God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican
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anticommunism of, 169
as archbishop of Milan, 160, 169–70
autopsy policy of, 635n
birth control policy of, 606n
Cody and, 250–52, 256, 263–64
death of, 253–54, 627n
declining health of, 246–47
Draganović and, 140, 148, 149
election of, 174
fear of postwar Russian invasion, 142
Hudal and, 150
Humanae Vitae encyclical of, 185, 259
indecisiveness of, 174, 187, 249
Jesuits and, 264
knowledge of Holocaust, 90
leftward shift of, 180–81
Marcinkus and, 192–93, 197–201, 207, 219, 231, 249–50
Moro kidnapping and, 248
Nixon’s meeting with, 200
Nogara and, 159–60
Pauline Policy of, 187
personality of, 174, 175
physical ailments of, 246
Populorum Progressio encyclical of, 181
possible resignation of, 246–47, 249–50
rumored homosexuality of, 173n
Second Vatican Council and, 175, 180–81
silence about ratline, 143–144.
Sindona and, 169–70, 175, 185–86, 187, 196, 199, 290
Spada and, 175
Spellman and, 173–74
U.S. visited by, 193
Vatican bank budget cut by, 232
Paulines, 280–83, 637n
Pavelić, Ante, 91, 139, 140, 145–46, 390, 392, 562n, 563n, 578n, 589n, 590n
Pius XII and, 87–89, 90, 98n
Pazienza, Francesco, 313–17, 327n, 608n, 628n, 637n, 642n, 644n, 648n
Calvi’s hiring of, 313, 320, 321, 353
Marcinkus and, 297–98, 309, 313, 315
Pecci, Vincenzo Gioacchino, see Leo XIII, Pope
Pell, Cardinal George, 424, 510, 512
Perón, Juan, 116, 120, 146, 150, 151, 222, 230, 565n
Peru, 310, 319, 323, 331
Pesenti, Carlo, 347, 350
Petaci, Francesco Saverio, 141
Petaci, Clara, 141
at center of Pius XI murder conspiracy, 75n
Petaci, Marcello, 141
Peter, Saint, 274, 413, 416, 491, 538n
archaeological dig for remains of, 94–95
bones of, 95, 161
Peterson, Michael, 404, 405
Peter’s Pence, 21–22, 26, 27, 28, 35, 40, 42, 55, 111, 175, 233, 261, 354, 359, 360–61, 378, 500, 538n, 631n
American Catholics’ contributions for, 47, 406, 417
global recession’s effect on, 437
Phayer, Michael, 125n, 566n, 568n
Philadelphia, Pa., 280, 403
Philadelphia Diocese, 637n
corruption in, 280–82
Vatican Bank’s reimbursement of, 282–83
Pierre Hotel, New York, 223, 231, 241, 620n, 623n
Pinochet, Augusto, 147, 372n
Pioppo, Piero, 430, 454, 455, 504
Piovano, Gianfranco, 378, 396
Pius IV, Pope, 51
Pius VI, Pope, 11
Pius VIII, Pope, 635n
Pius IX, Pope, 27, 30, 31, 49, 79, 152, 277, 278n, 536n, 539n, 540n, 598n
Anti-modernism of, 19, 24–25, 29
Anti-Semitism of, 14, 15, 18
Antonelli and, 18–19
capitalism distrusted by, 23
Catholics banned from political participation by, 24–25
Coen kidnapping and, 18
death of, 25
encyclical of, 19
Italian nationalism and, 13–14, 18
Mortara kidnapping and, 17–18, 537n–38n
and nationalist capture of Rome, 20–21
Peter’s Pence revived by, 21–22
Quanta Cura encyclical of, 19
Syllabus of Errors of, 19, 29, 31, 538n
Vatican bequest of, 26
Pius X, Pope, 55, 67–68, 537n, 546n, 576n
Anti-modernism of, 33–35, 39, 542n
ban on Catholic political participation lifted by, 36
in break with Ernesto Pacelli, 37–38
church-building programs by, 36
Curia reform attempted by, 33, 541n
death of, 39
election of, 32
foreign relations of, 35
humility of, 32–33
Lamentabili Sane encyclical of, 34
populist touch of, 33
Pius XI, Pope, 58, 64, 66–76, 80, 82, 84, 110, 114, 141, 164, 547n, 552n, 557n, 558n, 560n, 571n, 576n, 687n
anticommunism of, 60, 62, 551n, 556n
anti-Semitism of, 67
anti-Semitism condemned by, 73–74
avoiding Hitler during Rome visit by, 73
Casti Connubii encyclical of, 64
decision to negotiate Lateran Pacts, 47–48
death of, 75, 557n
deteriorating health of, 74, 75
disbanding Friends of Israel by, 67–68
Divini Redemptoris encyclical of, 556n
election of, 44
Ethiopian invasion and, 69–70
Humani Generis Unitas encyclical of, 74, 75–77, 82
Imperial Papacy of, 53–54
Mit brenndender Sorge encyclical of, 72, 555n
Mussolini and, 45–46, 47–49, 73
Nazi Germany and, 67, 72
Nogara and, 50–51, 52, 56
Non Abbiamo Bisogno encyclical of, 54–55
Quadragesimo Anno encyclical of, 548n–49n, 556n
temper of, 18, 20, 556n
Vatican audit ordered by, 44, 46
Vatican City building boom commenced by, 53–54
Vatican museums expanded by, 54
Pius XII, Pope, 29n, 48, 59, 60, 64–66, 71n, 74, 75n, 99, 112n, 114–15, 118, 119, 125, 129, 132, 135, 145, 148–54, 155–63, 166, 167, 169, 172, 173, 174, 175, 184, 185, 191, 273, 279, 308, 362, 378, 388, 394, 418, 424, 429, 496, 508, 540n, 547n, 552n–54n, 559n–68n, 570n–72n, 574n, 575n, 576n, 589n, 590n, 591n, 593n, 594N, 595n–97n, 605n, 630n, 638n, 641n, 678n
anticommunism of, 79, 84, 85, 88, 107, 141, 142, 151, 153–54, 305, 551n
anti-Semitism of, 84–85, 110, 536n, 555n
background of, 79–80
birth control and, 606n
character of, 80, 81, 92
clemency for Nazi criminals urged by, 144, 589n, 590n
concerns about timidity of, 81, 92
death of, 162
demand for unconditional Nazi surrender opposed by, 107
Divino Afflante Spiritu encyclical of, 570n
Draganović and, 149
efforts to spare Rome from Allied bombing by, 98–99, 104,
election of, 78–79, 81
foreign relations of, 84
German sympathies of, 62, 72, 76–77, 78–79, 82, 88, 90, 108–9, 111
gossip about personal life of, 81, 173, 558–559n
Hitler and, 62–63, 82
Holocaust and, 86–87, 90–94, 95, 96–98, 101–10, 141, 143, 165, 386
Hudal and, 150
invocation of Papal infallibility, 595n
and Italian invasion of Ethiopia, 69–70
micromanagement of, 81, 82, 84, 108, 114–115, 596n
Munificentissimus Deus encyclical of, 595n
Mystic Corporis Christi encyclical of, 570n
and Nazi roundup of Rome’s Jews, 100–104
Nogara and, 82–84, 549n
Pascalina and, 80–81, 632n
Pavelić and, 87–89, 90, 91, 98n
poor health of, 79–80, 161–62, 596n
protection of Catholics as first priority of, 109–10
racism of, 106–7
in refusal to apologize for wartime inaction, 144
Sacra Virginitas encyclical of, 596n
and search for St. Peter’s body, 94–95
as silent about Church’s aid to Nazi fugitives, 143
Soviets feared by, 142
Spellman’s relationship w
ith, 81, 558n
visions of, 162
Taylor’s meeting with, 92, 93
Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War (Phayer), 125n
Pizzi, Antonio, 351–52, 358, 658n
Poland, 90, 92, 112, 120, 124, 146, 148, 275, 277, 279, 282, 308, 310n, 333, 340, 342, 391, 397, 435, 560n, 561n, 568n, 645n, 646n
anticommunism in, 305, 306, 307
Catholic Church in, 86
cardinals spreading blood libel in, 86, 561n
division of, 278
forced labor in, 341
General Government of, 125
Holocaust in, 91, 95, 96, 105, 125, 144
Nazi invasion of, 85–86, 111
Pro-democracy movement in, 371
as Soviet satellite, 141, 278
Pollard, John, 417, 544n, 548n, 554n, 616n
Pontifical Biblical Institute, 35, 249
Pontifical Commission of Assistance, 140, 143, 149–50, 592n
Pontifical Institute of Oriental Studies, 149, 563n
Pontificio Santa Maria dell’Anima, 103, 146
Popular Democratic Front, 153, 594n
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 305n, 313
Porco, Daniel, 600n–601n
Portland, Oreg., 407, 408
Portugal, 35, 119, 125n, 136, 393
Pravda, 304–5, 537n
Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See, 184, 185, 188, 213, 233, 360, 378, 382, 397, 431, 455n, 607n, 667n
Preysing, Konrad von, 91, 97, 566n
Price Waterhouse, 243, 378
“Problem of Sexual Molestation by Roman Catholic Clergy, The” (Doyle, Mouton & Peterson), 404–5
Proclaimed List of Certain Blocked Nationals (“blacklist”), 115–16, 119, 574n
Profima, 112, 116, 550n
Promontory Financial Group, 507, 509
Propaganda Due (P2), 178–79, 200n, 212, 222, 230, 235, 241, 242, 243, 244, 272n, 287, 288, 292, 301–3, 312, 313, 318, 330, 333, 338, 339, 340, 345, 351, 362, 373, 377, 603n, 615n, 620n, 638n, 652n
Protestants, Protestantism, 11, 23, 48, 75, 94, 148n, 247, 539n, 572n
capitalism and, 23, 443
Prussia, 20, 63
Pucci, Enrico, 540n, 586n
Radowal, 290, 613n, 616n, 624n
ratlines, 145–46, 148, 150, 151, 384
Ratti, Cardinal Achille, see Pius XI, Pope
Ratzinger, Cardinal Joseph Aloisius, see Benedict XVI, Pope
Rauff, Walter, 147
Raw, Charles, 599n, 603n, 616n, 659n
Reagan, Ronald, 310n, 334, 349, 646n
John Paul II and, 279, 305, 306, 307, 308
Red Brigades, 200n, 248, 279, 287, 292
Reformation, 11, 35, 410
Reggiane, 69–70
Regia Azienda Monopolio Banane (Royal Banana Monopoly Business), 70–71
Reichsbank, 119, 131, 132, 385, 582n, 671n
Reichskonkordat, 65–67, 72, 80, 552n, 553n, 572n
Nazi violation of, 72, 109
Reme, Reinhard Karl Wilhelm, 132–35, 136, 585n–86n
Render Unto Rome (Berry), 372n
Repubblica, La, 321, 357, 480, 492, 634n
Reuters, 385, 477, 507, 689n
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 86, 103
Ricca, Battista Mario Salvatore, 504–5
Rice, Condoleezza, 408–9
Rich Church, Poor Church (Martin), 606n
Riunione Adriatica di Sicurtà (RAS), 58, 122, 124, 126, 128, 129n, 158, 181, 579n, 658n
Rizzo, Vincent, 209–10, 211, 212, 218
Roberts, John, 336, 655n
Romania, 116, 122, 127, 128
Volpi and Nogara doing business in, 122, 125–126, 127
Holocaust in, 125–26
Soviet takeover of, 141
Roman Rota, 395, 618n
Rome, Italy, 7, 9, 11, 343, 349, 569n
Allied liberation of, 107
anti-Vatican rioting in, 14
Italian nationalists capture of, 20–21
Nazi deportation of Jews from, 101–4
Nazi occupation of, 100–104
Pius XII as Defensor Civitatis of, 107
Rome, University of, 95n, 268
Rommel, Erwin, 95–96
Roncalli, Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe, see John XXIII, Pope
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 71n, 92, 98, 99, 106, 113, 114, 115, 116n, 142, 559n, 573n
Rosa, Enrico, 74, 76
Rosone, Roberto, 196, 317, 321, 323, 324, 327–29, 331
Roth, Arthur, 204–5, 225, 614n
Rothschild family, 12, 15, 16, 17, 29, 37, 44, 130, 535n, 544n, 578n
Antonelli’s sidelining of, 16
Catholic resentment of, 12
loans to Vatican by, 44
as Vatican bankers, 12–13, 15
Rotta, Angelo, 108
effort to save Hungarian Jews by, 105
Roywest Bank, 314, 344, 648n
Ruini, Cardinal Camillo, 420, 423
Rumor, Mariano, 221
Russia, 35, 39, 41, 43, 60, 88, 90, 92, 96, 107, 110, 112n, 120, 141–42, 144–45, 305, 387, 391, 560n, 565n, 573n, 579n, 589n
see also Soviet Union
Russian Orthodox Church, 41, 43, 261, 632n
Rychlak, Ronald, 563n, 567n
Sabato, Il, 118n, 199n
St. Christina’s Church, Chicago, 189, 608n
St. Hedwig’s Cathedral, Berlin, 66–67, 75
St. John Lateran Basilica, 248, 262
St. Martha Hospice, 660n
St. Peter’s Banker (DiFonzo), 603n
St. Peter’s Basilica, 7, 10, 14, 18, 19–21, 33, 43, 46, 94–95, 100, 248, 277, 412, 418, 421, 434, 471, 490, 497–98, 534n, 567n, 586n, 597n, 634n
St. Peter’s Square, 140, 163, 200, 262, 269–70, 304, 386, 427, 459, 498, 700n
St. Raphael Society, 147–48
Sala Bolognia, 270, 271
Sala Nervi, 256n, 262
Samuels, Shimon, 385–86
Sandinista National Liberation Front, 288, 309, 353
San Girolamo degli Illirici, College of, 139, 140, 145, 149, 592n
San Lorenzo fuori le Mura Basilica, Rome, 99, 104
San Marino, 113, 119
San Raffaele Hospital, 455, 468
San Serafino Foundation, 376
Santucci, Carlo, 40, 45
Sarić, Ivan, 89, 563n, 564n
Sarto, Cardinal Giuseppe, see Pius X, Pope
Scaletti, Lelio, 378, 379
Scarano, Nunzio, 505–6, 507, 699n, 700n
Scattolini, Virgilio, 540n, 586n, 605n
Schellenberg, Walther, 133–34, 556n, 586n, 587n, 589n
Scherer, Cardinal Odilo, 495, 509
Schmitz, Ronaldo Hermann, 442, 476, 479, 490
Schönborn, Cardinal Christoph von, 423, 434
Schröder, Kurt von, 130, 584n
Schwend, Friedrich, 138, 587n, 588n
looted money to Vatican by, 138
Scola, Cardinal Angelo, 418, 424, 455n, 495–96
Scotland Yard, 1, 6
SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 133, 585n, 586n
Sebastiani, Cardinal Sergio, 416, 431
Secchia, Pietro, 169–70, 599n
Second Vatican Council, 166–67, 171–72, 175, 180–81, 187, 191–92, 247, 255, 274, 597n, 598n
Secret Service, U.S., 200, 360n
Securities and Exchange Commission, U.S. (SEC), 205, 220, 225, 226–27, 229, 282, 607n
Sindona and, 205, 225, 229
Vatican Bank and, 208–9
Senate, U.S., 340, 383
Serbs, Serbia, 89, 140, 142, 563n, 568n
Serrano, Manuel Soto, 442, 476
Sex in the Confessional, 256
Sextus IV, Pope, 9
sexual abuse scandal, 372n, 398–411, 501, 673n–75n, 677n–78n, 697n, 698n
Benedict XVI and, 433–34
diocesan bankruptcies from, 407–408, 417, 677n
efforts by United Nations rebuffed for, 427, 501
financial ramifications of, 406–9, 4
16–17, 470
litigation naming Pope over, 408–409
John Paul II and, 434
Seymour, Whitney North, Jr., 215, 618n
SGI/Immobiliare (Società Generale Immobiliare), 157, 158, 160–61, 170, 179–80, 186, 187, 226, 227, 228, 229, 241, 263, 607n, 610n–11n
Shaddick, Peter, 234–35
Sicily, 13, 98, 99, 168, 171, 275, 298, 642n
Siegenthaler, Pierre, 202, 327
Siemens, 459, 486–87
Signoracci, Arnaldo, 268, 271, 272n, 634n, 635n
Signoracci, Ernesto, 268, 271, 272n, 634n, 635n
Signoracci, Renato, 268n, 634n
Simpson, Keith, 4, 532n
Sindona, Michele, 173n, 175–88, 189, 194–95, 194–97, 200–202, 207, 209, 212, 217, 224–36, 237, 240, 241–45, 246, 249, 257–58, 260, 262–63, 272n, 283, 285, 288–95, 296–300, 301, 302, 309, 310, 315, 320, 321, 324, 331, 333, 340, 342, 352, 357, 360, 381, 440, 599n–607n, 610n–11n, 613n–16n, 620n–27n, 638n, 639n, 653n, 660n
Ambrosoli’s investigation of, 290–91
Ambrosoli’s murder and, 292, 299
Argentine plans of, 222–23
background of, 168–69
and Banca Privata collapse, 333
banks looted by, 290, 292
Calvi and, 196–97, 201–2, 204–5, 206, 225, 235–36, 242, 244, 290, 291
death of, 351, 352
downfall of, 223–35
faked kidnapping of, 292–95, 298, 641n, 642n, 643n
financial empire of, 176–78, 204–6, 225, 228, 234
as freemason, 339
Gelli and, 179
international flight of, 229–30
Italian criminal indictment of, 229
Italian trial of, 350–51
Italy’s extradition request for, 231, 234–35, 240, 244–45, 257–58, 260, 262, 289, 300, 640n
lecture tour of, 232–33
Marcinkus and, 189, 194, 199, 222, 223, 225–26, 228, 231, 232, 233, 262–63, 289, 297, 299, 490
mental health of, 294n
parliamentary investigation into, 339
Paul VI and, 169–70, 175, 185–86, 187, 196, 199, 290
praise for his business acumen, 177–178
purchases Franklin National, 204–205
raising money for Church by 170, 224
in return to U.S., 231
rumors of Mafia association, 171, 600–601n
SEC and, 205, 225, 229
Spada and, 170–71
suicide attempt of, 299
tax avoidance strategies of, 183–84, 185–86
U.S. arrest and trial of, 241, 289–90, 293, 295, 297–99, 640n, 641n, 643n
U.S. bank holdings of, 204–5, 223, 224–25, 227–28, 229
Vatican Bank and, 170, 171, 172, 177, 180, 196, 225, 227, 228, 231–32, 233–34, 258, 260, 290, 291, 301, 351, 440
Sindona, Nino, 230–31, 299, 299–300, 622n, 643n