Table of Contents
Title Page
Dedication
Praise
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
EPILOGUE
Acknowledgments
AN IMPERFECT LENS
ALSO BY ANNE ROIPHE
Copyright Page
TO HERMAN ROIPHE, M.D.
a man who studied to be a chemist but became
a psychoanalyst—my life partner
PRAISE FOR AN IMPERFECT LENS
“Blends science and love. In the hands of a lesser writer, this might not work, but Roiphe combines her two themes almost perfectly. . . . The cosmopolitan city of Alexandria is a major character itself in this ironic and tender-hearted novel.” —Pages
“A riveting work of historical fiction . . . Through the lenses of religion, politics, love, and science . . . Roiphe leaves us heartbroken and relieved, curious and afraid—and thoroughly entertained.” — The Forward
“Far from sensationalistic . . . calm, compassionate.” — Entertainment Weekly
“Makes its elegant way through 1883 Alexandria, Egypt.” — Detroit Free Press
“Part science whodunit, part romance, part travelogue, this tale makes magic. . . . A wicked plotter,Roiphe scores, too, by making not only love and fighting, but, of all things, scientific discovery, a fascinating adventure. This is historical fiction as high art.” —Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
“In this riveting account . . . Roiphe blends fact with fiction to bring historical scientists to life. . . . Against Alexandria’s vibrant backdrop, Roiphe infuses her richly textured, propulsive story with a sense of doom brought by a microscopic enemy.” —Publishers Weekly
“Roiphe does an incredible job of painting paradoxical portraits of collective fear and coolheaded reason as she painstakingly reconstructs the life cycle of a deadly epidemic. This authentically detailed blend of fact and fiction wraps the history of an astonishing medical and scientific breakthrough inside an irresistible love story, providing a little something for everyone across a wide spectrum of readers.” —Booklist
“With dazzling richness and suspense, Anne Roiphe brings to life 19th-century Alexandria and its myriad cultures. An Imperfect Lens subtly delineates the interplay of venality and compassion within men and women struggling to cope with disaster. This is a novel of exceptional immediacy and insight.” —LAUREN BELFER, author of City of Light
“Set in the borderlands between science and religion, East and West, enlightenment and ignorance, An Imperfect Lens is a wonderfully written story reminding us that medical research was not always an industry but, rather, a sacred calling and a holy quest. Poetic, fascinating, and a damn good read.” —MARY DORIA RUSSELL, author of The Sparrow
1
AFTER A NIGHT at anchor, a local pilot at the wheel, the Andromeda made her way around the small lighthouse that stood at the end of a long jetty. The dhows, brigantines, barques, and sloops entering the new port navigated carefully through the rocky channel of Boghaz.
Once in the harbor the ship passed the black hulks of rusting ironclads, from the sterns of which trailed the red flag with the star and crescent. Seamen with red caps were everywhere. Steersmen in beards and tarbooshes rowed out among the ships, where, above their heads, flew the flag of the United States of America and the Union Jack. Steamers from French and English companies shot into and out of the harbor or rested, temporarily moored, in the inner briny waters. Some of the pasha’s feluccas floated back and forth. They showed a Turkish flourish painted on the stern, and long-tailed Arabian characters were painted in gold on their paddle boxes. Steam whistles erupted in noisy calls as gray smudges from smokestacks marked the sky, and bells screamed out over the port.
The sun was burning down on the wooden railings of the ship. The captain stood on the forecastle and watched as his sailors made fast the ropes, swabbed the deck, and rolled the barrels containing the cloth up from the hold, down the planks, and onto the docks below. The ship bobbed up and down gently on the high tide. The journey had not been unduly harsh. They had encountered only one storm and had weathered it without damage and with only the expected loss of sleep as well as the loss of one cousin of one man who was himself a cousin of a third, whose head was knocked by a swinging boom in the midst of an abrupt turn. The man’s death was noted by the captain in his log, although his name was left unrecorded and his body dropped with a few Christian words spoken into the waters of the sea, where it disappeared along with the shafts of light, the puffed buds of a stalk of seaweed, the shimmering scales of fish, the rank smell of human waste released from a recently used pail, all mingled with salt spray, as the traces of blood washed off the deck.
The ship was carrying large bolts of dyed cloth purchased from a trader in Calcutta, cloth pressed and cut and stretched out on wooden poles. Dozens of barefoot men had poured water into the waiting barrels, stacked the cargo hold, packed the grain and dried fruit in baskets. As they worked, they often slipped in the low river that ran from behind the company’s storage shed down to the docks. The men’s hands were stained dark by the mud in the water. The bolts of cloth, blues and reds, some stenciled with gold dye in shapes of birds and vines, were destined for the bodies of the women of Egypt, to wrap around curves, to accentuate breasts, to decorate with bangles and brooches. This would be done in the manner of the women of Paris, to please in the privacy of their rooms the tastes of men. This was not cheap cargo, a fact that contributed to the captain’s satisfaction.
The heat of the day was stifling. The sailors wore no shirts, and their shoes, made of simple turns of rope, were often kicked aside so they could scramble, climb, and pull and push their cargo more efficiently. The reserves of fresh water had almost been exhausted. There were two barrels left, one on the port side, one on the starboard side. The first was hauled up on deck and the boy, who served many purposes and who was passed at night from hammock to hammock, dipped the copper cup again and again into the barrel and carried the water, carefully, balancing against the rocking of the boat, the passing of the men, the hauling of the cloth, the rope ladders swung up and down along the sides of the ship, and he gave water to those who called to him. As he climbed over the chain that held the anchor that moored the boat in the harbor, a seagull flew close by the boy’s head, spread wings brushing against his cheek. The boy ducked and, in doing so, slipped. The water he was carrying fell on his own foot, seeped between his dusty toes that were cracked with the dryness of the sun, with the beating of the wind that so often rose out of the sea. He refilled his pail from the barrel.
Unseen pulsing crescent moon shapes, safe in their invisible, rapid motion, moved like vastly shrunken versions of the Word of God on the walls of a recalcitrant kingdom. The boy carried them on his foot, in his cup, in his pail. No one rejected the water he offered. Without water a man could not work in this heat. Even with water, some of the men needed to pause, to squat down on the deck, and all could feel their tongues swollen and dry against the roofs of their mouths. The tissue in their throats plumped with the water as it flowed with the tilt of the head back toward their throats, bringing relief. The captain called the boy, and the boy brought the cup to the captain, who, before he drank, poured some of the water over his hands, covered as they were with the dust in the air, churned up by the wheels of the carriages on the docks, the carts pulling cargo, the men cl
imbing up and descending. It took a few hours for the English customs inspectors, surrounded by fully armed British soldiers, to emerge from their quarters from which flew the British flag that had so recently replaced the French flag, a matter of complete indifference to the captain and his crew.
Great palaces lined the wide avenue that curved along the shore, while more modest homes stood at the center of the city. The mosques rose, domed and white, above the smaller alleys. The dome of the Orthodox church shone like a half lemon above the trees that lined the streets. In the bazaar, the olive pits and the splashes of wine and overripe fruit mingled on the cobblestones with the blood of slaughtered animals. The noise of the city, the clacking of wooden shoes, the ringing of bells, the yelling of merchants, the clap of donkeys’ hooves on the stones, the running of the donkey boys as they called “ride, ride,” in Italian, English, Arabic, French, the barking of dogs, the screeching of birds in cages, the heavy wet heat of the day, the dust in which all these things stirred and sighed, shifted and changed positions, made the boy weary. He took a piece of bread offered by one of the sailors and ate it, pulling at it slowly with his hands. The bread turned dark from the dust on his fingers.
Later the boy fell asleep on a bench in a tavern. He woke with a start. There was a pain in his stomach. He rushed to the street and, in the early hours, by the light of the million pale fading stars above, the contents of his bowels flowed over the mud of the stone curb. When the sun rose and the first stirrings of animal and man began and the arched open windows, windows without glass, let in the innocent rays of a new day, he stretched out in the gutter, covered with dirt, his own and more that he had found in the street, his limbs trembling.
A child in the street, a dirty child, was not rare. Before most of the men of Alexandria had woken in their beds, washed their faces in the basins, tasted the coffee brewed in their kitchens, the boy’s body had shriveled, flattened, lost its copper color, turned gray like slate. His eyes open, he lay dead. No hand had come in the middle of the night to comfort him. No mother had brought him sips of water, or prayed for his soul’s redemption.
Out of the water life climbed, and all life requires water still. Human beings are more water than flesh, afloat in their own bodies, and yet, out of water, necessary water, welcome water, can come death. And so it was that a sailor from the same ship woke in the bed he had paid to sleep in on the top floor above the tavern. He was warm with fever, cold with fever, bowels running, eyes slipping back into their sockets. His barmaid pulled the now odorous sheets out from under his limp body and sent her young daughter to fetch water so she could wash them in the tub in the backyard. Before dawn the sailor had died, the water in which the sheets had been washed had been thrown into the alleyway where barefoot girls were playing with a wooden doll and the wheels of carts splashed through, catching the water on their spokes and rims.
The captain took a week to load his ship with cargo going back to Calcutta. He would carry hemp and boxes of brilliant blue turquoise stone dug from the hills, and his chests would hold gold coins, money for the owners of the ship, and treasures, souvenirs that each man had purchased in the markets, a feather, a hat, a postcard, a button made of bark.
In the following days the very young woman, breasts still turned upward, hips not yet pleasingly wide, but slim like a boy’s, who had welcomed a sailor to her bed, taking a few coins for her efforts to please, drinking with him a cup of wine, allowing his mouth to kiss a burn she had received from the rack in the oven, collapsed in a doorway, trying to flee the thing that was inside her. She died there.
Some life-forms are meant for the desert heat and some are meant for the cold of the arctic, like the tiny worm that eats the smaller bacteria that survive all through the long dark winter in near frozen states under the snow in the turquoise ice of glacial peaks. Some organisms make their happy homes on the warm, hairy skin of deer and squirrels and bats. Some survive in the darkness of the earth, sipping moisture from the droplets of rain that seep downward toward the earth’s boiling center. Some survive in the bellies of mosquitoes and some in the warm bloodstream of human beings. People are so proud of their souls, vaunted capacity for distinguishing between good and evil, for devotion to God, for service to king or country and charity to beggars, but in fact souls are easily crushed, vaporized, eliminated by the tiny microbes that swirl about, indifferent to Michelangelo’s David and the Ten Commandments and the grand pyramids, or the Gothic arch, as well as the petty tremors in their lustful or loving hearts.
The day the ship was set to sail back to Calcutta, the captain had visited the offices of the Pacific Company, which were on the wide street beyond where the library of Alexandria, the fabled burnt library, had once stood. The captain had carried his logs with him and, while receiving congratulations for a job well done from the short British gentleman who had almost disappeared behind the large desk, was offered by an Egyptian clerk a piece of fruit from a glass bowl. The captain picked up a round green apple and then saw a more appealing-looking pear. He put down the apple and took the pear, which he placed on the offered plate. The clerk took the bowl of fruit back into his own office and there bit into the apple, devouring it to its core. The clerk went home to his wife and that night conceived a child whom he would one day take to the beach, teaching him how to dive into the white froth of the waves.
The captain, back in his quarters on his ship, had a headache. It was more than just a result of the full day he had spent on land. His legs felt weak, and the muscles in his thighs began to tremble. Within hours he was lying on the deck, having ripped off his shirt in his fever, and his men gathered around him as he thrashed about and his eyes seemed to disappear back in his head and streaks of blue and purple appeared on his skin and the sailors washed him again and again as his bowels turned thin and bloody and his fever rose. Perhaps he was over the worst of it, perhaps he was one of the lucky ones who might have recovered, but when the tide was right and the ship’s first mate pulled up the anchor and the ship sailed out of sight of the port of Alexandria, the men in their fear pushed the still-breathing captain overboard into the dark moving waves.
The year was 1883. Cholera had come to Alexandria.
2
IT WAS LATE WINTER, in Paris.
The famous scientist Louis Pasteur received in his laboratory at the École Normale a package of papers from the Academy of Science. It contained, among the thick sheets now spread out on his desk, this report from October 1831 in the Sunderland Herald, based on the report of two English doctors, Barry and Russell, who had seen for themselves the ravages of the disease in St. Petersburg. He read:
Early symptoms are giddiness, sick stomach, slow pulse and cramp at the tops of fingers and toes. This is followed by vomiting or purging of a liquid like rice-water . . . the face becomes sharp and shrunken, the eyes sink and look wild, the lips, face, neck, hands and feet, and the whole surface of the body is a leaden blue, purple, black. The tongue is always moist, often white and loaded but flabby and chilled like a piece of dead flesh. The respiration is often quick but irregular. Urine is stopped. All means to restore the warmth of the body should be tried without delay. Poultices of mustard to the stomach. Twenty to forty drops of laudanum may be given. No remedy of this disease has been discovered, nor has any cure been sufficiently successful to recommend its use, but the greatest confidence may be expressed in the intelligence and enthusiasm of the doctors of this country, who will surely find a method of cure.
Cholera was bred in water, dirty water, water with feces, water with urine, water with sweat, water with tears, water with blood and mucus floating in it. Cholera was fond of sewage and clung to the lumps of obscure matter that floated and sank, that rose and bobbed with the flow of the thing, invisible to the human eye. Cholera was a water baby, a water flower. It hid in the water. It fed in the water. It bred in the water. Its brief days were wet and its purpose, to make more of itself, fulfilled in streams of water, in bubbles of water, in droplet
s of water, in foam and mud. It clung to moisture as naturally as man clings to air.
The Germans read the news in their papers. The doctors in Berlin and Hamburg are uneasy. They gather old journals published by the Academy of Science in London. At the university in Vienna they hold a conference. It is well attended. Prominent scientists from Brussels and Amsterdam give papers on the known treatment for afflicted patients. Methods are compared. Opiates such as laudanum, hot water, tonics, brandy, calomel, salines, and wrapping the body in blankets, all are found wanting. Theories are offered: it is the uncleanliness of the poor that brings the disease; it is the wrath of God against the sins of man; it is the result of foreign traders and their spices and silks. All over Europe, letters are written to relatives who live in the countryside, suggesting a possible visit by wives and children in the coming months. In the end there is nothing to do but wait. Dr. Robert Koch, the scientist who had been a country doctor until he had made his reputation by discovering the tuberculosis bacterium, was on his way to Alexandria to find the cause of cholera.
PASTEUR WAS SITTING in his worn patched green velvet chair, the one he preferred over all others. A piglet, the runt of the litter, was curled in his lap. Pasteur cradled the small animal in the crook of his arm and stroked the small snout with his good hand. The animal was making snuffling noises of contentment. The letter Pasteur was writing to the Minister of Health was open on the desk before him. He was requesting funds to send a mission to Alexandria. The cholera microbe would be found. The glory should belong to France. It should belong to France’s premier scientist and his lab. Pasteur stared at his page.
Pasteur was old now. When he woke in the morning his knees were stiff and his eyes blurred. He was afraid of dying in Egypt, away from his wife and his daughters. He would send Emile Roux and Louis Thuillier. He had already written this to the minister. Thuillier was young, but he had proved that he would work hard, that he was loyal, that he had the imagination to do the unexpected, to look again at the obvious and see something else. He had worked at Pasteur’s side as they injected cows with anthrax, bored into the brains of the resulting carcasses in Hungary, in Alsace. Emile was already making a name for himself in Paris. He was thorough, imaginative, and passionate about his work. Pasteur intended to appoint Edmond Nocard as the third member of the mission. They would have to use animals, and Nocard knew how to do this with as little pain to the beasts as possible. He was a veterinarian. He was swift and accurate. Pasteur himself did not have the courage to cut into an animal’s skull. It made him weep to watch it done. He would send Nocard to Alexandria, stout, near-sighted, loud Edmond, whose laugh came from deep in his throat and exploded out into the air. If he could raise the money he would send his laboratory boy, Marcus, along with the others. Marcus would be useful in making arrangements, providing food, and carrying things. The ministry did not want to provide funds for Nocard and Marcus. They informed Pasteur of this in a letter. He immediately sent off a fierce response and wrote to other members of the Academy of Science, including his old friend Duclaux, the head of the academy, asking help in explaining the necessity of a full team for this mission. He called on old friends in government. He urged the Chancellor of the Treasury to support the reputation of France in this matter. He mentioned the tragic consequences of German triumphs in the race for knowledge. The ministry gave in.
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