24.Michael Heinrich, Die Wissenschaft vom Wert: Die Marxsche Kritik der politischen Ökonomie zwischen wissenschaftlicher Revolution und klassischer Tradition (Verlag Westphälisches Dampfboot, 2011), p. 130.
25.Althusser summarizes his standpoint in above all Althusser 2010. He already lays it out in the introduction, pp. xix–xxxviii.
26.Israel 1979. István Mészáros, Marx’s Theory of Alienation (London: Merlin Press, 1976); Bertel Ollman, Alienation: Marx’s Conception of Man in Capitalist Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); Takahisa Oishi, The Unknown Marx: Reconstructing a Unified Perspective (London: Pluto Press, 2001).
27.Heinrich, Die Wisenschaft vom Wert, pp. 141ff. Heinrich also takes other important breaks into account. For example, the concept of theory is undeveloped in The German Ideology; Marx and Engels appear there as pure empiricists, ibid., p. 139.
28.Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy is part of MEGA IV/3 and is translated into English in volume 26 of the Collected Works. The quote is from CW 26, p. 520. Engels uses the adjective ‘genius’, in German a stronger word than ‘brilliant’. The Theses on Feuerbach are found in CW 5, pp. 5–8, first in Marx’s original and then as edited by Engels. The theses were formulated in a notebook that otherwise contained various lists of books. Marx used the notebook between 1844 and 1847. The Theses, which Marx himself only titled ‘1) ad Feuerbach’ can be found there, pp. 19ff.
29.On the distinction between praxis, technique, and theory, see the major article R. Bien, ‘Praxis, praktisch’, Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie (Darmstadt: Schwabe, 1989), pp. 1227–307 and the literature cited there. Kant on the practical (or moral–practical) and the technical–practical in Immanuel Kant, Kritik der Urteilskraft, XI–XVI (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1974), pp. 78f. ‘Spirit of practicality’, G. W. F. Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1969), p. 14; English translation G. W. F. Hegel, Science of Logic, transl. by A. V. Miller (London: Allen & Unwin, 1969), p. 26.
30.On the changed content of the concept of work, see Herbert Applebaum, The Concept of Work: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992).
31.The chapter on Bruno Bauer in MEW 3, pp. 81–100, CW 5, pp. 97–116.
32.The best edition of Der Einzige und sein Eigentum is Max Stirner, Der einzige und sein Eigentum (Freiburg/München: Verlag Karl Alber, 2013). The latest English used is The Ego and Its Own (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
33.One example of Stirner’s anti-Semitic outbursts can be found in the aforementioned editions, ibid., pp. 30 and 39 respectively.
34.Stirner on God and love, ibid., pp. 57f and 47 respectively.
35.On Blumenbach and the racial doctrine, see p. 97. Stirner on the races and intellectual development in Stirner, Der einzige und sein Eigentum, pp. 76ff and 62ff respectively. The Goethe quote from the 1806 poem ‘Vanitas! vanitatum, vanitas!’ is reproduced in Goethe 1986, p. 93.
36.Marx and Engels on the trisection in Stirner, MEW 3, pp. 114ff, CW 5, pp. 130ff.
37.Stirner the schoolteacher, MEW 3, p. 246, CW 5, p. 263.
38.Franz Mehring, Karl Marx: hans livs historia (Stockholm: Gidlunds, 1983), p. 192. Francis Wheen, Karl Marx: en biografi (Stockholm: Norstedts, 2000), p. 94. Sperber, Karl Marx, p. 166. Tristram Hunt, Friedrich Engels: Kommunist i frack (Stockholm: Leopard förlag, 2013), pp. 127f. Paul Thomas, ‘Karl Marx and Max Stirner’, Political Theory 3: 2, May 1975, pp. 159–79. Thomas, and a number of other contributors as well, also handle the question in Saul Newton, Max Stirner (New York: 2011). Daniel Brudney, who wrote what is probably the most comprehensive study of Marx’s philosophical manuscripts between 1844 and 1846, certainly takes up the long chapter on Stirner but without any great analytic clarity. The point itself, as I demonstrate here in Marx’s and Engels’s account, does not come through. Daniel Brudney, Marx’s Attempt to Leave Philosophy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), pp. 265–78.
39.Stirner ignores all historic concreteness, MEW 3, p. 112, CW 5, p. 129. History as simply the philosophy of history, ibid., pp. 114 and 130f respectively. Humans and nature, ibid., pp. 169 and 186 respectively.
40.Political liberalism, economics, and the sublation of labour, ibid., pp. 176–86 and 193–205 respectively.
41.‘Is not a matter…’, ibid., pp. 186 and 205 respectively.
42.Masturbation and sex, ibid., pp. 218 and 236 respectively.
43.The criticism of Feuerbach and Stirner, and the emphasis on his own earlier articles, ibid., pp. 216f and 236 respectively.
44.Philosophers live in an upside-down world, ibid., pp. 432f and 446f respectively. The foreword, ibid., pp. 13f and 23f respectively.
45.French and British movements contra German ideas, ibid., pp. 441 and 455 respectively.
46.On the early French development of the concept of ideology, see Emmet Kennedy, Destutt de Tracy and the Origins of ‘Ideology’ (Philadelphia: Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 1978), in particular pp. 44ff.
47.Friedrich Rohmer is mentioned in MEW 3, p. 526, CW 5, p. 536.
48.Engels’s article is a regular review and is called simply ‘Alexander Jung, “Lectures on Modern German Literature”’, MEGA I/3, pp. 361–75, CW 2, pp. 284–97. For Jung’s response, see Alexander Jung, ‘Ein Bonbon für den kleinen Oswald, meinen Gegner in den deutschen Jahrbüchern, Königsberger Literatureblatt 42, 1842. Engels commented positively about this response in a letter to Arnold Ruge on 26 July 1842, MEGA III/1, p. 235, CW 2, p. 456. Heine spoke on the ‘airy kingdom of dreams’ (Luftreich des Traums) in one of his poems (‘Caput VII’), Heinrich Heine, Atta Troll: ein Sommernachtstraum; Deutschland; ein Wintermärchen, Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe der Werke (Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 1985), and the quote is reproduced in MEW 3, p. 457. On the German-language development with Rohmer and Jung, see Sven-Eric Liedman, Motsatsernas spel: Friedrich Engels’ filosofie och 1800–talets vetenskaper (Lund: Cavefors, 1977), pp. 169ff.
49.Stirner and the division of labour, MEW 3, p. 273, CW 5, pp. 291f.
50.Hunter, fisherman, etc., in one single person, MEW 3, p. 33, CW 5, p. 47.
51.On genius and the division of labour, MEW 3, pp. 377f, CW 5, pp. 393f.
52.Stirner on association, state, and society, Max Stirner, Der einzige und sein Eigentum (Freiburg/München: Verlag Karl Alber, 2013), p. 359.
53.The criticism of this in MEW 3, pp. 312f, CW 5, pp. 330f.
54.Communism: Stirner, Der einzige und sein Eigentum, p. 231. The criticism in The German Ideology, MEW 3, p. 229, CW 5, p. 247
55.‘True socialism’ as a typical expression for Germany, MEW 3, p. 443, CW 5, p. 457.
56.MEW 3, p. 447, CW 5, p. 460.
57.On Karl Grün, ibid., pp. 473–520 and pp. 484–530 respectively. Sperber on Marx and Grün in Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life (New York and London: Liveright, 2013), pp. 181–5.
58.‘The ideas…’, MEW 3, p. 48, CW 5, p. 59. ‘In direct contrast…’, ibid., pp. 26 and 36 respectively.
59.‘These abstractions…’, ibid., pp. 27 and 37 respectively.
60.The four conditions, ibid., pp. 28ff and pp. 41–4 respectively.
61.Alienation, ibid., pp. 34 and 48 respectively.
62.Letter from Marx to C. W. J. Leske, 1 August 1846, MEGA III/2, pp. 22f. Response from Leske 15 September 1846, MEGA III/2, pp. 309f.
63.On the gnawing criticism of the mice in Preface to a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, MEW 13, p. 10, CW 29, p. 264.
64.On the Correspondence Committee, see Herwig Förder, Der Bund der Kommunisten. Dokumente und Materialen, vol. 1 (Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1970–84).
65.Philippe-Charles Gigot (1819–1860) was active in the communist movement in the 1840s, at the same time as he was working as an archivist. Marx’s letter to Proudhon, 5 May 1846, MEGA III/2, pp. 7f, CW 38, pp. 38ff.
66.Proudhon’s response, 17 May 1846, MEGA III/2, pp. 203f.
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67.Engels’s letters from Paris to the Correspondence Committee, for example 19 August, 16 September, and 23 October 1846 in MEGA III/2, pp. 30ff., 34–9, and 53–9, CW 38, pp. 56–60, 60–7, and 81–6. Letters from Engels to Marx, for example 18 September, 18 October and 23 October 1846, in MEGA III/2, pp. 40–5, 48–52, and 60f, and CW 38, pp. 67–73, 75–81, and 86ff.
68.August Hermann Ewerbeck to Marx, 14 Aug 1846, MEGA III/2, p. 284. The letter is a response to something Marx wrote that has since been lost.
69.Annenkov’s story from 1880 reproduced in Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Gespräche mit Marx und Engels, vol. 1 (Frankfurt am Main: Insel Verlag, 1973), pp. 60ff.
70.A meticulous, somewhat wordy biography of Weitling is Waltraud Seidel-Hopper, Wilhelm Weitling (1808–1871): Eine politische Biographie (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014). Another biography is Selcuk Cara, Wilhelm Weitling – Gefangen zwischen Gott und Kommunismus: Tragikomödie in vier Akten (München: Drei Masken Verlag, 2008).
71.The articles against Kriege have been given the title ‘Circular Against Kriege’ in CW, MEW 4, pp. 3–17 and CW 6, pp. 35–51.
72.Wilhelm Wolff, Gesammelte Schriften. Nebts einer Biographie Wolffs von Friedrich Engels. Mit Einleitung und Anmerkungen (Berlin: Jubiläums-Ausgabe, Buchhandlung Vorwärts, 1909).
73.A selection of Weerth’s writings can be found in Georg Weerth, Nur unsereiner wander mager durch sein Jahrhundert: Ein George-Weerth-Lesebuch (Bielefeld: Aisthesis, 2008). Floran Vassen, Georg Weerth: ein politischer Dichter des Vormärz und der Revolution von 1848/49 (Stuttgart: Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1971) is a biography of Weerth with an emphasis on his political poetry.
74.Letter from Annenkov to Marx, 1 November 1846, MEGA III/2, p. 316.
75.Marx’s response, 28 December 1846, MEGA II/2, pp. 70–80.
76.Proudhon’s book is actually called Système des contradictions économiques, ou Philosophie de la misère (Proudhon 1846). Another edition came out in 1850.
77.The full title of Marx’s book is Misère de la philosophie: réponse à La philosophie de la misère de M. Proudhon (Marx 1847). Engels’s foreword to the 1885 German edition was also appended. The German translation can be found in MEW 4, pp. 63–182. The critical edition in the Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe is still forthcoming and has been for some time. Marx’s text can be found in English translation in CW 6, pp. 105–212.
78.On Bray etc., MEW 4, pp. 98–105, CW 6, pp. 138–44. Bray was an English and American socialist, and primarily an adherent of Owen’s economic theories.
79.Robinson Crusoe is dealt with early on, in Section I:1 of the text. In the German edition this corresponds to MEW 4, p. 68; in the English to CW 6, p. 112.
80.Division of labour in factories and in society at large is dealt with in Section II:2, or MEW 4, pp. 150f and CW 6, pp. 184f.
81.The thesis that no product is useful in and of itself and that neither producers nor consumers are free is found at the end of Section I:1, or in MEW 4, p. 75 and CW 6, p. 118f.
82.On Ricardo and cynicism, ibid., pp. 78–84 and 120–5 respectively.
83.On Proudhon’s mistake, Ricardo, and Smith, ibid., pp. 86–9 and 127–31 respectively.
84.Hard alcohol, ibid., pp. 92 and 133 respectively.
85.On the division of labour and machines, Section II:2, pp. 147–57 and 181–90 respectively. On oxen and machines that are not economic categories, in contrast to the factory, which is ‘un rapport social de production, une catégorie économique’, as it reads in the original.
86.Verhältnis is a central concept in Hegel. See, for example, the section ‘Das quantitative Verhältnis’ in his Wissenschaft der Logik (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1969), pp. 372–86; or ‘Das wesentliche Verhältnis’ in the same work, pp. 164–85. The English translation speaks of ‘relation’, which is not completely accurate.
87.Charles Babbage, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (London: Charles Knight, 1835). Babbage played an important role in the prehistory of the computer; see Michael Lindgren, Glory and Failure: The Difference Engines of Johann Müller, Charles Babbage and Georg and Edvard Scheutz (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990).
88.Marx quotes Babbage, MEW 4, p. 153, CW 6, pp. 186f. He also had detailed excerpts of Babbage’s works, MEGA IV/3, pp. 325–41.
89.Marx quotes Ure in MEW 3, pp. 155f, CW 6, pp. 188ff. Excerpts from Ure’s work are reproduced in MEGA IV/3, pp. 342–51.
90.Agricultural chemistry, MEW 4, p. 172, CW 6, p. 204.
91.The origin of manufacture, ibid., pp. 152 and 185f respectively.
92.On money created by the sovereign, ibid., pp. 109 and 147 respectively.
93.MEW 4, p. 162, CW 6, p. 194.
94.MEW 4, pp. 175–82, CW 6, pp. 206–12. Jean Ziska is available on the Internet in several versions, including through Project Gutenberg. Quote from the introductory ‘Notice’.
95.The future society, MEW 4, p. 93, CW 6, p. 134.
96.Engels notified Marx of the sales figures in a letter dated 23–24 November 1847 (MEGA III/2, p. 121, CW 38, p. 146), and Marx wrote to his Russian friend Annenkov on 9 December 1847 that it had sold ‘very well’ (ibid., pp. 125 and 151 respectively). According to a letter to Marx on 21 September 1847 from publisher Carl Georg Vogler, between 500 and 600 copies appear to have been sold (MEGA III/2, p. 361). Engels on the visit to Louis Blanc in a letter to Marx, 25–26 October 1847 (ibid., pp. 111f and 133f respectively), and 21 January 1848 (ibid., pp. 130 and 155f respectively).
97.The letter to Annenkov in which Marx begged for money is the one just mentioned (MEGA III/2, CW 38, pp. 150f).
7The Manifesto and the Revolutions
1.Heinrich Otto Lüning to Marx, 16 July 1847, MEW III/2, pp. 346f.
2.Heinrich Bürgers to Marx 30 August 1847, ibid., pp. 351–7, in particular pp. 353f.
3.Schapper’s letter to Marx, 6 June 1846, ibid., pp. 219–23.
4.Friedrich Feuerbach was the younger brother of the more famous Ludwig, and distinguished himself first as a philologist with translations from Sanskrit and other languages. Ludwig’s books, particularly The Essence of Christianity (Ludwig Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christentums, Stuttgart: Reclam, 1994), inspired Friedrich to write philosophical works in the same style, above all Friedrich Feuerbach, Die Zukunft der Religion (Zürich and Winterthur: Verlag des literarischen Comptoirs, 1843). The later instalment came out in 1847.
5.The new letter from Carl Schapper et al. is dated 17 July 1846, MEW III/2, pp. 250–5. The professor, who was named Eduard Wilhelm Sievers, did not live in Paris; he had only taken a trip to France and England to study the educational systems there. Otherwise, he was a teacher in Gotha, in the German province of Thuringia; he was a philologist and philosopher and is renowned as an expert on Shakespeare. In the revolutionary year of 1848, he published a revolutionary paper. The student remained nameless, and nothing in more detail is known about Adolf von Ribbentrop.
6.Letter from Harney to Marx, 20 July 1846, ibid., pp. 263f. On Harney, see R. Schoyen, The Chartist Challenge: A Portrait of George Julian Harney (London: Heinemann, 1958).
7.Moll’s authorization is signed and dated 20 January 1847, MEGA III/1, p. 327.
8.There is a great amount of documentation on the activities of the League of the Just/the Communist League, the congresses in London, and more; for example Herwig Förder, Der Bund der Kommunisten. Dokumente und Materialen (Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1970–84), Bert Andréas, Gründungsdokumente des Bundes der Kommunisten (Hamburg: Hamburg State and University Library, 1969), Jacques Grandjonc, Statuten des “Communistischen Arbeiter-Bildungs-Vereins” London 1840–1914 (Trier: Karl-Marx-Haus, 1979), and Martin Hundt, Bund der Kommunisten 1836–1852 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1988). See also Karl Obermann, Zur Geschichte des Bundes der Kommunisten 1849 bis 1852 (Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1955).
9.Letter from Zentralbehörde des Bundes der Kommunisten to the correspondence committee in Brussels, 18 October 1847, MEGA III/2, pp. 368ff.
10.On Engels’s arrogan
ce and vanity, in letters from Heinrich Bürgers and Roland Daniels, 11 August 1846, ibid., pp. 281ff.
11.This Gustave Oebom was actually named Napoleon Berger; in 1838, under the pseudonym Per Fas, he had published a pamphlet in Stockholm: Den röda boken, eller några af dagens frågor [The Red Book, or some of the issues of the day]. The book was considered criminal; Berger was put on trial and sentenced to hard labour but fled Sweden. After wandering through Europe – during which he both lost an eye and escaped from a Russian prison – he ended up in Switzerland. He resided there for ten years before setting off across the Atlantic. In the United States, he had greater success as a journalist. The question has even been asked whether he was not the first Swedish journalist in the new country. On Oebom, in the letter to the Brussels circle, MEGA III/2, p. 369. On the trial of Napoleon Berger, see Bo G. Nilsson 1980, pp. 2–18. This hater of learning, Berger/Oebom, probably chose the pseudonym Per Fas from the Latin motto per fas et nefas – ‘through legal and illegal means’. On his journalism in the United States, see Nils William Olsson, ‘Was Napoleon Berger the First Swedish Journalist in America?’, Swedish-American Historical Quarterly 3:1, 1952, pp. 19–29. Berger was born in 1812 and died in 1870.
12.E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (Middlesex: Pelican Books, 1968) is and remains the great study of the development of the working class in Great Britain. On the desire to return to the land, for example pp. 253ff; on the Luddites and the nostalgia their actions expressed, pp. 537–45, pp. 598–649; on the craftsmen pp. 259–96. Gareth Stedman Jones has devoted great interest to the British workers’ movement; see above all the essays in connection with E. P. Thompson’s works, on Chartism, and on early workers’ culture in Gareth Stedman Jones, Language of Class: Studies in English Working Class History, 1832–1982 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). In Stedman Jones’s recent Marx biography, Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion (Allen Lane: London, 2016), there is a comprehensive, although not complete, account of their activities. On the programme of the Chartists to give industrial workers the opportunity for a more secure existence as small farmers, see John K. Walton, Chartism (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 30f. James Philips Kay, The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes Employed in the Cotton Manufacture in Manchester (London: James Ridgway, 1832).
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