From the Tree to the Labyrinth

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From the Tree to the Labyrinth Page 80

by Eco, Umberto


  Langue, Saussurean, 290, 293, 549, 556

  Lapidaries, 30, 136, 143

  “Latency” of information, 73

  Latin language, 22, 23, 102, 107, 230, 359, 454; corruptions of medieval Latin, 253; formation of compound words in, 446–447; grammar of, 291, 296, 432; as international language, 436; Latin Aristotle, 96–97; mathematical combinations from alphabetic letters, 420–421; medieval philology and, 232; mnemonic tradition, 261; popular semiosis and, 494–495; Vulgate text in, 286

  Latratus canis [“On Animal Language”] (Eco, Lambertini, Marmo, Tabarroni), 171–172n, 212, 221n49

  Lavinheta, Bernardus de, 388n7

  Law, 31, 404

  Leclerc, Henri, 343n32

  Lector in fabula [The Role of the Reader] (Eco), 570

  Leech, Geoffrey, 354

  Legitimism, French, 441

  Le Goff, Jacques, 242, 246n15, 307

  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 37, 40n26, 46–47, 49, 55, 62, 88, 226, 400; on classification of knowledge, 437; latency of knowledge and, 88; perfectibility of knowledge and, 422; relation of language to experience and, 425

  Lemay, Richard, 115

  Lemoine, Michel, 339n25, 343n32

  Leonardo da Vinci, 241, 517, 518, 537

  Letter Nine (Pseudo-Dionysius), 152, 154, 156

  Lewis, David K., 555

  Lewis, W. J., 111n16, 186n13

  Lexicography, 238, 549, 550, 553, 558–559

  Libation Bearers (Aeschylus), 103

  Libellum apologeticum (Vincent of Beauvais), 86

  Libellus alter de consecratione ecclesiae Sancti Dionisii (Suger), 274n9

  Libellus artificiosae memoriae (Spangerbergius), 75

  Liber apologeticus (Abbo of Fleury), 280n11

  Liber Chaos (Llull), 403

  Liber de praedicabilibus (Albertus Magnus), 111

  Liber de rebus in administratione sua gestis (Suger), 274n9

  Liber de spiritu et anima, 234

  Liber Primis Posteriorum Analyticorum (Albertus Magnus), 111

  Libraries, 24, 74, 338, 421, 437, 492–493

  Libri, Guglielmo, 236–237

  Libri Morales, 96–97

  Libro della natura degli animali (anonymous), 192

  Life of Apollonius of Tyana (Philostratus), 181

  Limits of Interpretation, The (Eco), 508, 567, 569, 570

  Linguarum methodus novissima (Comenius), 422

  Lingueglia, Paolo, 311n2

  Linguistics, 3, 18, 440, 457, 531

  Linnaeus, Carolus, 61, 462

  Lionello di Ser Daniele, 307

  Literarästhetik des europäischen Mittelalters (Glunz), 340

  Literary genres, 105, 268, 426, 539, 540

  Lives of the Philosophers (Diogenes Laertius), 24

  Llinares, Armand, 405, 406

  Llull, Raimon, 33, 34, 41, 385–386, 425; Great Chain of Being and, 400–408; Kabbalism and Llullism compared, 397–399; Leibniz and, 46; Llullism after Pico, 414–423; mathematical combinations system, 386–397; Pico della Mirandola and, 413; semantic universals and, 431

  Locke, John, 378, 425, 458, 459, 459n2, 460, 461, 465, 469

  Lodwick, Francis, 42, 425, 427, 435

  Logic, 34, 111, 113, 170

  Logic (Kant), 465, 466

  Logica (Croce), 538

  Logica Algazelis (Llull), 408

  Logica nova (Llull), 406

  Logica Vetus (Aristotle), 96

  Logic of Quantity, The (Peirce), 517

  Lois intellectuelles du langage, Les (Bréal), 548

  Lo Piparo, Franco, 161n33, 201, 202n28, 208n35, 213n41, 357n2

  Lorusso, Anna Maria, 62n34, 95n, 117n

  Lotman, Jurij, 73n39, 85, 89n54

  Lovejoy, Arthur O., 6n2, 136, 401

  Louis the Pious, 230

  Lucan, 105, 147

  Lucretius, 23

  Lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima kuklopaideia (Stergk), 22

  Luisetti, Federico, 35

  Lusignan, Serge, 86

  Lyons, John, 355, 359, 553, 554

  Lyttkens, Hampus, 162n34, 168

  Macrobius, 138, 402

  Magic, 25, 27, 308, 385

  Maggi, Michele, 531n1

  Magnino. See Schlosser–Magnino

  Magritte, René, 82

  Mahoney, Edward P., 331n20, 383

  Maierù, Alfonso, 296n5, 359, 378n15, 379n17

  Maimonides, Moses, 304

  Mainardi, Pietro, 414–415

  Maistre, Joseph de, 440–456

  Mâle, Emile, 253n3

  Mallarmé, Stéphane, 534

  Mameli, Matteo, 525

  Man in the Moone (Godwin), 427

  Mannerism, 315

  Manzoni, Alessandro, 488–507, 534, 546

  Marchese, Vincenzo, 310n2

  Marconi, Diego, 55n33, 463n4, 552–553

  Margarita philosophica (Reisch), 34, 193

  Marigo, Aristide, 292

  Maritain, Jacques, 245, 309–352; on creative intuition vs. agent intellect, 323–338; De Bruyne’s critique of, 345–346; poetry and, 317–323; tendentious reading of Thomas, 313–317

  Marmo, Constantino, 95n, 102n12, 107, 109, 112, 115, 165n35, 171n, 298n7, 353n, 374, 375n13, 377, 378

  Marr, David, 475

  Marrone, Caterina, 40

  Marrou, Henri Irenée, 231, 232

  Martinetti, Piero, 498n8

  Masonry, Scottish, 441, 443, 445–446

  Master of Tours, 127

  Mathematics, 25, 39, 425, 443, 461; congruence, 226; Kabbalah and, 302; language and, 436; lexical terms and, 19; Llullism and, 386, 406, 420, 422; matrix, 283; pure, 460; schematism and, 476; topology and, 58; universal, 46

  Mathieu, Vittorio, 485

  Matoré, Georges, 69

  Matrix/matrices, 209–211

  Matthew of Vendôme, 106, 123n9, 124

  Maupassant, Guy de, 546

  Maximal Encyclopedia, 70, 71, 74, 88–89; advancement of learning and, 94; historiography and, 93; as regulatory idea, 49–52

  Mayoux, Jean-Jacques, 336

  Mazzantini, Carlo, 311n2

  McCawley, James D., 562

  Meaning, 5, 28, 378, 379, 477; meaning of, 554–557; synonymy and, 557–559

  Median Encyclopedia, 72, 73–74, 85–86, 87; historical facts and, 85, 88; texts eliminated from, 93

  Medici, Cosimo de’, court of, 235

  Medicine, 25, 27, 31, 47, 163, 404

  Meier, Christel, 31

  Memory, 22, 33, 46, 75, 84, 85; animals and, 174, 175, 179; cultural, 89n54; Llull’s trees and, 404; Maximal Encyclopedia and, 74; mechanical memorization, 92; memory palace, 79; perception and, 467; schematism and, 474; semiosis and, 493

  Menendez y Pelayo, Marcelino, 100n9, 342n31

  Mengaldo, Pier Vincenzo, 288n3, 289, 290, 294

  Mersenne, Marin, 421–422, 425, 435

  Merton, Robert, 244n13, 245

  Metalanguage, 51, 561

  Metalogicon (John of Salisbury), 121, 244n13, 245n14

  Metamorphoses (Ovid), 147

  Metaphorology, medieval, 115

  Metaphors, 41, 62–67, 95, 99, 119–126, 432, 585; allegories distinguished from, 155; in Apocalypse of Saint John, 250–251; as cognitive process, 153; common sense and, 539–540; definitions, 118–120, 539; examples in philosophical thought, 126–129; genus and species, 103; as instrument of knowledge, 95, 117, 119, 170; ontologies and, 169, 170; original essences and, 577; ornamental function of, 129; of seven rays (hebdomad), 443; smiling meadow, 126, 127–129; symbols and allegories in relation to, 129–140, 155–158; technical study of, 113; theory of language and, 556; in Thomas Aquinas, 140–144

  Metaphysics, 6, 34, 319, 396, 461; of Great Chain of Being, 420; Manzonian semiotics and, 489; “metaphysical pansemiosis,” 136

  Metaphysics (Aristotle), 6n3, 96, 141, 147, 559; analogia entis and, 162–163; on animals, 174; discourse on equivocity, 160; medieval circulation of, 185

  Meteorologica (Aristotle), 96

  Metonymy, 98, 133, 1
64, 370, 433, 503, 579

  Michael II the Stammerer, 230

  Michelangelo, 544

  Middle Ages, 95, 105, 106, 116, 118; aesthetics in, 339; ancient sources on animal behavior viewed in, 185–194; authentication in, 241–243; false identification in, 237–238; metaphor in, 144, 169; millennialism in, 284; ornamental function of metaphor in, 129; poetic allegorism in, 137; “polyphonic” artistic culture of, 343, 344; reading of Aristotle in, 203. See also forgeries, in Middle Ages

  Middle Commentary (Averroes), 97, 99–100, 107

  Milhaud, Darius, 311

  Mill, John Stuart, 355–357, 379–383

  Millás Vallicrosa, José M., 398, 400

  Millennium (mille annos), Apocalypse and, 275–285

  Mimesis, 106

  Mimologism, 440

  Mineralogy, 24, 25, 46, 434

  Mirabilia (Callimachus), 24

  Mithridates, Flavius, 408, 414

  Mnemonics, 34, 90, 419, 534

  Mnemotechnics, 78–82

  Modistae grammarians, 232, 296, 301, 305, 308, 373–374

  Molar Content (MC), 72

  Molière, (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), 60

  Mona Lisa, authenticity of, 240–241

  Mondo simbolico (Picinelli), 192

  Monogenetic hypothesis, 441, 446

  Montaigne, Michel de, 189n17

  Montale, Eugenio, 144

  Montano, Rocco, 340

  Monti, Vincenzo, 571

  Moody, Ernest A., 377

  Moralis Philosophia (Roger Bacon), 112, 114

  More, Thomas, 427

  Morestel, Pierre, 415

  Morpurgo-Tagliabue, Guido, 545

  Morris, Charles, 354, 550, 562

  Moses (biblical), 29, 132, 148, 258, 268

  Mozarabic art, 252, 255

  Murder of Roger Ackroyd, The (Christie), 91

  Murphey, Murray G., 513

  Murphy, James B., 321n12

  Museums, 24

  Music, 28–29, 31, 34, 169, 344

  Muslims, 283, 425

  Mussato, Albertino, 320

  Mussolini, Benito, 234

  Musurgia Universalis (Kircher), 222n50

  Mystical Theology, The (Pseudo-Dionysius), 150–151

  Names, 205, 367, 380; penury of names, 421; proper names, 497–499; signs distinguished from, 194–195

  Nardi, Bruno, 305

  Naturalis historia [Natural History] (Pliny), 183–185

  Natural language, 51, 292, 431, 433, 437; semantics and, 552, 553; Tower of Babel and, 305

  Natural signs and signification, 195, 199, 219, 370. See also Signs (semeia)

  Naudé, Gabriel, 385

  Neckham, Alexander, 135

  Necromancy, 385

  Neoclassicism, 312, 316

  Neo-Platonism, 4, 18, 73, 150, 170, 340, 342; Great Chain of Being, 6, 401, 402, 404; Thomas Aquinas and, 345

  Neo-Scholasticism, 310

  Neo-Thomism, 310–313, 346

  Networks, 53, 54, 68

  Neubauer, Fritz, 56

  New Atlantis (Bacon), 36

  Newton, Isaac, 245–246, 460, 462, 485

  Nicholas of Cusa, 55, 419, 530, 536

  Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 21n14, 97, 162, 175, 185

  Nietzsche, Friedrich, 83, 85, 516, 577–578, 579, 580; death of God and, 564, 565; on metaphor, 585

  Nishishara, H. Keith, 475

  Nominalism, 381, 382

  Notarikon (acrostic), 398

  Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain (Leibniz), 47

  Novum Inventum (Kircher), 40–41

  Novum Organum (Bacon), 36

  Nuchelmans, Gabriel, 374

  Nuclear Content (NC), 72

  Numerology, 386

  Ockham, William of, 193n20, 216, 331, 343, 359; on denotation, 374–379; Ockhamist tradition and denotation, 379–383; suppositio and, 366

  Odyssey (Homer), 23

  Ogden, C. K., 354, 550

  Olgiati, Francesco, 311n2

  “On Denoting” (Russell), 354

  Onomatopoeia, 426

  On the Parts of Animals (Aristotle), 6, 16

  On the Sublime (attrib. Pseudo-Longinus), 240

  Ontologies, 4, 60–61, 89, 94, 170, 226, 579; Joycean, 67–70; Kant and, 460, 464; Llull’s trees and, 407; metaphor and, 62–67, 169; semiosic creativity and, 61–70

  Opera aperta, L’ [The Open Work] (Eco), 569, 570

  Optics, 34, 46

  Opuscula spuria (Thomas Aquinas), 316

  Opus Majus (Roger Bacon), 112, 114–115

  Opus Postumum (Kant), 484–487

  Organon (Aristotle), 96, 97, 111

  Origen, 131–132, 135n17, 242

  Original iconism, thesis of, 452, 454

  Orlando Furioso (Ariosto), 539

  Orwell, George, 86

  Other Inquisitions (Borges), 437–438

  Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Sextus Empiricus), 176, 177n6

  Ovid, 146, 147, 239

  Owens, Joseph, 160, 161n33

  Paci, Enzo, 486n13

  Pagani, Ileana, 296n5

  Panepistemon (Politian), 34

  Panofsky, Erwin, 340, 341

  Pansophic index, 35–36

  Paolucci, Claudio, 508n, 513–514, 514n2, 515, 522, 523, 528

  Parables, 101, 138, 139n, 382

  Paradiso (Dante), 50–51, 148, 149–150, 298–308

  Paradoxography, 24

  Paralogisms, 492, 543

  Paraphrase, 19

  Pardies, Ignace Gaston, 182

  Pareyson, Luigi, 536, 544, 570, 570n3

  Parole, Saussurean, 290, 293, 549

  Paronomasia, 82n50, 419

  Paronymity and paronyms, 161, 162, 361

  Parva Naturalia (Aristotle), 96

  Pascal, Blaise, 579

  Pater, Walter, 339

  Patristic literature, 186, 281–282, 400

  Patrologia Latina, 255, 338, 342n32

  Paul, Saint, 230, 239, 240; Apocalypse of Saint John and, 251; First Epistle to Corinthians, 130, 153

  Paulmier-Foucart, Monique, 86

  Paulus Scalichius, 23, 385, 385n1

  Pavel, Tomas, 70, 71

  Peirce, Charles Sanders, 1, 21, 90, 463, 469, 567, 584; anti-Cartesianism of, 513, 514; anti-intuitionism of, 331, 513–516; boundary demarcation and, 516–521; cosmology and gnoseology in, 524–525; on denotation, 355–357; reinterpretation of, 509–513; schematism and, 479, 480, 486; on sensation and cognition, 522–524; on universal laws, 583

  Pellerey, Roberto, 328n16

  Pensiero debole, Il [Weak Thought] (Vattimo and Rovati, eds.), 564–565

  Pépin, Jean, 129n12, 146, 148

  Perani, Mauro, 302

  Perception, 481, 527, 529

  Perceptual judgment, 468, 469, 509, 529–530

  Periphrasis, 432

  Pertinentization, molecular and molar, 516

  Peter, Saint, 251

  Peter of Mantua, 379n17

  Peter of Spain, 206, 358, 367–368, 381–382

  Petöfi, Janos S., 56

  Petrarch, 33n21, 232, 248

  “Peut-on parler d’intuition intellectuelle dans la philosophie thomiste?” (Roland-Gosselin), 347

  Phaedrus (Plato), 519n5

  Phantom limb sensation, 522–523

  Pharsalia (Lucan), 105

  Philology, 223, 229, 230, 231–232, 237, 286; De Bruyne’s historiography and, 345; “-ists” versus “-ologists,” 510; Kabbalism and, 398, 399; Maistre and, 450; meaning and, 555; Peirce and, 509; Petrarch and, 248; techniques of identification developed by, 241

  Philo of Alexandria, 131, 177–178, 181, 303

  Philosophie de l’art chez les néo-scolastiques de langue française, La (Wencelius), 345

  Philosophie van de Kunst (De Bruyne), 338

  Philosophie van Martin Heidegger, De (De Bruyne), 338

  Philosophy, 25, 33, 111, 149, 177, 310; analytic, 18, 462, 550; Arabic, 102; common sense and, 537; continental, 570; divisions of, 111; of language, 483; metaphor and, 63, 1
10, 149; moral, 22; ontology and, 60; pure knowing of, 141; transcendental, 463

  Philostratus, 181

  Phonemes, 18, 303, 559

  Physics, 34, 85, 111, 460, 480, 484; boundary demarcation in, 520; threshold of observability, 527

  Physics (Aristotle), 96

  Physiologus (anonymous), 29–30, 31, 135, 222

  Physiology, 25, 523

  Piazza universale di tutte le professioni (Tommaso Garzoni), 415

  Picinelli, Filippo, 192

  Pico della Mirandola, 235, 302, 408–414, 419

  “Pictures Can’t Say Ain’t” (Worth), 82

  Pinborg, Jan, 213n39, 216n44, 377

  Pindar, 63

  Pini, Giorgio, 374n12

  Plato, 19, 22, 73, 149, 181, 240, 443; on articulation and signification, 212–213; on denotation, 357, 358; on names, 289; on philosopher and dog, 173; poetry and, 325; semiotic triangle and, 372; visualization of gods and, 268

  Platonism, 315, 400, 477

  Platypus schema, 478–479, 481

  Platzeck, Erhard-Woffram, 392, 399, 400, 401, 406

  Pliny the Elder, 25–28, 30–31, 87, 135, 180; on animal language and intelligence, 183–185; medieval views of, 185

  Plotinus, 129n12

  Plutarch, 178–180, 182

  Plutosofia (Gesualdo), 75

  Pneumatics, 34

  Poe, Edgar Allan, 335, 546

  Poesia, La (Croce), 542, 546

  Poetics, 2, 34, 488; as logic, 102, 111–112, 113; rhetoric and, 116–126

  Poetics (Aristotle), 62, 88, 95, 163; Averroes’s commentary, 97–105; Hermann the German’s translation, 111; medieval misfortunes of, 111–115; on metaphor, 116; William of Moerbeke’s translation, 105–106, 113

  Poetria (John of Garland), 105

  Poetria nova (Geoffrey of Vinsauf), 125

  Poetry, 100, 335, 547, 566; allegory and, 139, 155; history opposed to, 101; intellect and, 325; metaphor and, 140–141, 143; Provençal, 122–123; as revelation, 323–324; Scholasticism and, 31

  Pohlenz, Max, 175, 213n39

  Polara, Giovanni, 122, 342n32

  Politian, 34

  Politics (Aristotle), 97, 174, 216

  Polygenetic hypothesis, 440, 441, 446

  Polygons, networks as, 54

 

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