God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican

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God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican Page 115

by Gerald Posner


  Ledochowski, Wladimir, 74, 556n

  Legion of Christ, 372n, 410, 433

  Lehman Brothers, 437, 623n

  Leiber, Robert, 93–94, 135, 150, 559n

  Lena, Giulio, 370–71

  Leo IV, Pope, 20

  Leo X, Pope, 10, 11

  Leo XI, Pope, 633n

  Leo XII, Pope, 541n

  Leo XIII, Pope, 26, 29, 576n, 638n

  Anti-modernism of, 31, 33

  Bank of Rome investment by, 28

  capitalism distrusted by, 30

  Catholics banned from political participation by, 30, 31

  death of, 31, 32

  interest-bearing loan issued by, 27

  real estate investments of, 28

  Rerum Novarum encyclical of, 30

  return of Papal States sought by, 30

  social agenda of, 31

  Syllabus reaffirmed by, 31

  Leone, Giovanni, 221

  Levy, Jonathan, 391–92, 394, 449n, 672n

  liberation theology, 264, 497

  Libya, 51, 221

  Italian invasion of, 37

  Liechtenstein, 57, 113, 119, 171, 236, 414, 486–87, 638n

  Loftus, John, 132

  Lombardi, Federico, 432, 433, 448–49, 452, 467–68, 469, 470, 483, 486, 490, 492–93, 497, 511, 684n

  London, England, 1–7, 47, 257, 329, 336, 338, 531n, 532n, 556n

  conference on Holocaust stolen assets in, 386–88, 392

  Lorenzi, Diego, 265–66, 269, 271, 273n, 630n, 632n, 634n

  Louisiana, 398–99, 673n, 675n

  Louisville, Ky., 408–9

  Lovelok, 613n, 616n

  Luciani, Cardinal Albino, see John Paul I, Pope

  Lumen Christi, 379–80

  Lustrissimi, Sebastiano, 315, 316

  Luther, Martin, 11, 534n

  Luxembourg, 57, 112, 236, 370, 414, 572n

  Lynch, William, 215, 216–17

  Lyttelton, Oliver, 90–91

  Macchi, Pasquale, 174, 186, 198, 248–50, 252–54, 256, 369, 601n, 604n, 606n, 610n, 628n, 630n

  McCormick, Vincent, 96–97

  Maciel Degollado, Marcial, 410, 433–34, 678n

  Mackenzie Limitada, 585n–86n

  Madame Prosecutor (Del Ponte), 427n

  Mafia, 171, 221, 275, 290, 291, 294, 301, 337, 345n, 351, 358, 363, 427, 469, 475, 480, 505, 600n, 601n, 613n, 660n, 666n

  counterfeit securities ring of, 209–19

  Marcinkus and, 377

  priests as members of, 600n

  Magee, John, 253, 263, 265–66, 267, 268, 269–70, 273n, 633n

  Magister, Sandro, 461, 470

  Maglione, Cardinal Luigi, 85, 93, 97, 98n, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108n, 116, 164, 561n, 562n, 567n, 568n, 569n, 592n, 595n

  Maillardoz, Henri de, 52, 57, 156–57, 160, 166, 167, 171, 176, 177, 179–80, 232, 300, 363, 550n, 605n, 664n

  Malachy O’Morgair, Saint, 94n

  Malagodi, Giovanni, 116, 575n

  Manic, 236, 244, 313, 624n, 647n–48n, 653n

  Mani Pulite (Clean Hands) investigation, 367, 372, 375, 376

  Mannoia, Francesco Marino, 377, 601n

  Marcellus II, Pope, 633n

  Marcinkus, Paul Casimir, 3, 118n, 189–95, 197–203, 204, 206–7, 208, 209, 211, 213, 214–19, 220, 222, 223, 225–26, 228, 235n, 236–37, 238–40, 241, 243n, 244, 246, 249–50, 252, 257–58, 260, 261, 262–63, 264, 270, 272n, 273n, 286, 288–91, 292, 295, 296–97, 306, 308–11, 313, 315–24, 330–37, 338–39, 341, 343–48, 349–58, 360, 362, 363–64, 365, 366, 368, 369–70, 373n, 396, 397, 398, 430, 437, 440, 442n, 449, 463, 490, 512, 513, 604n, 606n–7n, 608n–16n, 618n, 624n–29n, 637n–40n, 642n, 644n, 646n–48n, 650n, 653n–55n, 658n, 659n, 662n, 663n, 700n

  Ambrosiano settlement opposed by, 348

  appointment to Vatican Bank of, 194

  background of, 189–90, 608n, 636n

  and Banca Cattolica deal, 207

  Bank of Italy investigators’ meeting with, 331

  Carlo Calvi and, 315, 316

  Casaroli and, 327, 331

  Cisalpine and, 202, 238, 296, 320, 327

  as conduit between U.S. and Vatican, 308

  counterfeit securities investigation and, 213, 214–15, 217–19, 220

  criminal investigation into, 347

  death of, 364n

  expectation of appointment to cardinal of, 310–311, 342

  FBI interview with, 284–85, 335, 336

  financial inexperience of, 194–95, 198, 355, 610n

  Hammer’s book and, 335–37

  Italian arrest warrant for, 352–53, 449, 451

  John Paul I and, 262–63

  John Paul II and, 280, 282–84, 286, 308, 309, 321, 334, 335, 342, 354, 355, 360, 366

  John XXIII and, 191

  Latin American experience of, 310

  letters of patronage given to Calvi by, 319, 321, 323, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331, 339, 344, 348

  Mafia and, 377

  as material witness in the Ambrosiano collapse, 333

  opposition to, 280, 284, 309, 330, 331–32

  Papal trips organized and attended by, 280, 283, 609n

  Paul VI and, 192–93, 197–201, 207, 219, 231, 249–50

  Pazienza and, 297–98, 309, 313, 315

  personality of, 190–91, 355–56

  physical appearance of, 189, 200, 217

  Philadelphia corruption case handled by, 282–83

  press on, 350, 352, 355, 360

  replacement for, 361–62, 363

  resignation of, 363–64, 365, 366, 370

  in return to U.S., 364

  Roberto Calvi and, 202–3, 207, 236, 237, 239–40, 244, 288, 292, 296, 309, 319–26, 358, 490

  Roberto Calvi’s indemnity letter to, 319–20, 321, 327–28

  as rumored Freemason, 302–3

  rumored resignation of, 332

  rumored sex parties of, 345n

  self-imposed exile of, 353

  Sindona and, 189, 194–95, 199, 222, 223, 225–26, 228, 231, 232, 233, 262–63, 289, 297, 299, 490

  Solidarity funded by, 308–9

  as U.S. source in Vatican, 334–35

  as Vatican Bank head, 197–201, 249–50, 257, 258, 260, 261, 286, 325, 339, 342, 347, 354, 360, 369–70, 377, 440

  as Vatican City chief administrator, 310–11, 325

  Vatican financial policies set by, 610n

  Marie-Benoît, Père, 98, 104n, 568n

  Marigonda, Vittoria, 199, 217, 612n

  Marinelli, Luigi, 463–64, 691n

  Marranci, Rolando, 508n, 700n

  Marshall Plan, 151–52, 157

  Martin, Malachi, 249, 257, 606n, 627n

  Martini, Cardinal Carlo Maria, 419, 423, 663n, 681n

  Marx, Karl, 36, 277, 542n

  Marxism, 5, 30, 264, 310, 326

  Masons, see Freemasons, Freemasonry

  Medici family, 10, 115

  Mediobanca, 158, 171

  Mediocredito Lombardo, 361, 363, 374

  Mein Kampf (Hitler), 34n, 109

  Melbourne, University of, 413–14

  Mellon family, 22, 547n, 577n

  Mengele, Josef, xi, 390n

  Mengele (Posner), xii

  Mennini, Alessandro, 197, 313

  Mennini, Luigi, 156, 166, 167, 171, 177, 180, 181, 184, 185, 187, 203, 228, 232, 236, 296, 312, 317, 319, 343, 344, 364n, 602n, 611n, 627n, 650n, 700n

  as real power behind the Vatican Bank, 199, 355–356

  Calvi and, 197, 320, 325, 327–28

  criminal investigation of, 300–301, 333, 347, 352, 355–56, 363, 366

  Marcinkus and, 194, 198–99

  resignation of, 363

  Mennini, Paolo, 364n, 700n

  men of confidence, 159, 167, 171, 188

  Merry del Val, Cardinal, 36, 40, 49, 65n

  Mexico, 127, 180, 280, 283, 414n, 626n

  MI5 (British intelligence), 136, 391, 531n

  MI6 (British secret service), 153n, 654n

  Milan, Italy, 168–71, 200n, 286
–87, 312, 361, 363, 480

  modernists, Catholic, 19, 24, 29, 31, 33–35, 39, 542n

  Monaco, 48n, 113, 119, 444

  Mondo, Il, 260, 330, 612n

  Monetary Convention, 443, 445, 447, 448, 451

  Moneychangers, The (Raw), 659n

  Moneyrex, 176–77, 602n, 615n

  Moneyval, 450, 456–58, 460, 467, 472–73, 483, 484–85, 487, 489, 504, 508–510, 688n, 690n, 695n, 700n

  Vatican Bank reports of, 484–85, 487, 508–9

  Montecatini Company, 158, 161, 550n

  Montecatini Edison, 180, 550n

  Montedison, 372, 373

  Montenegro, 121, 142

  Monti, Carlo, 79, 557n

  Montini, Cardinal Giovanni Battista, see Paul VI, Pope

  Morgan, J. P., 58, 121

  Morgan Bank, 47–48, 71, 82, 112, 115, 159, 547n

  see also J. P. Morgan

  Morgenthau, Henry, 117, 583n–84n

  Moro, Aldo, 173n, 175, 182–83, 248, 273n, 287, 627n

  Morpurgo, Giuseppe Lazzaro, 122–23, 578n–79n

  Mortara, Edgardo, 17–18, 537n–38n

  Mucci, Luca, 287, 300

  Mudge, Rose, Guthrie & Alexander, 206, 231

  Mundelein, George, 47, 549n, 610n

  Munich Re, 123, 124, 126, 580n

  Murphy, Paul, 554n, 559n

  Murphy, Peter, 191, 335n, 353, 355–56, 364, 370, 463, 655n, 660n

  Mussolini, Benito (Il Duce), 0, 44–45, 52–55, 56, 58–61, 62, 63, 65n, 70–71, 79, 82, 83, 85, 87, 93, 96, 109, 110, 111, 113, 575n, 577n, 578n, 583n, 590n, 603n, 616n

  anti-Catholicism of, 44–45

  anticommunism of, 60

  anti-Semitism of, 73, 74–75, 122, 556n

  arrest of, 99, 128

  in Bank of Rome bailout, 45–46

  Ethiopia invaded by, 68–69

  as head of Nazi puppet government, 128–29

  Lateran Pacts and, 48–49, 450

  Nazi rescue of, 100

  Pius XI and, 45–46, 47–49, 54–55, 73

  Vatican Bank and, 119

  Vatican’s partnership with, 60–61

  Myth of the Twentieth Century (Rosenberg), 65n

  Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 11, 98n

  Napoleon III, Emperor of France, 14, 17, 18, 20

  Nation, 546n–57n, 555n

  National Archives, 132, 135n, 385, 573n, 581n, 585n, 591n

  National Catholic Reporter, 76, 399, 401, 403n, 421, 442, 494, 537n, 634n, 666n, 674n

  National Fascist Party, Italian, 44, 49, 52, 99, 128, 560n

  National Socialism, see Nazi Germany, Nazis

  Navarro-Valls, Joaquín, 303n, 385, 388, 389, 391, 396, 427

  Nazi fugitives:

  Catholic Church’s aid to, xi–xii, 143, 150–51, 384, 385

  Pius XII’s silence about, 143

  in South America, xi–xii, 384, 386

  Vatican gold used in aid of, 145, 384, 386

  Nazi Germany, Nazis, xi–xii, 69, 78–79, 84, 87, 89, 91–93, 95–97, 101–5, 112, 113, 116, 117, 119, 120, 125, 127, 131–37, 138, 141, 143–45, 147, 148–51, 153n, 154, 164, 176, 189, 195, 308, 339–41, 342, 383–88, 397, 421–23, 426, 445–46, 449n, 482, 493n, 544n, 552n, 553n, 556n, 560n, 561n, 562n, 563n, 564n, 565n, 566n, 567n, 568n, 569n, 570n, 571n, 572n, 579n, 582n, 584n, 586n, 587n, 588n, 589n, 594n, 603n, 656n

  anti-Catholic measures in, 72

  anti-Semitism in, 63–64, 66, 67, 72–73, 74, 75, 76–77, 84, 278, 554n; see also Holocaust

  assisting insurers in avoiding paying victims claims, 127, 579n

  book burnings in, 63

  Catholic Church in, 64, 65–66, 73–74

  Czechoslovakia invaded by, 82

  gold looted by, 130–31, 384, 388, 389, 391, 392, 393

  northern Italy occupied by, 99–100, 128–29

  Pius XI and, 67, 72,

  Pius XII and, see Holocaust, Pius XII and

  Poland invaded by, 85–86, 111

  Reichskonkordat violated by, 72, 109

  Russia invaded by, 88, 90, 96

  in Soviet nonaggression pact, 85

  Sudetenland claims of, 71

  Vatican and, 62–68, 72, 75, 76–77, 80, 82, 88, 90–91, 110, 551n

  see also Gestapo; SS (Schutzstaffel)

  Nazi hunters, xi, xii, 143, 147, 339

  Netherlands, 57, 112, 131, 564n

  Newsweek, 337, 640n

  New York, N.Y., 71, 115, 116n, 117, 165, 209, 215, 223, 224–25, 241, 292–94, 299–300, 315–16, 373, 383, 404, 641n

  New York Times, xii, 161n, 178, 183, 187, 204, 221, 228, 231, 232, 246, 257, 289, 342, 349, 354, 364, 367, 390n, 400, 434, 452–53, 464n, 488, 505, 546n, 558n, 598n, 602n, 610n, 650n, 674n, 689n

  Nicaragua, 288, 309–10, 319, 353, 626n

  Nichita Roncalli: Controvita di un papa (Bellegrandi), 173n

  Nicholas V Tower, 118, 199, 217, 343, 483, 612n, 664n

  Nicora, Cardinal Attilio, 431, 441, 452, 468, 473, 485, 489, 491, 510, 663n

  Niehans, Paul, 161–62, 596n

  Nikodim, Metropolitan, 261–62

  Nixon, Richard, 193, 200, 205, 206, 221, 223, 240, 289, 618n, 623n

  Nogara (Abwehr spy), 133, 134–35, 586n

  Nogara, Bartolomeo, 51, 156

  Nogara, Bernardino, 54, 90, 101, 115, 120–22, 124–29, 155–61, 166, 167, 168, 170, 176, 179–80, 182, 185, 202, 232, 300, 359, 362, 398, 512, 547n–48n, 554n, 560n, 569n, 573n, 575n, 577n–78n, 580n, 581n, 586n, 587n, 595n, 598n, 605n, 607n, 638n, 664n

  appointed head of ASSS, 52

  arbitrage strategy of, 57

  background of, 50–51

  as BCI director, 52, 57, 59, 116, 121, 134

  Black Nobles’ conflict with, 52

  cardinals’ investigations of, 83–84, 111

  death of, 166

  fighting Allies over blacklisting of Sudameris, 156–157

  foreign bank investments of, 57–58

  gold as safehaven investment, 112, 130

  Great Depression and, 53, 55–61

  holding companies established by, 57, 110, 112, 116, 119, 124, 126, 550n, 551n

  IRI and, 58–59

  and Italian invasion of Ethiopia, 69, 70

  Italian investments of, 58–59, 157–58

  Paul VI and, 159–60

  Pius XI and, 52, 56

  Pius XII and, 82–84, 549n

  as possible Nazi spy, 132–37

  postwar economy and, 155

  postwar investment strategy of, 157–58, 160, 179

  real estate investments of, 57, 111, 112, 124

  retirement of, 160

  and role in raising gold for Rome’s Jews, 100–101

  rumored Jewishness of, 51

  stake in Fondiaria and, 125

  U.S. investments of, 71

  use of IOR for aggressive money transfers, 118–19

  Vatican Bank created by, 117–18, 128

  Vatican finances transformed by, 160

  Vatican gold reserves moved to U.S. by, 57, 112, 113, 130

  visit to United States, 71

  Volpi and, 120–22, 124, 126, 129, 130

  World War II and, 111–12

  Nogara, Giovanni, 161, 185

  Nogara, Paolo, 161, 596n

  Noriega, Manuel, 310n, 316n

  Normandy invasion, 105

  North Vietnam, 181, 193, 220

  Norway, 112, 113

  Nostra Aetate (In Our Time), 180n

  Nuremberg Laws, 68, 88

  Nuzzi, Gianluigi, 439–41, 465, 467–68, 469, 470, 473–74, 475, 478, 485, 492, 693n

  Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 118–19, 131, 132, 134–36, 138, 142, 584n, 585n, 587n, 588n

  Nazi fugitives and, 135, 147, 151, 592n

  Oligata Romana, 190, 199

  Olivetti, 321–22, 328

  Olympics (Rome, 1960), 167, 186

  O’Malley, Cardinal Sean, 495, 501

  Operation Fraulein, 210–19, 617n

  Operation Safehaven, 128, 141, 581n

  O
pus Dei, 325, 339n, 365, 375, 443, 464n, 470, 482, 487, 511, 610n, 652n

  rumored secret deal with Calvi and, 325

  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 444, 445, 447, 452, 456, 457, 472, 473, 482, 484, 487, 510

  Orlandi, Emanuela, 345n, 474

  Orsenigo, Cesare, 66–67, 82, 91

  Ortolani, Umberto, 235, 238, 302, 532n, 644n, 658n

  Osborne, D’Arcy Godolphin, 73, 81, 90, 99, 104, 106, 107, 110, 149, 556n, 565n, 566n, 570n, 573n

  Osservatore Romano, L’,16–17, 49, 79, 354, 437, 443, 448, 537n, 540n, 607n, 612n

  Ottoman Empire, 51, 124, 134, 550n

  Ouellet, Marc, 495, 496

  Owens, Jeffrey, 447, 452

  Pacelli, Carlo, 104, 156, 570n, 574n, 594n, 595n

  Pacelli, Ernesto, 40, 50, 83, 125

  as Bank of Rome president, 29, 36

  economic and political reforms urged by, 30

  Pius X’s break with, 37–38

  Vatican finances overseen by, 35

  as Vatican financial advisor, 29–30, 36–37, 546n

  Pacelli, Eugenio, see Pius XII, Pope

  Pacelli, Francesco, 48, 59, 79, 546n–47n

  Pacelli, Giulio, 158, 159, 160, 185, 595n

  Pacelli, Marcantonio, 158, 159, 160, 575n, 595n, 596n

  Padalino, Giulio, 286, 288, 638n

  Pagano, Bishop Sergio, 128, 589n

  Palace of the Chancellery, 14, 536n

  Palazzini, Cardinal Pietro, 321, 324–25

  Palestine, 67–68, 106, 648n

  Palestinian Liberation Organization, 221, 313

  Panama, 202, 236, 638n

  Panciroli, Romeo, 268, 269, 270, 654n

  Panorama, 202n, 231, 323, 440

  Pantanella, 186, 239

  Papacy:

  antipopes and, 10, 634n

  elections of, 32

  infallibility of, 19

  Papal Court, 10, 17, 28–29, 32, 44, 537n

  Papal States, 12, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 30, 33, 42, 45, 48, 153, 178

  Italy’s annexation of, 18–19, 21, 47

  taxation of, 8, 9, 15, 16

  Papée, Kazimierz, 95, 567n

  Papen, Franz von, 63, 65, 164

  Paraguay, xi–xii

  Paribas, see Banque de Paris et des Pays–Bas

  Parolin, Cardinal Pietro, 507–9

  Partito Popolare Italiano (Italian People’s Party), 44, 46, 49

  Pascalina Lehnert, Sister, 83, 143, 160, 161, 165, 554n, 558n, 559n, 564n, 566n, 589n, 594n, 596n–97n

  Pius XII’s relationship with, 80–81, 632n

  Paul II, Pope, 9

  Paul IV, Pope, 110

  Paul VI, Pope, 34, 90, 95, 99, 107, 108n, 140, 142–43, 148, 149–50, 153, 159–60, 165, 168, 169–70, 173–74, 175–77, 180–81, 183–84, 192, 208, 217, 221, 224, 233–34, 255–59, 260, 262, 263, 264, 266n, 267, 271–74, 279, 283, 290, 310, 350, 365n, 369, 534n, 540n, 567n, 589n, 592n, 596n, 599n, 602n, 610n, 611n, 627n–32n, 633n, 639n, 657n

 

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