——. (Columbia University Oral History Project).
Gray, Gordon (Richard H. Immerman).
Henderson, Loy (Columbia University Oral History Project).
Hunt, E. Howard (Richard H. Immerman).
Macomber, William B., Jr. (Richard H. Immerman).
Ridgway, General Matthew (Stephen E. Ambrose).
Strong, Sir Kenneth (Stephen E. Ambrose).
——. Letter to Ambrose, March 19, 1979.
Wainwright, Stuyvesant, III (Richard H. Immerman).
PUBLISHED SOURCES
Acheson. Dean. Present at the Creation. New York: Norton, 1971.
“After the Vote.” Time, Vol. 68 (March 29, 1954).
Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower and Berlin: The Decision to Halt at the Elbe. New York: Norton, 1967.
——. Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938. London:
Penguin Books, 1971.
——. The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1970.
Beesly, Patrick. Very Special Intelligence: The Story of the Admiralty’s Intelligence Centre, 1939–1945. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1978.
Blumenson, Martin. Breakout and Pursuit. Washington: Department of the Army, 1961.
——. Kasserine Pass. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.
Braden, Thomas. “I’m Glad the CIA is ‘Immoral.’ ” Saturday Evening Post, Vol. 240 (May 20, 1967).
——. “What’s Wrong with the CIA?” Saturday Review, Vol. 2 (April 5, 1975).
Bradley, Omar N. A Soldier’s Story. New York: Holt, 1951.
Brown, Anthony Cave. Bodyguard of Lies. New York: Harper & Row, 1975.
——, ed. The Secret War Report of the OSS. New York: Berkeley Publishing, 1976.
Buckley, William, and Brant, Bozell L. McCarthy and His Enemies. Chicago: Regnery, 1954.
Butcher, Harry. My Three Years with Eisenhower. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1946.
Carrollton Press, Inc. The Declassified Documents Quarterly, Vol. I (January 1975).
Chandler, Alfred D., ed. The Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970, 1978.
Chubin, Sharam, and Sepehr, Zabih. The Foreign Relations of Iran. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1972.
Churchill, Winston. The Hinge of Fate. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950.
Clark, Mark. Calculated Risk. New York: Harper, 1950.
Cline, Ray. Secrets, Spies, and Soldiers. New York: Acropolis Books, 1976.
Colby, William. Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1978.
Corson, William R. Armies of Ignorance. New York: Dial Press, 1977.
Cottam, Richard. Nationalism in Iran. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1964.
Deutsch, Harold. “The Influence of Ultra on World War II.” Parameters: Journal of the U. S. Army War College, Vol. VIII (December 1978).
Easton, Stewart C. World History Since 1945. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing, 1968.
Eisenhower, Dwight D. At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967.
——. Crusade in Europe. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. 1948.
——. Mandate for Change. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1963.
——. Waging Peace. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965.
Eisenhower, John S. D. The Bitter Woods. New York: Putnam, 1969.
Eisenhower, Milton S. The President Is Calling. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1975.
Estob, Peter. Hitler’s Last Offensive. London: Macmillan, 1971.
Feis, Herbert. From Trust to Terror: The Onset of the Cold War. New York: Norton, 1970.
Foot, M.R.D. SOE in France: An Account of the Work of the British Special Operation in France. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1966.
Funk, Arthur. Charles de Gaulle—The Crucial Years. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960.
——. The Politics of Torch. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1976.
Gerassi, John, ed. Venceremos! The Speeches and Writings of Che Guevara. New York: Macmillan, 1968.
Gordon, Max. “History of U. S. Subversion: Guatemala, 1954.” Science and Society, Vol. XXXV (Summer 1971).
Groves, Leslie. Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. New York: Harper & Row, 1962.
Guillen, Fedro. Guatemala, Prologo y Epilogo de una Revolución. Mexico: Cuadernos Americanos, 1964.
Harkness, Richard and Gladys. “The Mysterious Doings of the CIA.” Saturday Evening Post, Vol. 227 (October 30, 1954).
Hinsley, F. W. British Intelligence in the Second World War. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Jones, R. V. The Wizard War. London: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1978.
Kahn, David. Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II. New York: Macmillan, 1978.
Kalb, Marvin, and Abel, Elie. Roots of Involvement: The U.S. in Asia. New York: Norton, 1971.
Kirkpatrick, Lyman. The Real CIA. New York: Macmillan, 1968.
Lenczowski, George. Russia and the West in Iran, 1918–1948. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1949.
Lewin, Ronald. Ultra Goes to War. London: Hutchinson, 1978.
McCann, Thomas P. An American Company: The Tragedy of United Fruit. New York: Crown, 1976.
McDermott, Louis. “Guatemala, 1954: Intervention or Aggression?” Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, Vol. 9 (January 1972).
Macmillan, Harold. The Blast of War. New York: Harper & Row, 1968.
Marchetti, Victor, and Marks, John. The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence. New York: Knopf, 1964.
Masterman. J. C. The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939–1945. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972.
May, Stacy, and Plaza, G. The United Fruit Company in Latin America. Washington: National Planning Association, 1958.
Mazo, Earl. “Ike Speaks Out: Bay of Pigs was all JFK’s.” Newsday, September 10, 1965.
Melville, Thomas and Marjorie. Guatemala: The Politics of Land Ownership. New York: Free Press, 1971.
Miller, Francis P. Man From the Valley. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971.
Minott, Rodney G. The Fortress That Never Was. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1966.
Monroe, Keith. “Guatemala, What the Reds Left Behind.” Harper’s Magazine, Vol. 211 (July 1955).
Montagu, Ewen. The Man Who Never Was. London: Lippincott, 1954.
Mosley, Leonard. Dulles: A Biography of Eleanor, Allen and John Foster Dulles and Their Family Network. New York: Dial Press, 1978.
——. Power Play. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1974.
Murphy, Robert. Diplomat Among Warriors. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964.
Nathan, James A. “A Fragile Détente: The U-2 Incident Re-examined.” Military Affairs, Vol. XXXIX (October 1975).
Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza Shah. Mission For My Country. London: Hutchinson, 1961.
Parmet, Herbert. Eisenhower and the American Crusades. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
Payne, Walter. “The Guatemalan Revolution, 1944–1954.” Pacific Historian, Vol. 17 (Spring 1973).
Pentagon Papers (12 volumes). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1971.
Pentagon Papers, as published by the New York Times. Toronto: Quadrangle Books, 1971.
Phillips, David, Night Watch: Twenty Years of Peculiar Service. New York: Atheneum, 1977.
Pogue, Forrest C. The Supreme Command. Washington: Department of the Army, 1954.
Powers, Francis Gary. Operation Overflight. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970.
Powers, Thomas. The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA. New York: Knopf, 1979.
Report by the Supreme Commander to the CCS on Operations in Europe of the Allied Expeditionary Force. London, 1946.
Roosevelt, Kermit. Countercoup: The Struggle for Control of Iran. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.
Rosengarten, Adolph G., Jr. “With Ultra from Omaha Beach to Weimar G
ermany—A Personal View.” Military Affairs, Vol. XLII (October 1978).
Rosfelder, Roger. Today in France, No. 99 (January 1972).
Rositzke, Harry. The CIA’s Secret Operations: Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action. New York: Reader’s Digest Press, 1977.
Ryan, Cornelius. A Bridge Too Far. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1977.
——. The Last Battle. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1966.
Schlesinger, Stephen. “How Dulles Worked the Coup d’Etat.” The Nation, Vol. 227 (October 28, 1978).
Severeid, Eric. “CBS Reports: The Hot and Cold Wars of Allen Dulles.” CBS-TV, April 26, 1962.
Smith, Richard Harris. OSS: The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
Stagg, J. M. Forecast for Overlord. New York: Norton, 1971.
Stern, S. and Radosh, R. “The Hidden Rosenberg Case.” New Republic, Vol. 180 (June 23, 1979).
Strauss, Lewis. Men and Decisions. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962.
Strong, Sir Kenneth. Intelligence at the Top: The Recollections of an Intelligence Officer. London: Cassell, 1968.
Taylor, Edmond. Awakening From History. Boston: Gambit, 1969.
Tedder, Arthur W. With Prejudice: The War Memoirs of Marshall of the Royal Air Force, Lord Tedder. London: Cassell, 1966.
Tompkins, Peter. The Murder of Admiral Darlan: A Study in Conspiracy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965.
Tully, Andrew. The CIA: The Inside Story. New York: Morrow, 1962.
United States Department of State. American Foreign Policy, 1950–1955, Basic Documents, I. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1957.
——. Foreign Relations of the United States. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1970.
——. Tenth Inter-American Conference. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1954.
United States House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, 92d Congress, 2d Session (October 10, 1972). Inter-American Affairs. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972.
——. Subcommittee on Latin America of the Select Committee on Communist Aggression. Ninth Interim Report, Communist Aggression in Latin America. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1954.
United States Military Academy, Department of Military Art and Engineering. West Point Atlas of American Wars, Vol. II. New York: 1959.
United States Senate. Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee Report), Senate Report 94–755, 94th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1974.
——. Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services on Francis Gary Powers, 87th Congress, 2d Session, March 6, 1962. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1962.
Unna, Warren. “CIA: Who Watches the Watchman?” Harper’s Magazine, Vol. 216 (April 1, 1958).
Walters, Vernon. Silent Missions. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1978.
Warlimont, Walter. Inside Hitler’s Headquarters. New York: Praeger, 1964.
Winterbotham, F. W. The Ultra Secret. New York: Harper & Row, 1975.
Wise, David, and Ross, Thomas. The Invisible Government. New York: Random House, 1964.
Wyden, Peter. Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979.
Ydígoras Fuentes, Miguel. My War With Communism. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965.
Ziemke, Karl. “Operation Kreml: Deception, Strategy, and the Fortunes of War.” Parameters; Journal of the U. S. Army War College, Vol. IX (March 1979).
Zonis, Marvin. The Political Elite of Iran. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
SAM VAUGHAN of Doubleday had the idea for this book. He and his assistant, Betty Heller, provided guidance, counsel, sympathy, and understanding as the work proceeded. I cannot thank them enough.
The staff of the University of New Orleans library provided me with expert, professional help at every turn. I am also grateful for assistance from the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas, the New York Public Library, and the Library of Congress. The staff at the Modern Military Branch of the National Archives in Washington, D.C., was superb. Without the aid of that staff, the World War II sections of this book could not have been written. I am especially in the debt of Mr. John Taylor of the Archives.
When I was just beginning to write the World War II section, I had the great good luck to meet Dr. Richard Immerman of Princeton University. Immerman had just finished his dissertation on the CIA in Guatemala in 1954. He was working with Professor Fred Greenstein at Princeton on a major project to reassess the Eisenhower presidency. On a beautiful Fourth of July, 1979, at Princeton, I discovered in a six-hour nonstop conversation with Immerman that here was a brilliant young historian who knew the sources for the Eisenhower era as well as anyone in the country.
I asked Immerman if I could use his Guatemala material, especially the Howard Hunt interviews. He readily agreed. A few days later, back home in New Orleans, I realized that I had dozens of questions for Immerman. I therefore asked him if he would collaborate with me. To the great benefit of the book, he agreed.
Immerman was the first researcher to go through, in a systematic and professional manner, the recently opened Eisenhower papers in Abilene, covering the presidential and retirement years. The fruits of his hundreds of hours of research include, among other items (all printed here for the first time), the quotations from Eisenhower’s private diary, the notes of the meetings of the National Security Council, the summaries of telephone conversations, General Goodpaster’s notes on various informal meetings in the White House, and Ike’s private correspondence with his closest friends.
Immerman made an equally valuable and essential contribution through his interviews. He had previously interviewed Richard Bissell and Howard Hunt on Guatemala; he returned, as my collaborator, tape recorder in hand. He interviewed a number of others; as all the subjects can testify, he is an intelligent and probing interviewer who is adept at getting his subjects to relax and tell the full story.
Some might say my writing habits are a bit extreme. When writing a book, I normally get up at 3 A.M. and write until 8 A.M. I go to bed immediately after dinner. Such a schedule disrupts the household regime, to say the least, especially with five teen-agers in the house and a wife finishing her M.A. and beginning her teaching career.
Moira and the children were models of patience and understanding. Without their support, I couldn’t do the work. Without their love, it wouldn’t be worth doing.
STEPHEN E. AMBROSE
New Orleans
December 19, 1979
ALSO BY STEPHEN E. AMBROSE
CRAZY HORSE AND CUSTER
The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors
On the sparkling morning of June 25, 1876, 611 U.S. Army soldiers rode toward the banks of the Little Bighorn in the Montana Territory, where 3,000 Indians stood waiting to battle. The lives of two great warriors would soon be forever linked throughout history: Crazy Horse, leader of the Oglala Sioux, and General George Armstrong Custer of the Seventh Cavalry. Both were men of aggression and supreme courage. Both had become leaders in their societies at very early ages; both had been stripped of power, and in disgrace had worked to earn back the respect of their people. And to both of them, the unspoiled grandeur of the Great Plains of North America was an irresistible challenge. Their parallel lives would pave the way, in a manner unknown to either, for an inevitable clash between two nations fighting for possession of the open prairie.
American Studies/History
ALSO AVAILABLE
The Supreme Commander, Biography/History
ANCHOR BOOKS
Available wherever books are sold.
www.randomhouse.com
g books on Archive.
Ike's Spies Page 42