni, 193, 208, 211, 215, 216, 249, 251, 256–57, 258, 259–61, 274–77, 280, 612n
in conflict with Marcinkus, 193, 248–249.
Bergoglio, Cardinal Jorge Mario, see Francis, Pope
Berlusconi, Silvio, 302, 375, 455, 495, 506, 651n, 662n
Bernardin, Joseph, 251–52, 332, 342
Berry, Jason, 372n, 398–99, 408n, 410, 678n
exposé of clerical sexual abuse crisis by, 398–399
Berti, Alberto Jaime, 375–76
Bertone, Cardinal Tarcisio, 379, 418, 433, 458, 468, 470, 471, 473, 474, 476, 477, 479, 482, 483, 493, 509, 511, 683n, 689n
AIF and, 487
Benedict XVI and, 454, 455, 456,
460, 469, 480
coup attempt against, 461–62, 465–66, 468; see also Vatileaks scandal
Francis’s replacement of, 507
Gotti Tedeschi and, 455
opponents of, 454, 455n, 456
public relations missteps of, 435
Vatican Bank reform attempted by, 442
as Vatican secretary of state, 429, 430, 435, 441–42, 454, 455, 461, 470
Viganò exiled by, 458, 460
Biamonte, Tom, 215, 217, 618n
Bigelow, Emerson, 139, 384–85, 588n
Bisignani, Luigi, 373, 376
Blackfriars Bridge, London, 1–5, 329, 331, 336, 415, 509, 652n
Black Nobles, 27, 28, 32, 36, 37, 40, 41, 52, 59, 79, 83, 156, 159, 166, 183n, 202, 206, 261, 365, 540n, 589n
Blet, Pierre, 553n, 572n
Blount, Edward, 17, 537n
Bodio, Giovanni, 363, 374, 664n
Boffo, Dino, 474, 693n
Bokun, Branko, 89–90, 563n
Bologna, Italy, 220, 314n, 537n
Bolshevik Revolution, 43, 110
Boniface VI, Pope, 633n
Boniface VIII, Pope, 55, 657n
Boniface IX, Pope, 9
Bordoni, Carlo, 205, 226, 229, 233, 245, 615n, 643n
and Sindona’s arrest and trial, 289, 293, 298
Borelli, Francesco Saverio, 372–73
Borgia family, xiii, 9, 115
Bormann, Martin, 65n, 390n, 560n
“Bormann File, The” (Posner), xii, 390n
Boston, Mass., 400, 404, 407, 674n
Boyle, Paul, 280–82
Brazil, 92, 116, 147, 433
Brennan, Joseph, 332, 346
Brezhnev, Leonid, 262, 306, 646n
Briamonte, Michele, 482, 507
British Foreign Office, 71, 72, 87, 89, 92, 145, 149, 590n
Trading with the Enemy Branch (TEB) of, 115, 126
Brown, Dan, 418, 483
Brülhart, René, 511, 696n, 699n
as AIF head, 486, 487–90, 493, 503–4, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 512–13
background of, 486–87
credit card crisis and, 488–90
Buenos Aires, Argentina, xi, 146, 150, 222, 230, 288, 392, 494, 495, 497
Bulgaria, 116, 127, 128, 141, 305, 314n, 645n
Burzio, Giuseppe, 86, 97, 106, 562n, 571n
Bush, George H. W., 310n, 390n
Bush, George W., 408
Business Week, 178, 232
Buzzonetti, Renato, 261, 266, 271, 272, 634n
Caggiano, Antonio, 150, 617n
Calcagno, Cardinal Domenico, 491, 509
Caloia, Angelo, 363, 377, 396–98, 406, 413, 414, 437–38, 443, 476, 663n, 666n, 667n, 669n, 685n
God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican Page 112