20.Jacques Attali, Karl Marx ou l’esprit du monde (Paris: Fayard, 2005), p. 256. Rachel Holmes, Eleanor Marx: A Life (London: Bloomsbury, 2014), p. 226 after Aaron Rosebury, ‘Eleanor, Daughter of Karl Marx: Personal Reminiscences’, Monthly Review 24, no. 8 (Jan 1973), pp. 45f. ‘Tussy is me,’ Holmes, Eleanor Marx, p. 357.
21.The letter to Engels about the birth of their last child, 8 Jul 1857, MEW 29, p 150, CW 40, p. 143.
22.Letter from Jenny to Karl, 19 Jun 1852, MEGA III/5, pp. 411f, not in CW.
23.Pelz, William Liebknecht, p. xxx.
24.Marx to Engels on his and Jenny’s horrible daily life, for example, see a letter to Engels, 15 July 1858, MEW 29, p. 340, CW 40, p. 328.
25.Marx to Paul Lafargue, 13 August 1866, MEW 31, p. 519, CW 42, p. 308.
26.Karl to Jenny 21 June 1856, MEGA III/8, pp. 262f, MEW 29, pp. 532–6, CW 40, pp. 54–7.
27.Karl to Jenny, 15 December 1863, MEGA III/12, pp. 453f, MEW 30, pp. 463, CW 41, p. 499.
28.Eleanor on her parent’s mutual desire to laugh, see Teusch, Jenny Marx, p. 142f.
29.On the photo of Marx with his new elegant topcoat, see the letter from Jennychen to Karl in early May 1867, and from Laura to the same, 8 May 1867, in Olga Meier, Die Töchter von Karl Marx: unveröffentliche Briefe (Hamburg: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1983), pp. 46 and 51 respectively.
30.Terrell Carver is among those experts who frankly deny that the copy of Freyberger’s letter has any weight as evidence; see his ‘Marx’s “illegitimate son” … or Gresham’s Law in the world of scholarship’ on the website Marx Myths and Legends, Marxmyths.org. Carver also points out the letter from Marx to Engels of 25 Aug 1851 that I mention in the text (MEGA III/4, pp. 187–93, CW 38, pp. 436–43). Among the slanderers given prominence is Arnold Ruge. The other, stronger evidence is from the letter of 31 August 1851 (ibid., pp. 195–8 and 445–9 respectively). ‘Skizzen über die deutsche kleinbürgerliche Emigration in London im Sommer 1851’ is reproduced in MEGA I/11, pp. 86–92, but not in CW.
31.Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life (New York: Liveright, 2013), p. 263. Jacques Attali maintains that Jenny was travelling at the point in time in question; Attali, Karl Marx, p. 191. Holmes, Eleanor Marx, p. 161 does the same.
32.On the interruption to Jenny’s long series of pregnancies, Teusch, Jenny Marx, p. 166.
33.On the rumours among leading social democrats at the turn of the twentieth century, see Rolf Hecker, ‘Unbekannte Dokumente über Marx’ Sohn Frederick Demuth’, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung 43 (1994), pp. 43–59.
34.Eleanor’s letter to Laura according to Holmes, Eleanor Marx, pp. xvi and 195ff.
35.Holmes, Eleanor Marx, in particular pp. 381–402, but also a general picture of Lenchen’s role in the Marx family. In her introduction to a volume of letters from the Marx daughters, Margarete Mitscherlich-Nielsen places Karl Marx on an equal footing with Eleanor Marx’s notoriously unfaithful and villainous lover Edward Aveling. This is not a reasonable comparison. We have no end of testimony regarding Aveling’s way of treating both his wife and Eleanor; regarding Karl’s mistakes, on the other hand, we have only this. From this silence, we can of course not draw any certain conclusions, but only probable ones. But this is what we have to go on here. Margarete Mitscherlich-Nielsen, Die Töchter von Karl Marx. Unveröffentliche Briefe (Köln: Kiepenheuer and Witsch, 1981). In Japan, where interest in the matter has long been great, particular documentation has been gathered indicating that Karl Marx was the father of Frederick Demuth: Izumi Omura, Karl Marx Is My Father: The Documentation of Frederick Demuth’s Parentage (Far Eastern Booksellers, 2011). The first great monograph in which Marx’s paternity was asserted was by a Japanese author, Chushichi Tsuzuki, The Life of Eleanor Marx: A Socialist Tragedy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), pp. 243f and passim. In the Soviet Union and the GDR, where a prudish view of marriage and adultery prevailed, the issue of Freddy’s ancestry was a hot potato. See Carl-Erich Vollgraf, ‘Nochmals zur Kommentierung in der zeiten MEGA: Fallstudien’, Beiträge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung: Neue Folge (Hamburg: Argument, 1993), p. 73. By all appearances, Marx was unaffected by the feminist tradition that started with Mary Wollstonecraft and her epoch-making 1792 work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. The tradition was not unknown to the Chartists, whom Marx stood close to in other respects and who counted many women in their number. On this, see Jutta Schwarzkopf, Women in the Chartist Movement (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991).
9Journalist on Two Continents
1.Marx’s letter to Weydemeyer, 4 Feb 1850, MEGA III/3, p. 61, CW 38, p. 226.
2.Heinrich Bürgers wrote to Marx on 27 Mar 1850 that the newspaper Westdeutsche was the only one representing the Social Democratic Party in Germany, though in a modest fashion, MEGA III/3, p. 502.
3.Letter from Marx to Louis Bauer, 30 November 1849, MEGA III/3, p. 50, CW 38, p. 218.
4.Eduard von Müller-Tellering’s letter to Marx, 27 September 1849, MEGA III/3, pp. 394f, and Marx’s letter to von Müller-Tellering 12 March 1850, ibid., pp. 68–71. A facsimile of the letter is reproduced in ibid., p. 69. The letter is also in CW 38, pp. 229f.
5.On Willich and his philosophy, see Loyd David Easton, Hegel’s First American Followers: The Ohio Hegelians: John B. Stallo, Peter Kaufmann, Moncure Conway, and August Willich, with Key Writings (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1966).
6.The duel between Willich and Schramm can be glimpsed in Marx and Engels’s correspondence; see for example George Julian Harney’s letter to Engels of 11 September 1850, Mega III/3, p. 643. Percy Hotspur (actually named Henry Percy) is an important character in Henry IV. This play is also where the word hotspur comes from. Marx, Herr Vogt, MEGA I/18, p. 113, MEW 14, p. 445, CW 17, p. 86.
7.Letter from Marx to Joseph Weydemeyer, 19 December 1849, MEGA III/3, pp. 51f, CW 38, p. 219.
8.Marx wrote the introductory text to the journal. It is true that it was signed by Carl Schramm, the journal’s ‘Gerant’ (the person legally responsible for it), but the style is unmistakably Marx’s. MEGA I/10, pp. 17f, CW 10, pp. 5f.
9.It was to Weydemeyer that Jenny Marx turned in her despairing letter of 20 May 1850 with the request for money, expressing her disappointment that their friends in Cologne had proven unwilling to work for the journal despite Karl investing so much money in it during his period as editor-in-chief; pp. 733f, CW 38, pp. 555f. Weydemeyer responded to Karl on 24 May 1850, pointing out how difficult it was to get any buyers, MEGA III/3, pp. 549f. Weydemeyer to Karl Marx on workers who had become petty bourgeois, 15 June 1850, MEGA III/3, pp. 563f. On distribution that was not working, see for example Hermann Wilhelm Haupt in Hamburg to Marx, 3 December 1850, ibid., pp. 686–9. On late submission of manuscripts, see letter from Theodor Hagen, musicologist in Hamburg, 28 June 1850, ibid., p. 572.
10.Marx, ‘The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850’, Neue Rheinische Zeitung, January 1850, MEGA I/10, pp. 119–96, CW 10, pp. 45–145. The quotes therefrom, pp. 121, 128, 147 and 49, 58, 78 respectively.
11.Ibid., pp. 187 and 122 respectively.
12.The review of Guizot’s books were published in the second issue of Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Revue and are reproduced in MEGA I/10, pp. 205–10, CW 10, pp. 251–6. The publisher of MEGA assumes that it was Marx who wrote about Guizot (MEGA I/10, Apparatus, p. 820), which is also likely but not completely certain. The most distinctive elements in his way of writing are missing.
13.The classic English translation of this Greek epic was by George Chapman around 1600, and was last published in 2001: Homer’s Batrachomyomachia, Hymns and Epigrams. As has been seen, authorship has been ascribed to Homer – a greatly controversial attribution.
14.‘Review, January–February 1850’, MEGA I/10, pp. 211–23, CW 10, pp. 257–70. According to MEGA I/10, Apparatus, p. 825, Engels spoke in a few letters – among them one to Marx – about a joint work, whereas in Herr Vogt Marx claimed all the honour.
15.The review of Carlyle 1850 was published in the April iss
ue of Neue Rheinische Zeitung, MEGA I/10, pp. 265–75, CW 10, pp. 301–10.
16.Engels, ‘The Peasant War in Germany’, published in the May–October number of Neue Rheinische Zeitung (Nos. 5–6), MEGA I/10, pp. 367–443, CW 10, pp. 397–482.
17.Marx and Engels. ‘Review. May–October’, signed 1 November 1850, MEGA I/10, pp. 448–88.
18.Letter from Haupt to Marx, 1 October 1850, MEGA III/3, pp. 650f.
19.Marx, ‘Skizzen über die deutsche kleinbürgerliche Emigranten …’, MEGA I/11, pp. 86–92. Marx and Engels ‘under Mitwirkung von Ernst Dronke’, The Great Men of the Exile, MEGA I/11, pp. 221–311, CW pp. 227–326. ‘Character mask’, pp. 260 and 268f respectively. The Heine quote from the poem cycle Atta Troll. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Canto 24, in Heinrich Heine, Atta Troll: ein Sommernachtstaum; Deutschland; ein Wintermärchen, Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe der Werke (Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 1985), p. 79, line 48.
20.Marx and Engels, ‘Address of the Central Authority of the League, March 1850’, MEGA I/10, pp. 254–63, CW 10, pp. 257–87. ‘The revolutionary Babylon’, pp. 256 and 279 respectively.
21.‘Less than nothing’, according to Teusch, Eleanor Marx, p. 99. Laura Lafargue to Jenny Longuet, 28 February 1869, in Mitscherlich-Nielsen, Die Töchter von Karl Marx, p. 63.
22.The critical edition of The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte is found in MEGA I/11, pp. 96–189. Also useful is MEW, 8, pp. 115–207. In English in CW 11, pp. 99–197.
23.‘Utopian nonsense’ and ‘the most colossal event …’, MEGA I/11, pp. 104f, CW 11, p. 110.
24.The farmers constitute a ‘vast mass’, ibid., pp. 180 and 187 respectively.
25.Louis Althusser, Filosofi från en revolutionär klasståndpunkt (Lund: Cavefors, 1976), pp. 35–77.
26.‘And as in private life …’, MEGA I/11, p. 122, CW 11, p. 128.
27.On interest as a political and economic term, see the detailed article by Hans Wolfgang Orth, Jörg Fisch, and Reinhart Kosseleck, ‘Interesse’, Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe (1982). On Marx’s early use of the term, pp. 341ff. The example concludes, however, with the Communist Manifesto and thus does not concern the most typical writings from the early 1850s. Marx in general is not mentioned in Johan Heilbron’s brief article in the International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences; see Johan Heilbron, ‘Interest: History of the Concept’, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 11 (2001). The economic significance often has the monopoly in the major Marxist glossaries, such as in Georges Labica, Dictionaire critique du marxisme (Paris: P.U.F., 1982), pp. 469–73. It is not even included in Tom Bottomore, A Dictionary of Marxist Thought (Oxford: Blackwell Reference, 1983). On the other hand, there is an interesting article in Lotter, Meiner, and Treptow’s Das Marx-Engels-Lexikon with important quotes: Karl Lotter, Reinhard Meiners, Elmar Treptow, Das Marx-Engels Lexikon: von Abstraktions bis Zirkulation (Köln: PapyRossa Verlag, 2013), pp. 167–70.
28.On the repetitions of history, see G. W. F. Hegel, Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1986), p. 506 and Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik, Band II, vol. 6 (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1986), p. 339. Engels talks about Hegel’s thinking in a letter to Marx of 3 December 1851. In fact, Marx took his example in part from this letter, MEGA III/4, pp. 260–3, CW 38, p. 505. Marx only formulated the parallel better.
29.On freedom and tradition, MEGA I/11, pp. 96f, CW 11, p. 103. The poetry of the future, ibid., pp. 101 and 106 respectively.
30.Marx’s comparison between his own work, Hugo’s, and Proudhon’s in the 1869 afterword, MEW 16, pp. 398ff, CW 21, pp. 56ff.
31.On the New York Daily Tribune, Horace Greeley, and Charles Anderson Dana, see Richard Kluger, The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune (New York: Knopf, 1986). On Greeley’s socialist ideas and Dana’s and Ripley’s lives at Brook Farm, pp. 51f, 53f, and 70 respectively. On Charles A. Dana and Napoleon III, p. 72. His firing and his new career, pp. 106f, 141.
32.On Marx not writing the articles on Revolution and Counterrevolution, MEGA I/11, pp. 3 and 637. Rachel Holmes put Marx’s inability to write the first articles in the context of his troubles at home after Lenchen Demuth gave birth to Freddy. Holmes, Eleanor Marx, p. 394. Sperber on Marx’s English in Sperber, Karl Marx, p. 314.
33.The current standard work on the Atlantic cable and Cyrus W. Field’s efforts is John Steele Gordon, A Thread Across the Ocean: The Heroic Story of the Transatlantic Cable (London: Simon & Schuster, 2002).
34.Karl Marx, Marx on China, 1853–1860: Articles from the New York Daily Tribune (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1951) is also available on the Internet at Marxists.org. The articles on India are found in Karl Marx, Karl Marx on India: From the New York Daily Tribune (New Delhi: Tulika Books, 2005).
35.The example headlines are from articles in the New York Daily Tribune, 22 June 1853, MEGA I/12, pp. 157ff, CW 12, pp. 115ff, 19 September 1853, ibid. pp. 269ff, and 28 November 1853, pp. 488ff and 239ff respectively.
36.On the number of horsepower and other statistics, see ‘Political Prospects – Commercial Prosperity – Case of Starvation’, New York Daily Tribune, 2 February 1853, MEGA I/12, pp. 8ff, CW 11, pp. 477ff.
37.The Times and ‘that mendacious wire’, New York Daily Tribune, 14 February 1853, MEGA I/12, p. 155, CW 12, p. 113.
38.On von Westphalen’s ultra-Prussian attitude, 18 April 1853, ibid. pp. 89ff and 28ff respectively.
39.On Grundtvig’s’ criticism, New York Daily Times, 9 September 1853, ibid., pp. 137 and 101 respectively.
40.On Great Britain as an enchanting land that was difficult to live in, New York Daily Tribune, 4 April 1853, MEGA I/12, pp. 66, 539, CW 11, p. 539.
41.‘On Chartism’, New York Daily Tribune, 25 Aug 1852, MEGA 1/11, pp. 324–7, CW 11, pp. 333–41.
42.The first article on the workers’ parliament was published 24 March 1854 and had to share space with the British war budget: ‘Opening of the Labour Parliament – English War Budget’, MEGA I/13, p. 100, CW 13, pp. 50–6. The letter to the parliament was published in The People’s Paper, 18 March 1854, under the title ‘Letter to the Labour Parliament’, ibid., pp. 115f and 57f respectively, and the article ‘The Labour Parliament’ in the New York Daily Tribune, 29 March 1854, ibid., pp. 111–15 and 61–4 respectively. On Ernest Jones, see Miles Taylor, Ernest Jones, Chartism, and the Romance of Politics 1818–1869 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
43.Marx, ‘Speech on the Anniversary of The People’s Paper,’ 14 April 1856, MEW 12, pp. 3f, CW 14, pp. 655f.
44.Marx, ‘Condition of Factory labourers’, New York Daily Tribune, 22 April 1857 and ‘The English Factory System’, ibid., 28 April 1857, MEW 12, pp. 183–93, CW 15, pp. 251–61. The quote, 185 and 253 respectively. Marx, ‘The State of British Manufactures’, New York Daily Tribune, 15 March 1859, MEW 13, pp. 202ff, CW 16, pp. 190–6. Compare also the continuation under the same title in New York Daily Tribune, 24 March 1859, MEW 13, pp. 220ff, CW 16, pp. 206–10.
45.Marx’s articles under the title ‘The State of British Manufacturing Industry’, 6 August 1860, MEW 15, pp. 78–88, CW 17, pp. 410–20. On cooperation, see Johnston Birchall, Co-op: The People’s Business (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1994).
46.See articles in the New York Daily Tribune, 16 and 23 September 1859, MEW 13, pp. 490–9, CW 16, pp. 487–96. A. H. Hassall, Adulteration Detected, Or, Plain Instruction for the Detection of Frauds in Food and Medicine (London: Longman, Brown, 1861). Marx refers to Hassall’s book in Capital, vol. 1, MEGA II/5, pp. 190 and 253, MEW 23, pp. 189 and 263, and CW 35, pp. 184 and 256. On bakeries of the time and the imagined future, ‘Bread Manufacture’, Die Presse, 20 October 1862, MEW 15, pp. 554–7, CW 19, pp. 252–5.
47.Marx, ‘A Meeting’, Neue Oder-Zeitung, 24 March 1855; MEW 11, pp. 135ff, CW 14, pp. 98–101. Untitled, Neue Oder-Zeitung, 11 November 1855, MEW 10, pp. 602ff, CW 13, pp. 571–8.
48.The latest major
biography of Palmerston, chiefly engaged with his liberal world of ideas, is David Brown, Palmerston: A Biography (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010). Marx’s series of articles on Palmerston were published in their entirety in The People’s Paper, 22 October–24 December 1853, MEGA I/12, pp. 393–442, MEW 9, pp. 353–418, CW 12, pp. 341–406.
49.On Palmerston in Neue Oder-Zeitung, 16 and 19 February, 24 March, and 26 July 1855, MEGA I/14, pp 123ff, 125ff, 163ff, and 571–4, MEW 11, pp. 60–8, 100–3, and 376–9, CW 14, pp. 14–20, 49–52, 367–70.
50.Lord Aberdeen as jester in the New York Daily Tribune, 17 April 1854, MEGA I/13, p. 181, MEW 10, p. 177, CW 13, p. 132.
51.Marx on Disraeli’s budget in the New York Daily Tribune, 7 May 1858, MEW 12, pp. 445–9, CW 15, pp. 510–14.
52.On the approaching crisis, in the New York Daily Tribune, 24 March 1855, MEGA I/14, pp. 166–9, MEW 11, pp. 100ff, CW 15, pp. 59–62.
53.On the Hamburg stock exchange in the New York Daily Tribune, 22 December 1857 and 5 January 1858, MEW 12, pp. 339ff and 344ff, CW 15, pp. 410ff and 413–8.
54.On the French crisis in an article on the position of Napoleon III, New York Daily Tribune, 1 April 1858, MEW 12, pp. 412ff, CW 15, pp. 477–81. The article began with a quote from the Italian poet Torquato Tasso.
55.On the coming revolution in Great Britain in the New York Daily Tribune, 21 June 1858, MEW 12, pp. 497ff, CW, pp. 560–5.
56.More essential descriptions of the economic crisis itself in the New York Daily Tribune, 4 October 1858, MEW 12, pp. 570ff, CW 16, pp. 33–6. ‘The Crisis in England’, Die Presse, 6 November 1861, MEW 15, pp. 348ff, CW 19, pp. 53–6.
A World to Win Page 80