by Alfie Kohn
Nelson, Margaret K. Parenting Out of Control: Anxious Parents in Uncertain Times. New York: New York University Press, 2010.
Neyfakh, Leon. “The Armored Child.” Boston Globe, August 14, 2011.
Ng, Florrie Fei-Yin, Eva M. Pomerantz, and Ciping Deng. “Why Are Chinese Mothers More Controlling Than American Mothers? ‘My Child Is My Report Card.’” Child Development 85 (2014).
Nicholls, John G. The Competitive Ethos and Democratic Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.
O’Brien, Keith. “The Empathy Deficit.” Boston Globe, October 17, 2010.
O’Mara, Alison J., Herbert W. Marsh, Rhonda G. Craven, and Raymond L. Debus. “Do Self-Concept Interventions Make a Difference?” Educational Psychologist 41 (2006): 181–206.
Orenstein, Peggy. “The Toxic Paradox.” New York Times Magazine, February 8, 2009: 17–18.
Orlick, Terry. The Cooperative Sports and Games Book. New York: Pantheon, 1978.
Orth, Ulrich, Richard W. Robins, and Keith F. Widaman. “Life-Span Development of Self-Esteem and Its Effects on Important Life Outcomes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102 (2012): 1271–88.
Orth, Ulrich, Kali H. Trzesniewski, and Richard W. Robins. “Self-Esteem Development from Young Adulthood to Old Age: A Cohort-Sequential Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98 (2010): 645–58.
Otto, A. Ross, Arthur B. Markman, and Bradley C. Love. “Taking More, Now: The Optimality of Impulsive Choice Hinges on Environment Structure.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 3 (2012): 131–38.
Otway, Lorna J., and Vivian L. Vignoles. “Narcissism and Childhood Recollections: A Quantitative Test of Psychoanalytic Predictions.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32 (2006): 104–16.
Padilla-Walker, Laura M., and Larry J. Nelson. “Black Hawk Down? Establishing Helicopter Parenting as a Distinct Construct from Other Forms of Parental Control During Emerging Adulthood.” Journal of Adolescence 35 (2012): 1177–90.
Pappano, Laura. “There’s Dissension on the Ranks.” Boston Globe, February 1, 2004: B6.
Penn, Mark J. Microtrends. New York: Twelve, 2007.
Perkins-Gough, Deborah. “The Significance of Grit: A Conversation with Angela Lee Duckworth.” Educational Leadership, September 2013: 14–20.
Peterson, Christopher, and Martin Seligman. Character Strengths and Virtues. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Phelps, Jonathan. “Honors Night Nixed at Ipswich Middle School.” Salem News, March 21, 2013.
Philipson, Alice. “Teachers Told They Must Not Use Red Ink . . . ” London Telegraph, April 22, 2013. Available at http://ow.ly/kj67O.
Pinker, Steven. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. New York: Viking, 2011.
Polivy, Janet. “The Effects of Behavioral Inhibition.” Psychological Inquiry 9 (1998): 181–204.
Pomerantz, Eva M., Elizabeth A. Moorman, and Scott D. Litwack. “The How, Whom, and Why of Parents’ Involvement in Children’s Academic Lives: More Is Not Always Better.” Review of Educational Research 77 (2007): 373–410.
Posner, Rick. Lives of Passion, School of Hope: How One Public School Ignites a Lifelong Love of Learning. Boulder, CO: Sentient Publications, 2009.
Powers, John. “Feeling Good (for Nothing).” Boston Globe Magazine, January 24, 1993: 7–8.
Press, Eyal. Beautiful Souls: Saying No, Breaking Ranks, and Heeding the Voice of Conscience in Dark Times. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2012.
Pryor, John H., Linda DeAngelo, Laura Palucki Blake, Sylvia Hurtado, and Serge Tran. The American Freshman: National Norms—Fall 2011. Los Angeles: UCLA Higher Education Research Institute, 2011.
Quenqua, Douglas. “Young Students Against Bad Science.” New York Times, September 3, 2013: D7.
Ramsey, Angela, P. J. Watson, Michael D. Biderman, and Amy L. Reeves. “Self-Reported Narcissism and Perceived Parental Permissiveness and Authoritarianism.” Journal of Genetic Psychology 157 (1996): 227–38.
Reese, Robin D. “Booting the Dodge Ball.” Education Week, March 14, 2001.
Reiner, Andrew. “Believing Self-Control Predicts Success, Schools Teach Coping.” Washington Post Magazine, April 11, 2013.
Rettner, Rachael. “‘Helicopter’ Parents Have Neurotic Kids.” Today.com. 2010. Available at www.today.com/id/37493795/ns/health-kids_and_parenting.
Reyes, Maria R., Marc A. Brackett, Susan E. Rivers, Mark White, and Peter Salovey “Classroom Emotional Climate, Student Engagement, and Academic Achievement.” Journal of Educational Psychology 104 (2012): 700–712.
Reynolds, John R., and Chardie L. Baird. “Is There a Downside to Shooting for the Stars?” American Sociological Review 75 (2010): 151–72.
Rhee, Kyung E., Julie C. Lumeng, Danielle P. Appugliese, Niko Kaciroti, and Robert H. Bradley. “Parent Styles and Overweight Status in First Grade.” Pediatrics 117 (2006): 2047–54.
Ricker, Audrey. Backtalk. New York: Touchstone, 1998.
Roberts, Brent W., Grant Edmonds, and Emily Grijalva. “It Is Developmental Me, Not Generation Me: Developmental Changes Are More Important Than Generational Changes in Narcissism.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 5 (2010): 97–102.
Rogers, Heather. Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life of Garbage. New York: New Press, 2005.
Rogus, Joseph F. “Promoting Self-Discipline: A Comprehensive Approach.” Theory Into Practice 24 (1985): 271–76.
Rohner, Ronald P. “The Parental ‘Acceptance-Rejection Syndrome’: Universal Correlates of Perceived Rejection.” American Psychologist, November 2004: 830–40.
Roosevelt, Max. “Student Expectations Seen as Causing Grade Disputes.” New York Times, February 18, 2009: A15.
Rosenfeld, Alvin, and Nicole Wise. The Over-Scheduled Child: Avoiding the Hyper-Parenting Trap. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2000.
Roth, Guy. “Perceived Parental Conditional Regard and Autonomy Support as Predictors of Young Adults’ Self- Versus Other-Oriented Prosocial Tendencies.” Journal of Personality 76 (2008): 513–33.
Roth, Guy, and Avi Assor. “Parental Conditional Regard as a Predictor of Deficiencies in Young Children’s Capacities to Respond to Sad Feelings.” Infant and Child Development 19 (2010): 465–77.
Roth, Guy, Avi Assor, Christopher P. Niemiec, Richard M. Ryan, and Edward L. Deci. “The Emotional and Academic Consequences of Parental Conditional Regard.” Developmental Psychology 45 (2009): 1119–42.
Rothstein, Richard. The Way We Were? New York: Century Foundation Press, 1998.
Rutherford, Markella B. “Children’s Autonomy and Responsibility: An Analysis of Childrearing Advice.” Qualitative Sociology 32 (2009): 337–53.
Ryan, Richard M., Scott Rigby, and Kristi King. “Two Types of Religious Internalization and Their Relations to Religious Orientations and Mental Health.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993): 586–96.
Ryckman, Richard M., Bill Thornton, and J. Corey Butler. “Personality Correlates of the Hypercompetitive Attitude Scale.” Journal of Personality Assessment 62 (1994): 84–94.
Samuelson, Robert J. “The Trophy Syndrome.” Newsweek, December 20, 1992.
Samuolis, Jessica, Kiera Layburn, and Kathleen M. Schiaffino. “Identity Development and Attachment to Parents in College Students.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 30 (2001): 373–84.
Schemo, Diana Jean. “In Small Town, ‘Grease’ Ignites a Culture War.” New York Times, February 11, 2006.
Schiffrin, Holly H., Miriam Liss, Haley Miles-McLean, Katherine A. Geary, Mindy J. Erchull, and Taryn Tashner. “Helping or Hovering? The Effects of Helicopter Parenting on College Students’ Well-Being.” Journal of Child and Family Studies. DOI 10.1007/10826013-9716-3. Published online February 9, 2013.
Scocca, Tom. “The Great Grade-Inflation Lie.” Boston Phoenix, April 24, 1998: 4–7.
Seery, Mark D., Jim Blascovich, Max Weisbuch, and S. Brooke Vick “The Relationship Between Self-Esteem Level, Self-E
steem Stability, and Cardiovascular Reactions to Performance Feedback.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87 (2004): 133–45.
Segrin, Chris, Alesia Woszidlo, Michelle Givertz, Amy Bauer, and Melissa Taylor Murphy. “The Association Between Overparenting, Parent-Child Communication, and Entitlement and Adaptive Traits in Adult Children.” Family Relations 61 (2012): 237–52.
Seligman, Martin E. P. The Optimistic Child. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995.
Sengupta, Somni. “‘Big Brother’? No, It’s Parents.” New York Times, June 26, 2012: A1, B4.
Settersten, Richard A., Jr. “Worry More About Under-Involved Parents.” New York Times Room for Debate (online symposium), July 14, 2012. Available at http://ow.ly/iXyn6.
Shamosh, Noah A., and Jeremy R. Gray. “Delay Discounting and Intelligence: A Meta-Analysis.” Intelligence 38 (2008): 289–305.
Shapiro, David. Neurotic Styles. New York: Basic, 1965.
Shapiro, Evan. “What’s the Matter with Kids Today?” Huffington Post, November 19, 2012. Available at www.huffingtonpost.com/evan-shapiro/whats-the-matter-with-kid_l_b_2157862.html.
Shaw, Robert. The Epidemic: The Rot of American Culture, Absentee and Permissive Parenting, and the Resultant Plague of Joyless, Selfish Children. NY: Regan Books, 2003.
Sherif, Muzafer, O. J. Harvey, B. J. White, W. R. Hood, and C. W. Sherif. Inter-group Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers’ Cave Experiment. Norman, OK: University Book Exchange, 1961.
Shoda, Yuichi, Walter Mischel, and Philip K. Peake. “Predicting Adolescent Cognitive and Self-Regulatory Competencies from Preschool Delay of Gratification.” Developmental Psychology 26 (1990): 978–86.
Silva, Jennifer M. “Young and Isolated.” New York Times, June 23, 2013: SR7.
Singer, Natasha. “Fixing a World That Fosters Fat.” New York Times, August 22, 2010: BU3.
Sizer, Theodore R. Horace’s Compromise: The Dilemma of the American High School. Rev. edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992.
Slater, Philip. The Pursuit of Loneliness: American Culture at the Breaking Point. Boston: Beacon, 1970.
Slouka, Mark. “Democracy and Deference.” Harper’s, June 2008: 9–13.
Small, Meg L., Nicole Morgan, Caitlin Abar, and Jennifer L. Maggs. “Protective Effects of Parent-College Student Communication During the First Semester of College.” Journal of American College Health 59 (2011): 547–54.
Smollar, David. “Eliminating a Grade of F Raises Tempest in S. D. Schools.” Los Angeles Times, July 15, 1991.
Soenens, Bart, Koen Luyckx, Maarten Vansteenkiste, Patrick Luyten, Bart Duriez and Luc Goossens. “Maladaptive Perfectionism as an Intervening Variable Between Psychological Control and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms.” Journal of Family Psychology 22 (2008): 465–74.
Soenens, Bart, and Maarten Vansteenkiste. “A Theoretical Upgrade of the Concept of Parental Psychological Control: Proposing New Insights on the Basis of Self-Determination Theory.” Developmental Review 30 (2010): 74–99.
Soenens, Bart, Maarten Vansteenkiste, Willy Lens, Koen Luyckx, Luc Goossens, Wim Beyers, and Richard M. Ryan. “Conceptualizing Parental Autonomy Support.” Developmental Psychology 43 (2007): 633–46.
Soenens, Bart, Maarten Vansteenkiste, and Patrick Luyten. “Toward a Domain-Specific Approach to the Study of Parental Psychological Control.” Journal of Personality 78 (2010): 217–56.
Soenens, Bart, Maarten Vansteenkiste, Patrick Luyten, Bart Duriez, and Luc Goossens. “Maladaptive Perfectionistic Self-Representations: The Mediational Link Between Psychological Control and Adjustment.” Personality and Individual Differences 38 (2005): 487–98.
Somers, Patricia, and Jim Settle. “The Helicopter Parent.” College & University 86 (2010): 18–27.
Sparks, Sarah D. “Advocacy Tactics Found to Differ by Families’ Class.” Education Week, August 29, 2012: 1, 11.
Spock, Benjamin. Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946.
———. “Don’t Blame Me!” Look, January 26, 1971: 37–38.
Statistics Canada. National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth: Home Environment, Income, and Child Behaviour. February 21, 2005. Available at www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/050221/dq050221b-eng.htm.
Stearns, Peter N. Anxious Parents: A History of Modern Childrearing in America. New York: New York University Press, 2003.
Stein, Joel. “Millennials: The Me Me Me Generation.” Time, May 20, 2013: 26–34.
Steinberg, Jacques. “Woe Is Harvard, Where All Are Above Average.” New York Times, December 5, 2001: A14.
Stephens, Nicole M., Stephanie A. Fryberg, Hazel Rose Markus, Camille S. Johnson, and Rebecca Covarrubias. “Unseen Disadvantage: How American Universities’ Focus on Independence Undermines the Academic Performance of First-Generation College Students.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102 (2012): 1178–97.
Stepp, Laura Sessions. “A Full Head of Esteem.” Washington Post, February 21, 1995.
Stevens, V., I. De Bourdeauhuij, and P. Van Oost. “Relationship of the Family Environment to Children’s Involvement in Bully/Victim Problems at School.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 31 (2002): 419–28.
Stevenson, Harold W. “‘Oscars’ Made of Tin.” New York Times, October 11, 1994: A21.
Stipek, Deborah J. Motivation to Learn: From Theory to Practice. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1993.
Strage, Amy, and Tamara Swanson Brandt. “Authoritative Parenting and College Students’ Academic Adjustment and Success.” Journal of Educational Psychology 91 (1999): 146–56.
Strayer, Janet, and William Roberts. “Children’s Anger, Emotional Expressiveness, and Empathy.” Social Development 13 (2004): 229–54.
Streep, Peg, and Alan B. Bernstein. Mastering the Art of Quitting. Boston: Da Capo, 2013.
Suarez, Ana Veciana. “There’s Glory for No. 1, But Competition’s Hard.” Miami Herald, June 1, 2003.
Sullivan, Rachel. “Helicopter Parenting Causes Anxious Kids.” ABC Science [Australian]. August 20, 2012.
Swann, William B., Jr., Christine Chang-Schneider, and Katie Larsen McClarty. “Do People’s Self-Views Matter? Self-Concept and Self-Esteem in Everyday Life.” American Psychologist, February-March 2007: 84–94.
Tangney, June, Roy Baumeister, and Angie Luzio Boone. “High Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success.” Journal of Personality 72 (2004): 271–324.
Taylor, Catherine A., Jennifer A. Manganello, Shawna J. Lee, and Janet C. Rice. “Mothers’ Spanking of 3-Year-Old Children and Subsequent Risk of Children’s Aggressive Behavior.” Pediatrics 125 (2010): 1057–65.
Toth, Lisa. “On the Rise.” [University of Oregon] Daily Emerald, June 7, 2002.
Tough, Paul. “Can the Right Kinds of Play Teach Self-Control?” New York Times Magazine, September 27, 2009.
———. “The Character Test.” New York Times Magazine, September 18, 2011: 38–46, 85.
———. How Children Succeed: Grit, Curiosity, and the Hidden Power of Character. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012.
Tracy, Jessica L., Joey T. Cheng, Richard W. Robins, and Kali H. Trzesniewski. “Authentic and Hubristic Pride: The Affective Core of Self-Esteem and Narcissism.” Self and Identity 8 (2009): 196–213.
Trollope, Mrs. [Frances]. Domestic Manners of the Americans. London: Whit-taker, Treacher, & Co., 1832.
Trzesniewski, Kali H., and M. Brent Donnellan. “Rethinking ‘Generation Me’: A Study of Cohort Effects From 1976–2006.” Perspectives in Psychological Science 5 (2010): 58–75.
Trzesniewski, Kali H.; M. Brent Donnellan, Terrie E. Moffitt, Richard W. Robins, Richie Poulton, and Avshalom Caspi. “Low Self-Esteem During Adolescence Predicts Poor Health, Criminal Behavior, and Limited Economic Prospects During Adulthood.” Developmental Psychology 42 (2006): 381-90.
Trzesniewski, Kali H., M. Brent Donnellan, and Richard W. Robins. “Do Today’s Young People Really Think They Are So
Extraordinary? An Examination of Secular Trends in Narcissism and Self-Enhancement.” Psychological Science 19 (2008a): 181–88.
———. “Is ‘Generation Me’ Really More Narcissistic Than Previous Generations?” Journal of Personality 76 (2008b): 903–17.
Twenge, Jean M. Generation Me. New York: Free Press, 2006.
———. “The Evidence for Generation Me and Against Generation We.” Emerging Adulthood 1 (2013a): 11–16.
———. “Overwhelming Evidence for Generation Me: A Reply to Arnett.” Emerging Adulthood 1 (2013b): 21–26.
Twenge, Jean M., and W. Keith Campbell. “Increases in Positive Self-Views Among High School Students.” Psychological Science 19 (2008): 1082–86.
———. The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement. New York: Free Press, 2010.
Twenge, Jean M., and Joshua D. Foster. “Birth Cohort Increases in Narcissistic Personality Traits Among American College Students, 1982–2009.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 1 (2010): 99–106.
Ungar, Michael. “Overprotective Parenting: Helping Parents Provide Children the Right Amount of Risk and Responsibility.” American Journal of Family Therapy 37 (2009): 258–71.
Valentine, Jeffrey C., David L. DuBois, and Harris Cooper. “The Relation Between Self-Beliefs and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Educational Psychologist 39 (2004): 111–33.
Vansteenkiste, Maarten, Joke Simons, Willy Lens, Bart Soenens, and Lennia Matos. “Examining the Motivational Impact of Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Goal Framing and Autonomy-Supportive Versus Internally Controlling Communication Style on Early Adolescents’ Academic Achievement.” Child Development 76 (2005): 483–501.
Vinson, Kathleen Elliott. “Hovering Too Close: The Ramifications of Helicopter Parenting in Higher Education.” Suffolk University Law School Legal Studies Research Paper 12–05, January 10, 2012.
Wagner, Jenny, Denis Gerstorf, Christiane Hoppmann, and Mary A. Luszcz. “The Nature and Correlates of Self-Esteem Trajectories in Late Life.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 105 (2013): 139–53.
Wang, Qian, Eva M. Pomerantz, and Huichang Chen. “The Role of Parents’ Control in Early Adolescents’ Psychological Functioning: A Longitudinal Investigation in the United States and China.” Child Development 78 (2007): 1592–1610.