5 “Remember Pearl Harbor,” Time, 9/4/44; Pogue 3:470, citing Speech of Rep. Harness, Cong. Record, 9/11/44, 7648–51; Weintraub, Final Victory, 155, quoting Forrestal to FDR, 9/14/44 (“Information”).
6 GCM, testimony, 12/7/45, PHH 3:1139; Pogue 3:470; GCM to HST, 9/22/45, MP 5:309–10.
7 GCM, testimony, 12/7/45, PHH 3:1139 (“pointed”); Pogue 3:471.
8 GCM to EJK, 9/25/44, MP 4:604 (“This letter,” “dynamite”).
9 Pogue 3:471.
10 “Dewey Declares Roosevelt Seeks to Sow Disunity,” NYT, 9/27/44; Weintraub, Final Victory, 159.
11 GCM to Thomas Dewey, 9/25/44, MP 4:605 (“dear Governor”); GCM, testimony, 12/7/45, PHH 3:1133.
12 GCM to HST, 9/22/45, MP 5:309–10; MP 4:605 n.2, quoting Carter Clarke, “Statement,” NARA (“Marshall”); Weintraub, Final Victory, 161 (“knew what was”).
13 GCM to Dewey, 9/27/44, PHH 3:1132 (“my word”); GCM, testimony, 12/7/45, PHH 3:1135.
14 GCM, testimony, 12/7/45, PHH 3:1135–36.
15 GCM to Dewey, 9/27/44, PHH 3:1133 (“tragic”).
16 MP 4:607–11 n.10, quoting Clarke, statement, n.d., NARA (“Well, colonel”).
17 GCM to HST, 9/22/45, MP 5:309–10; GCM, testimony, 12/7/45, PHH 3:1135–36; “Editor Says Dewey Guarded War Data,” NYT, 9/21/45; “Dewey Silent on Japanese Code,” NYT, 9/22/45.
18 Buell 330 (“didn’t like Stimson”).
19 “Editor Says Dewey Guarded War Data,” NYT, 9/21/45; “Dewey Silent on Japanese Code,” NYT, 9/22/45.
20 “Dec. 7 to Nov. 7,” Time, 10/30/44 (“damage”); Buell 329, 331 (“down the river”).
21 “Dec. 7 to Nov. 7,” Time, 10/30/44 (“election damage,” “truth”).
22 Leahy 323; Weintraub, Final Victory, 255.
23 Stenographer’s Log, 11/4/44, FDRL; Leahy 323–25; “Roosevelt Strikes at Foes,” NYT, 11/5/44 (“I can’t talk”).
24 Sherwood 820–21 (“damn”); Weintraub, Final Victory, 263; Goodwin 547–49.
25 “Torchlight Parade Honors President,” NYT, 11/8/44; Hassett 292–92; Leahy 325–26.
26 CQ, Presidential Elections, 62, 114.
27 Hassett 294 (“I still think”); Goodwin 552–53.
FORTY-EIGHT VOLTAIRE’S BATTALIONS
1 Hirshson 552, quoting Patton to James Doolittle, 10/19/44.
2 Matloff, 1943–1945, 519.
3 HLS, 10/2/42, 10/12/42; Bundy, Active Service, 475; Matloff, 1943–1945, 114; EJK to FDR, 2/12/42, FDRL (PSF, box 7); Pogue 3:354.
4 Crosswell 792–83.
5 HLS, 4/12/44; HLS to GCM, 5/10/44, in HLS 5/11/44; Morison 603; JCS to FDR, 11/18/44, FDRL (PSF, box 6); Greenfield, AGF, 169; Matloff, 1943–1945, 114–15, citing Leahy to FDR, 9/30/42; Crosswell 787; Stoler, Allies, 98.
6 Leighton 2:297; Greenfield, AGF, 169; Pogue 3:354–55, 490; GCM, Biennial Report, 1943–1945, 103–05.
7 GCM to William Sexton, 11/22/43, MP 4:190–91 (“It is ridiculous”).
8 HLS, “Notes After Cabinet Meeting,” 2/18/44, HLS, 2/18/44; HLS 3/17/44; Matloff, 1943–1945, 115–16; Lerwill 286; Crosswell 795; GCM, interview notes, 10/5/56, PL.
9 HLS, 4/13/44; GCM to FDR, 2/5/44, MP 4:266; Pogue 3:354; Matloff, 1943–1945, 116–17, 388–89; Lerwill 286.
10 HLS, “Notes After Cabinet Meeting,” 2/18/44, in HLS, 2/18/44; HLS, notes, “Marshall,” n.d. (c. 12/44), SP; Palmer, Wiley and Keast 472–75.
11 HLS to GCM, 5/10/44, in HLS, 5/11/44; Crosswell 789–90.
FORTY-NINE COUNTING STARS
1 21 Army Group, “General Situation,” 12/16/44, USAMHI (Hansen Papers, box 2); Bradley, interview, 11/6/46, USAMHI (OCMH Collection, Pogue Interviews); Forrest Pogue, memorandum, “Interview of Mr. Pogue with General Bradley,” 11/6/46, USAMHI (Hansen Papers, box 8); Edwin Sibert to Hanson W. Baldwin, 1/2/47, USAMHI (Hansen Papers, box 1); Kenneth Strong, interview, 12/12/46, USAMHI (OCMH Collection, “WWII—Supreme Command—1A2(b)—Forrest Pogue”); 12th Army Group, After-Action Report, 3:25, NARA (RG 331, entry 200A, box 266); Chet Hansen, 12/17/44, USAMHI (Hansen Papers, box 5); Everett Hughes, 12/16/44, LC (Hughes Papers, box 2); DDE to CCS, 1/20/45, EP 4:2447; McCloy, 12/18/44 (“A complete surprise”).
2 GCM to DDE, 12/22/44, MP 4:707–08; HLS, 12/18–19/44.
3 HLS, 12/18–19/44.
4 HLS, 12/20/44 (“gamble”); McCloy, 12/20/44 (“disquieting”).
5 Usher’s Log, 12/20/44, FDRL; Leahy 332–33 (“For a few”); GCM to DDE, 12/22/44, MP 4:707–08; Suckley, 11/28/44–12/31/45; Hassett 300–10; GCM, interview, 11/14/56, GCML (“Roosevelt didn’t”); HLS, 12/31/44 (“The anxiety”).
6 MP 4:624–26; Brooke, 11/24/44; Montgomery, Memoirs, 255–72.
7 GCM, interview, 11/15/56, GCML (“I came”); Pogue, Supreme Command, 314–15; Pogue 3:481, citing WSC to FDR, 12/6/44, FDR to WSC, 12/9/44; GCM to DDE, 12/30/44, MP 4:720–21; Croswell 785; GCM to DDE, 12/30/44, MP 4:720–21 (“My feeling”).
8 FDR to WSC, 12/6/44 (“For the time being”); WSC, Triumph, 231–33.
9 HLS, 12/31/44; FDR, address, 1/6/45, FDR-PP, 1944–45, 484 (“confidence”).
10 EJK to Leahy and GCM, 11/17/42, KP (box 7) (“We should”); Leahy 260; Pogue 3:365, citing Miller G. White to William T. Sexton, 1/13/44.
11 Knox to EJK, 11/20/42, KP (box 7); EJK to GCM, 1/21/44, KP (box 7) (“Captain Admiral”); Knox to EJK, 1/44, KP (box 7) (“Personally I don’t care”).
12 HLS, 2/16–18/43, 2/1/44, 9/13/44; Leahy 260; Pogue 3:365, citing Miller G. White to William T. Sexton, 1/13/44; Buell 364, quoting EJK to GCM, 1/21/44.
13 HLS, telephone conversation with Rep. May, 1/13/44, 9/19/44; GCM, interview, 2/14/57 (“I didn’t want”); HLS, 2/1/44; HLS to FDR, 2/16/43, HLS, 2/16/43; Pogue 3:365.
14 HLS, 2/1/44; HLS to Miller White, 2/1/44, HLS, 2/1/44.
15 Pogue 3:366–67, citing Army and Navy Journal, 3/4/44; New York Herald-Tribune, 4/4/44 (“Marshall Asks,” “Friends of”).
16 HLS, 9/14/44, 11/28/44 (“hellbent”), SP; Pogue 3:483.
17 HLS, 9/13/44.
18 HLS, 11/28/44, 12/12/44; “Senate Votes New Five-Star Rank,” NYT, 12/16/44; Leahy 331; EJK, interview, 7/29–31/50, KP (box 7); Pogue 3:484; Buell 365.
19 HLS, 12/15/44.
FIFTY THE TSARINA’S BEDROOM
1 WSC to FDR, 1/1/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 26 (“Malta to Yalta”); FDR to Stalin, 7/17/44, 7/27/44, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 3, 405; Stalin to FDR, 7/22/44, 10/18/44, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 4, 9; Sherwood 843–45; Harriman to FDR, 9/24/44, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 5; Leahy 243.
2 FDR to WSC, 11/2/44, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 12–13; WSC to FDR, 11/5/44, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 13–14; “Log of the President’s Trip,” FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 460 (“worse place”).
3 FDR to WSC, 12/23/44, 1/3/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 21, 26 (“descendants”); WSC to FDR, 12/31/44, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 24 (“argonaut”).
4 “Log of the President’s Trip,” FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 459; Leahy, 2/2/45, LC (Leahy Papers, reel 1); Anna Boettiger, 2/2/45, FDRL (Anna Halsted Papers, box 84); Leahy 342–43.
5 WSC, Triumph and Tragedy, 343 (“I watched”).
6 FDR to WSC, 1/9/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 32.
7 CCS, minutes, 1/30/45; EJK, “Notes Assisted from My ‘Air-Log’ of 1945,” n.d., 1/29/45 entry, KP (box 4); EJK, interview, 8/27/50, KP (box 9).
8 W. B. Smith, interview, 5/9/47, PL; Brooke, interview, 1/28/47, PL.
9 CCS, minutes, 1/30/45; EJK, “Notes Assisted from My ‘Air-Log’ of 1945,” n.d., 1/29/45 entry, KP (box 4).
10 EJK, “Notes Assisted from My ‘Air-Log’ of 1945,” n.d., 1/29/45 entry, KP (box 4); EJK, interview, 8/27/50, KP (box 4).
11 W. B. Smith, interview, 5/8/47, PL; W. B. Smith, interview, 7/29/58, PL; Crosswell 862, quoting WBS to Samuel E. Morison, 4/1/57, GCML (“Pl
ease leave”); GCM to DDE, 1/11/45, MP 5:27–28; DDE to GCM, 1/12/45, EP 4:2422; Leahy, 2/2/45, LC (Leahy Papers, reel 1); Brooke, 2/1/45; Danchev 653; Butcher 752; Cray 499–500; DDE, memorandum, 1/28/45, EP 4:2460.
12 Smith to Handy, 2/9/45, MP 5:41–46 (“a bitter”); CCS, minutes, 1/30/45; DDE to CCS, 1/20/45, EP 4:2450–54; DDE to WBS, 1/31/45, EP 4:2463; Brooke, 2/1/45; Butcher 753; W. B. Smith, interview, 5/8/47, PL; GCM, interview, 11/19/56, GCML.
13 EJK, “Air Log—1945—Continued. April–July,” n.d., KP (box 4) (“Of course”); CCS, minutes, 2/1/45; GCM, interview, 11/19/56, GCML (“wrong foot”).
14 Brooke, 2/1/45.
15 W. B. Smith, interview, 5/8/47, PL; EJK, interview, 7/7/47, PL; CCS 776/3, “Report to the President and Prime Minister,” 2/2/45; Ismay 385 (“One can read”); Thomas Handy, interview notes, 8/21/56, PL (“If you will”).
16 HLS, 2/17/45; GCM, interview, 11/19/56, GCML (“terrible”); Pogue 3:516; Brooke, diary notes, in Danchev 653 (“I did not”).
17 Anna Boettiger, 2/2/45, FDRL (Anna Halsted Papers, box 84); Leahy, 2/2/45, LC (Leahy Papers, reel 2); Reilly 211; FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 548; EJK, “Notes Assisted from My ‘Air-Log’ of 1945,” n.d., 1/29/45 entry, KP (box 4).
18 EJK, “Notes Assisted from My ‘Air-Log’ of 1945,” n.d., 1/29/45 entry, KP (box 4); Leahy 345; Sherwood 849.
19 FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 549; EJK, “Notes Assisted from My ‘Air-Log’ of 1945,” n.d., 1/29/45 entry, KP (box 4); EJK, “Air Log—1945—Continued. April–July,” n.d., 7/12/45 entry, KP (box 4); Crosswell 864.
20 GCM to Stilwell, 10/18/44, MP 4:631; Brooke 2/3/45.
21 “Log of the President’s Trip,” FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 549; Anna Boettiger, 2/3/45, FDRL (Anna Halsted Papers, box 84); Leahy, 2/3/45, LC (Leahy Papers, reel 1); Reilly 161, 209; Leahy 347; Paul D. Stroop, interview, 11/1/69, 195, KP (box 10).
22 Anna Boettiger, 2/3/45, FDRL (Halsted Papers, box 84); Brooke, 2/2/45; Danchev 653; Leahy 347; Pogue 3:518.
23 “Log of the President’s Trip,” 2/3/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 549; Anna Boettiger, 2/3/45, FDRL (Halsted Papers, box 84); Leahy 347–48.
24 Anna Boettiger, 2/2/45, FDRL (Halsted Papers, box 84); “Log of the President’s Trip,” FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 550; EJK to Betsy Matter, 2/7/45, KP (box 7); Leahy 348; EJK, “Notes Assisted from My ‘Air-Log’ of 1945,” n.d., 1/29/45 entry, KP (box 4) (“Russian drivers”); “Log of the President’s Trip,” FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 550.
25 Leahy, 2/3/45, LC (Leahy Papers, reel 1); “Log of the President’s Trip,” FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 552; Leahy 348; “General Information Bulletin,” n.d., FDRL (Halsted Papers, box 84).
26 “Log of the President’s Trip,” FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 550; Leahy, 2/3/45, LC (Leahy Papers, reel 2); Leahy 348–49; Pogue 3:521, quoting John E. Hull to Pogue, 12/22/69.
27 “General Information Bulletin,” n.d., FDRL (Halsted Papers, box 84); Anna Boettiger, 2/2/45, FDRL (Halsted Papers, box 84); Paul D. Stroop, interview, 11/1/69, 195, KP (box 10); Kern, n.p.; Beria 103–04; Andrew and Mitrokhin 133; Costigliola 240, citing Richard Pack, Jr., “Suggestions,” n.d., FDRL (Rigdon Papers).
28 Brooke, 2/4/45; Danchev 655; EJK, “Notes Assisted from My ‘Air-Log’ of 1945,” n.d., 2/3/45 entry, KP (box 4); EJK, interview, 8/14/49, KP (box 6); Anna Boettiger, 2/2/45, FDRL (Halsted Papers, box 84); Whitehill 588; Leahy 349 (“Salty”); James Powder, interview, 10/19/59, GCML (“What the hell”); “Marshall’s Big Sergeant,” St. Petersburg Times 10/18/59.
29 Frank McCarthy, interview, 10/17/57, PL; “General Information Bulletin,” n.d., FDRL (Halsted Papers, box 84) (“Supplementary”); Paul D. Stroop, interview, 11/1/69, 196, KP (box 10); Costigliola 241 (“excepting only”); Buell 457.
30 “Log of the President’s Trip,” FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 552.
31 Bohlen, FDR-Stalin minutes, 2/4/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 570.
32 Bohlen, FDR-Stalin minutes, 2/4/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 570–71; Leahy 349–51; Pogue 3:521, quoting John E. Hull to Pogue, 12/22/69; Cray 508.
33 Bohlen, “Second Plenary Meeting,” 2/5/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 611–23; Leahy 321.
34 Bohlen, “Second Plenary Meeting,” 2/5/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 620–21; Molotov, “Soviet Proposal for Reparations from Germany,” n.d., FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 707; Leahy 354–55.
35 Bohlen, “Second Plenary Meeting,” 2/5/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 611–12, 621 (“If you wished”); Matthews, minutes, 2/5/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 627; “Protocol of the Proceedings,” 2/11/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 978.
36 Matthews, minutes, 2/5/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 628; Bohlen, “Second Plenary Meeting,” 2/5/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 617 (“I can get”); Leahy, 2/3/45, LC (Leahy Papers, reel 1); Brooke, 2/5/45.
37 Cornelius Bull, 12/18/43, KP (box 6) (“The Russians”); Deane to GCM, 12/2/44; Pogue 3:530; Stoler, Allies, 213.
38 Gromyko 98 (“Why did nature”).
39 Bohlen, “Fourth Plenary Meeting,” 2/7/45, and “Fifth Plenary Meeting,” 2/8/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 772, 774–75; Tripartite Communique, 2/11/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 971; FDR to Stalin, 2/10/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 966; Bohlen, “Third Plenary Meeting,” 2/6/45, “Fifth Plenary Meeting,” 2/8/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 666–67, 775; Leahy 357, 362, 375.
40 Costigliola 247.
41 Bohlen, “Third Plenary Meeting,” 2/6/45, and Mathews minutes, 2/6/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 668–69, 679.
42 FDR to Stalin, 2/6/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 727–28; Stoler, Allies, 189.
43 Bohlen, “Fifth Plenary Meeting,” 2/8/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 778–79; Matthews, “Fifth Plenary Meeting,” 2/8/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 787–88; Leahy 249, 357–67.
44 CCS 777/2, “Reciprocal Agreement on Prisoners of War,” 2/8/45; Andrew and Mitrokhin 134–35.
45 Tripartite Communique, 2/11/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 972; Leahy 371 (“Mr. President”).
46 Harriman, “Memorandum of Conversations,” 2/10/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 894–95; Bohlen, minutes, FDR-Stalin meeting, 2/8/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 769–70 (“The French”).
47 Stalin, FDR, WSC, Agreement Regarding Japan, 2/11/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 984; Leahy, 2/3/45, LC (Leahy Papers, reel 1); Leahy 373.
48 GCM, “Suggested Topics for Overseas Press Club Dinner,” 3/1/45, MP 5:66–71 (“always”).
49 Cray 513, quoting Alger Hiss, “Two Malta Myths,” The Nation, 1/23/82 (“Ed”); Cornelius Bull, 7/24/43, KP (box 6) (“too damn smart”); Buell 396; Stoler, Allies, 126–30.
50 Leahy, 2/3/45, LC (Leahy Papers, reel 1) (“One result”).
51 Costigliola 233–34, quoting Charles Bohlen, Witness to History, 172, and Berezhkov to Arthur Schlessinger, Jr., n.d., FDRL (Misc. Collections) (“Everybody”).
52 Howard Bruenn, “Clinical Notes,” 2/8/45, FDRL (Bruenn Papers); Anna Boettiger, 2/3/45, FDRL (Halsted Papers, box 84); Costigliola 236–37.
53 Paul D. Stroop, interview, 11/1/69, 200–01, KP (box 10) (“rather embarrassing”).
54 Paul D. Stroop, interview, 11/1/69, 200–01, KP (box 10) (“The patio”).
FIFTY-ONE “O CAPTAIN”
1 GCM to DDE, 3/6/45, MP 5:76–79 (“Making war”).
2 DDE to GCM, 3/12/45, EP 4:2521 (“Misery loves”).
3 DDE to GCM, 4/7/45, EP 4:2588–93; DDE to Bernard Montgomery, 3/28/45, 4/8/45, EP 4:2552, 2593–94; DDE to Deane for Stalin, 3/29/45, EP 4:2557–58.
4 Chester Hansen, 4/7/45, USAMHI (Hansen Papers, box 5); DDE to GCM, 4/7/45, EP 4:2588–93; Omar Bradley, “Ifs of History,” n.d., USAMHI (Blair Collection, box 49); Kenneth Strong, interview, 5/14/63, Ohio University Library (Ryan Papers); Bradley, Soldier’s Story, 535; EP 4:2117.
5 WSC to DDE, 3/31/45, EP 4:2563 n.2.
6 WSC to DDE, 3/30/45, WSC to FDR, 4/1/45, in DDE 4:2563 n. 2 (“If they also”); Brooke, 3/29/45.
7 DDE to GCM, 4/7/45, EP 4:2592–93 (“I am the first”).
8 W.
B. Smith, interview, 11/1/51, PL; Chester Hansen, 4/7/45, USAMHI (Hansen Papers, box 5); DDE to GCM, 3/30/45, EP 4:2560; Omar Bradley, “Ifs of History,” n.d., USAMHI (Blair Collection, box 49); Kenneth Strong, interview, 5/14/63, Ohio University Library (Ryan Papers); Bradley, Soldier’s Story, 535.
9 Truman Smith, interview, 10/15/59, PL; GCM, interview, 2/11/57, GCML; Pogue 3:556–57, 575; Manchester and Reid 922 (“iron curtain”); EP 4:2570 n.2.
10 GCM to Antonov, 2/20/45, MP 5:53–54; Antonov to GCM, 3/30/45, FDRL (Map Room Papers, box 9) (“to bluff”).
11 Brooke, 3/10/45, 3/14/45.
12 HLS, 3/17/45 (“bodes evil”).
13 FDR to Stalin, 3/31/45, FDRL (Map Room Papers, box 9) (“No negotiations”); Leahy 386–87; Pogue 3:564.
14 Stalin to FDR, 4/3/45, FDRL (Map Room Papers, box 9) (“You affirm”).
15 FDR to Stalin, 4/4/45, FDRL (Map Room Papers, box 9) (“It would be”); HLS, 4/3/45; GCM, interview, 2/11/57, GCML.
16 Leahy, 4/4/45, LC (Leahy Papers, reel 1); Leahy 392–93; Pogue 3:565.
17 Stalin to FDR, 4/7/45, FDRL (Map Room Papers, box 9).
18 FDR to Harriman and Harriman to FDR, 4/12/45, FDRL (Map Room Papers, box 35) (“minor”); Leahy 393 (“minor”); Butler 316–18; Costigliola 310.
19 Leahy 244; Hassett, 3/30–31/45 (“He is slipping away”); Margaret Suckley, interview, 8/57, 3, FDRL; Goodwin 584, 596; Parrish 463.
20 Hassett, 4/12/45; “Last Words: ‘I Have a Terrific Headache,’” NYT, 4/13/45; Suckley, 4/12/45; Photograph, 4/45, FDRL (Pare Lorentz Papers, box 57); “L.I. Artist Tells of Roosevelt’s Last Hour,” (Long Island) Newsday, 4/16/45.
21 Suckley, 4/12/45; Howard Bruenn, “Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” FDRL (Bruenn Papers); Margaret Suckley, interview, 8/57, FDRL; “Franklin D. Roosevelt for History,” Sunday News, 5/27/45 (copy of unfinished portrait).
22 “L.I. Artist Tells of Roosevelt’s Last Hour,” (Long Island) Newsday, 4/16/45; Margaret Suckley, interview, 8/57, FDRL; “Franklin D. Roosevelt for History,” Sunday News, 5/27/45; Hassett 334.
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