American Warlords
Page 72
23 Suckley, 4/12/45 (“fifteen minutes”); Goodwin 602.
24 “Franklin D. Roosevelt for History,” Sunday News, 5/27/45.
25 Suckley, 4/12/45; Hassett, 4/12/45; Margaret Suckley, interview, 8/57, FDRL (“I have”); Reilly 230.
26 Suckley, 4/12/45; Hassett, 4/12/45; Margaret Suckley, interview, 8/57, 5, FDRL.
27 Suckley, 4/12/45; Margaret Suckley, interview, 8/57, 5–6, FDRL; “Franklin D. Roosevelt for History,” Sunday News, 5/27/45
28 Suckley, 4/12/45; Howard Bruenn, “Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” FDRL (Bruenn Papers); “Franklin D. Roosevelt for History,” Sunday News, 5/27/45; Reilly 232.
FIFTY-TWO TRUMAN
1 EJK, “Air Log—1945—Continued. April–July,” n.d., KP (box 4); Frank MCCarthy to GCM, 4/13/45, MP 5:141; Pogue 3:557; HLS, 4/15/45; King and Whitehill, 600; Hassett, 4/13–15/45.
2 Clifton Pritchett, “Plan for the Funeral Ceremonies of the Late President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” 4/13/45, GCML (McCarthy Papers, box 26); HLS, 4/14/45.
3 Hassett 343–45; Leahy 403; Pogue 3:557; HLS, 4/15/45; King and Whitehill 600; Reilly 60–61.
4 ER to GCM, 4/14/45, MP 5:151.
5 HLS, 4/12/45 (“For all”); Leahy, 4/12/45, LC (Leahy Papers, reel 1) (“a personal”).
6 Hassett, 4/13/45; MCCullough 348.
7 HST, Memoirs 1:5 (“Is there anything”).
8 MCCullough 384 (“I am here”); William Hassett, interview, 10/18–19/63, HSTL, 3–4.
9 Hassett, 8/18/44; MCCullough 327 (“tried to pour”); Omar T. Pfeiffer, interview (int. 4), 268, KP (box 10).
10 Morgenthau, 5/15/52, FDRL (Morgenthau Papers, box 516) (“Juggler”); Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2/23/44 (“To entrust”); Beschloss 224; HLS, 4/13/45 (“laboring under”), 4/18/45; Leahy, 4/12/45, LC (Leahy Papers, reel 1); Giangreco 50; MCCullough 354.
11 HLS, 4/12/45; Leahy 407.
12 HLS, 4/13/45.
13 Leahy 129 (“[I]f the South”); HLS, 4/13/45; Leahy 407; Pogue 3:558; Giangreco 50, citing Yank, 3/9/45; Roberts 553–54.
14 HLS, 3/19/41 (“I am really”), 4/13/45 (“We will not”); MCCullough 434, quoting Moran, Diaries, 303 (“Watch”); Pogue 3:558.
15 HST, interview, 11/14/60, PL; Giangreco 98; MCCullough 171, 255.
16 MCCullough 402–04.
17 MCCullough 399–400, quoting HST, 6/7/45 (“Mr. Prima Donna”).
18 Bohlen, minutes, 4/23/45, FRUS, Europe 1945, 2:252–53; HLS, 4/23/45; Leahy 412; Stoler, Allies, 237.
19 Bohlen, minutes, 4/23/45, FRUS, Europe 1945, 2:252–53 (“one way street”); Leahy 409.
20 “Our Policy Stated,” 6/24/41 (“If we see”); Stoler, Allies, 233.
21 HLS, 4/23/45; Bohlen, minutes, 4/23/45, FRUS, Europe 1945: 2:252–53; Forrestal, 4/27/45, Forrestal Diaries, 49-50.
22 Bohlen, minutes, 4/23/45, FRUS, Europe 1945, 2:252–53 (“If the Russians”); Forrestal, 4/27/45, Forrestal Diaries, 49-50.
23 HLS, 4/23/45 (“then”).
24 Bohlen, minutes, 4/23/45, FRUS, Europe 1945, 2:254; HLS, 4/23/45 (“The Russians”).
25 Pogue 3:580, quoting FRUS, Europe 1945, 5:254.
26 HLS, 4/25/45.
FIFTY-THREE DOWNFALL
1 EJK, statement, 5/8/45, KP (box 6) (“Another hard job”).
2 Craven and Cate 5:608–14.
3 U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, “Incendiary Attacks on Japan” (April 1947) 2; Craven and Cate 5:615–17 (“sea of flames”).
4 “Honshu Badly Hit,” NYT, 9/3/45; Hopkins, Pacific War, 324; Craven and Cate 5:621–23.
5 Thomas Handy, interview, 3/23/59, PL (“toughest”).
6 HLS, 6/11/45; JCS 1388/4, “Details of the Campaign Against Japan,” 7/11/45; Leahy 448–49; Pogue 4:16–18; EJK, “Air Log—1945—Continued. April–July,” n.d., KP (box 4); Phelps Adams to Lloyd Graybar, n.d., KP (box 11); Thomas Handy, interview, 3/23/59, PL; Giangreco 95; D. M. Giangreco, “Casualty Projections for the U.S. Invasions of Japan, 1945–1946,” Journal of Military History (July 1997): 21–82.
7 Leahy, 6/18/45, LC (Leahy Papers); Andrew McFarland, “Minutes of Meeting Held at the White House,” 6/18/45, FRUS, Potsdam, 1:904–07; Robert Dennison, interview, 1/17/73, 84, KP (box 10); Giangreco 109–10; Hewlitt and Anderson 363–64.
8 Andrew McFarland, “Minutes of Meeting Held at the White House,” 6/18/45, FRUS, Potsdam, 1:904–07; Leahy, 6/18/45, LC (Leahy Papers); John McCloy, interview, 3/31/59, PL; Cray 541.
9 JCS 1388/4, “Details of the Campaign Against Japan,” 7/11/45.
10 Andrew McFarland, “Minutes of Meeting Held at the White House,” 6/18/45, FRUS, Potsdam, 1:904; T. T. Handy to Leahy, 9/1/44, NARA (RG 218, “Chairman’s File, Admiral Leahy,” box 20); Truman, Memoirs, 1:417.
11 JCS 1388/4, “Details of the Campaign Against Japan,” 7/11/45; EJK, interview, 11/29/50, KP (box 7); Hastings Ismay, interview, 12/20/46, PL.
12 Leahy 449; Leahy, 6/18/45, LC (Leahy Papers).
13 EJK to Hanson Baldwin, 6/12/50, KP (box 4); Leahy 449; Buell 463; EJK, interviews, 11/29/50, 8/28/50, KP (box 7) (“I have said”); EJK, “Notes from Air Log—August—December 1945,” n.d., KP (box 4); Larrabee 198, quoting Albion and Connery, Forrestal and the Navy, 287–88.
14 GCM, speech, 6/11/45, MP 5:220–27 (“In a war”).
15 GCM, interview, 2/11/57, GCML.
16 GCM, interview, 3/29/54, in U.S. News & World Report, 11/2/59, 50–56 (“We had to assume”); GCM, interview, 2/11/57, GCML.
17 Leahy 449; Leahy, 6/18/45, LC (Leahy Papers); Louis Morton, “Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,” 340 n.34.
18 McFarland, “Minutes of Meeting Held at the White House,” 6/18/45, FRUS, Potsdam, 1:908 (“submerged class”); Hewlitt and Anderson 363.
19 McFarland, “Minutes of Meeting Held at the White House,” 6/18/45, FRUS, Potsdam, 1:907–09; Pogue 623 n.12; Forrestal, 5/8/47, in Forrestal Diaries, 70.
20 John McCloy, interview, 3/31/59, PL (“It was just”); McCloy 40–44; Hewlett and Anderson 364; Pogue 4:18, citing JCS, minutes, 6/18/45; Forrestal, 5/8/47, in Forrestal Diaries, 70.
FIFTY-FOUR “COME AND SEE”
1 Morison 604, 618–19, 631, citing McCloy, interview, 10/15/59. Chapter title from Revelation 6:7.
2 HLS, 12/31/44, 1/3/45, 3/15/45; Pogue 4:17; Morison 628.
3 HLS to HST, 4/24/45, HST, Memoirs, 1:85 (“I think it”); HLS, 4/24/45.
4 HLS, 4/25/45; HLS to HST, 4/25/45, in HLS, 4/25/45 (“the most terrible”).
5 HST, Memoirs, 1:87 (“I listened”).
6 Bundy, Active Service, 613; Morison 619, citing John J. McCloy, interview, 9/14/55; HLS, 3/5/45; Leslie Groves, testimony, 4/15/54, Oppenheimer Hearings, 171 (“at the earliest”); Bundy, Active Service, 613.
7 HLS, 5/10/45 (“the locking”); Pogue 4:17, citing Groves to GCM, 12/30/44.
8 John McCloy, memorandum, 5/29/45, Amherst (McCloy Papers) (“We must”).
9 William Smedberg, interview, 6/9/76, 24, KP (box 11) (“Smedberg”).
10 William Smedberg, interview, 6/9/76, 24–25, KP (box 11) (“fault line”).
11 HLS, 5/1–4/45, 5/31/45 (“I told them”); Bundy, Active Service, 616–17; Morison 624; Frank McCarthy, interview, 9/29/58, PL; Jones 530.
12 Jones 532, quoting “Notes on Interim Committee Meeting,” 5/31/45 (“The visual”); Gordon Arneson to George Harrison, 6/6/45; Hewlett and Anderson, New World, 350–59.
13 Jones 532, quoting “Notes on Interim Committee Meeting,” 5/31/45 (“make a”); Gordon Arneson to George Harrison, 6/6/45; Hewlett and Anderson, New World, 350–59.
14 John McCloy, interview, 3/31/59, PL; Bundy, Active Service, 617; Morison 625–29, citing Arthur Compton, Atomic Quest, 220, 238, and James B. Conant to McGeorge Bundy, 11/30/46
; Leahy, 6/4/45, LC (Leahy Papers, reel 2); HLS, 3/15/45; Leahy 502–03 (“a professor’s”); GCM, interview, 2/11/57, GCML; Smith, “Behind the Decision,” 297.
15 HLS, 5/31/45, 6/1/45; Morton, “Decision,” 338; HST, Memoirs 1:419–20; Bundy, Active Service, 617; Jones 533, citing Arthur Compton to HLS, 6/12/45 (attaching unsigned copy of Franck Report) and quoting “Notes on Interim Committee Meeting,” 6/21/45.
16 Morton, “Decision,” 338; McCloy, interview, 10/15/59, PL.
17 WSC, Triumph and Tragedy, 639 (“The decision”); HST, 7/25/45, HSTL.
18 GCM, interview, 2/11/57, GCML.
19 J. A. Derry to Leslie Groves, “Summary of Target Committee Meetings,” 5/12/45; “Minutes of the Third Target Committee Meeting,” 5/28/45; Jones 529; Hewlett and Anderson 365.
20 HLS, 6/6/45 (“I told him”); HLS to HST, 5/16/45, in HLS, 5/16/45.
21 Leslie Groves, interview, 5/7/70, PL; Bundy, Active Service, 625; John McCloy, interview, 3/31/59, PL; Jones 530.
22 George Harrison to HLS and HLS to Harrison, 7/21/45, FRUS, Potsdam, 1372 (“pet city”); HLS, 7/21/45.
23 Bundy, Active Service, 625; Pogue 4:18–19; Hewlett and Anderson 365; Morison 635.
24 Jones 530, quoting HLS to Harrison, 7/23/45 (“highest authority”).
25 HLS, 7/24/45; Leslie Groves to HHA, 7/24/45; Jones 530, citing Thomas T. Handy to Carl A. Spaatz, 7/25/45; Hewlett and Anderson 365.
26 HLS, 7/2/45; Beschloss 244.
27 “Log of the President’s Trip,” 7/15/45, FRUS, Potsdam, 9; William Rigdon, interview, 7/16/70, HTSL, 21–22.
28 Leahy 452–60; EJK, “Air Log—1945—Continued. April–July,” n.d., KP (box 4); George Harrison to HLS, 7/16/45, FRUS, Potsdam, 1360 (“Operated on”); HLS, 7/16/45.
29 HLS, 7/16–17/45; WSC, Triumph and Tragedy, 637–38.
30 Leslie Groves to HLS, 7/18/45, FRUS, Potsdam, 1361; HLS, 7/21/45; Frank McCarthy, interview, 9/29/58, PL.
31 HLS, 8/21/45 (“The president”).
32 Frank Knox to Paul Mowrer, 6/16/42, LC (Knox Papers, box 3); HLS, 7/23/45; Leahy 474; Pogue 4:20.
33 Truman, Memoirs, 1:416 (“good use”); McCullough 442–43; Stoler, Allies, 133.
34 HLS, 7/23–24/45; Leahy 484; Stoler 256–57.
35 HLS, “Memorandum for the President,” 7/2/45 (“mad fanatics”); Morison 633, citing Joseph Grew to HLS, 2/12/47; HST, Memoirs, 1:428; CCS, minutes, CCS-FDR-WSC meeting, 2/9/45, FRUS, Malta-Yalta, 826.
36 HLS, 7/2–3/45; HLS, “Memorandum for the President,” 7/2/45.
37 HST, address, 6/7/45 (Universal International News); McCullough 436.
38 Togo to Sato, 7/12/45, FRUS, Potsdam, 873, 875–76; McCullough 427, quoting HST, 7/18/45 (“Believe Japs”).
39 HLS, draft proclamation, n.d., FRUS, Potsdam, 894 (“may include”).
40 “Proclamation by the Heads of Governments,” 7/26/45, FRUS, Potsdam, 1474–76; Morison 633, quoting Joseph Grew to HLS, 2/12/47; Leahy 488–89; HLS, 7/24/45 (“I had felt”).
41 HLS, 7/24/45.
42 HLS, 7/28/45.
43 John Stone to HHA, 7/24/45, NARA; Truman, Memoirs, 1:420–21; Morton, Decision, 350.
44 HLS, 8/3–4/45; 313th Bomb Wing to War Department, 8/4/45.
FIFTY-FIVE “THIS IS A PEACE WARNING”
1 Leahy 501; Truman, Memoirs, 1:421–22 (“This is,” “Please”).
2 HLS, “Memorandum of Conference with the President, August 8, 1945,” HLS, 8/9/45 (“When you punish”).
3 Craven and Cate 5:721–23.
4 HLS, 8/10/45 (“There has been”); Truman, Memoirs, 1:427; Leahy 506.
5 EJK to Nimitz, 6/10/45, in Kort 267 (“This is”); HLS, 8/12/45–9/3/45; Leahy 508; Buell 470, quoting EJK to Nimitz, 8/14/45 (“Suspend all”).
6 Robert Dennison, interview, 1/17/73, 91–92, KP (box 10) (“I did carry”).
7 “Peace Be Now Restored,” Time, 9/10/45.
EPILOGUE
1 HLS, 9/21/45 (“emotional”); Truman, Memoirs, 1:525–27.
2 Goodwin 624–25.
3 “Henry L. Stimson Dies at 83 in His Home on Long Island,” NYT, 10/21/50; Morison 654.
4 Cray 555, 729.
5 Cray 731–32.
6 Cray 733–35.
7 William Smedberg, interview, 6/9/76, 32, KP (box 11); Alan McFarland to Thomas Buell, 9/3/74, KP (box 2).
8 Neil Dietrich, interview, 12/10/74, KP (box 11) (“King was”).
9 Paul Pihl, interview, 3/16/74, 1, KP (box 10) (“armed truce”); Alexander S. McDill, interview, 11/30/48, KP (box 9); William Smedberg, interview, 6/9/76, 37, KP (box 11); R. D. Shepherd to Thomas Buell, 8/9/74, KP (box 2); EJK, “Notes from Air Log—August—December 1945,” n.d., KP (box 4).
10 EJK, interviews, 7/3/50, 8/26/50, KP (box 7) (“I didn’t like,” “brains,” “I hated”); Charlotte Pihl, interview, 3/9/74, 9–10, KP (box 10).
11 EJK, “Notes from Air Log—August—December 1945,” n.d., KP (box 4) (“Mr. Forrestal”); Neil Dietrich, interview, 12/10/74, KP (box 11).
12 EJK, interview, 11/28/50, KP (box 13) (“I’ll never forgive”); Buell 333.
13 Charlotte Pihl, interview, 3/9/74, 13, KP (box 10); Betsy Matter, interview, 12/9/76, 17, KP (box 10).
14 Charlotte Pihl, interview, 3/9/74, 16, KP (box 10); William Smedberg, interview, 6/9/76, 51, KP (box 11); Buell 480.
PHOTO CREDITS
Page One
1. Photograph of Admiral King (NHC)
2. Photograph of General Marshall (GCML)
3. Photograph of Churchill and FDR aboard Augusta (FDRL)
Page Two
4. Photograph of FDR’s cabinet (FDRL)
5. Photograph of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (GCML)
Page Three
6. Photo of Marshall and Henry Stimson (GCML)
7. Photograph of FDR and Churchill aboard Prince of Wales (GCML)
8. Photograph of King taking oath (NARA)
Page Four
9. Photograph of King and Knox (NARA)
10. Photograph of FDR with globe (FDRL)
11. Photograph of Admiral Leahy (NARA)
Page Five
12. Photograph of King, Marshall, and Arnold (NARA)
13. Photograph of Americans at Casablanca Conference (NARA)
14. Inset photograph of paratroopers in England (NARA)
Page Six
15. Photograph of Churchill’s strategists aboard Queen Mary (IWM)
16. Photograph of Generals Eisenhower and Marshall (NARA)
17. Inset photograph of Marshall, Churchill, and General Montgomery (IWM)
Page Seven
18. Photograph of Willow Run plant (LC)
19. Inset photograph of Marshall at West Point (Corbis)
Page Eight
20. Photograph of King in Knox’s office (NARA)
21. Photograph of Chiang Kai-shek, FDR and Churchill (GCML)
22. Photograph of Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill (FDRL)
Page Nine
23. Photograph of Kasserine Pass (NARA)
24. Inset photograph of U.S. soldiers on troopship (NARA)
25. Inset photograph of FDR (NARA)
26. Inset photograph of Tuskegee Airmen (NARA)
Page Ten
27. Photograph of soldiers in Tunisia (NARA)
28. Inset photograph of Marines on Tarawa (NARA)
29. Inset photograph of Eisenhower and King on Omaha Beach (NARA)
30. Inset photograph of King, Admiral Nimitz, and Major General Holland Smith (NARA)
Page Eleven
31. Photograph of General MacArthur, FDR, Leahy, and Nimitz (NARA)
32. Photograph of Frenchwoman and tank (NARA)
33. Photog
raph of FDR accepting Democratic nomination (LIFE)
Page Twelve
33. Photograph of the Philippine Sea (NARA)
34. Photograph of Eleanor Roosevelt with troops (NARA)
35. Photograph of Stimson and Marshall (NARA)
Page Thirteen
36. Photograph of FDR with Henry Morgenthau (Corbis)
37. Photograph of Marshall with Generals Walker and Patton (GCML)
38. Photograph of King, Leahy, FDR, Marshall and General Kuter (NARA)
Page Fourteen
39. Photograph of Stimson with Colonel Kyle (NARA)
40. Photograph of FDR and Churchill with daughters (NARA)
41. Photograph of King and Nimitz with James Forrestal (NARA)
Page Fifteen
42. Photograph of mushroom cloud over Nagasaki (NARA)
43. Inset photograph of Patton, Stimson, and John J. McCloy (NARA)
44. Inset photograph of “Fat Man” (NARA)
Page Sixteen
45. Photograph of Harry Truman, Stimson, and Marshall (Getty)
46. Inset photograph of POWs at Aomori Prison (NARA)
47. Inset photograph of MacArthur at surrender ceremony (NARA)
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.
Aachen, Germany, 405
ABDA theater, 127, 129, 134, 151
Acheson, Dean, 42, 83, 97, 207
Adams, Phelps, 212–13
Admiralty Islands, 170, 275, 319, 321, 373
Aegean Islands, 299, 305, 306, 308
Akagi (Japanese carrier), 169
Aleutian Islands, 162, 163
Alexander, Sir Harold, 233, 289, 293, 365, 419, 447
Allen, General Terry, 188
Alsop, Joe, 296
Alva (yacht), 116
ANAKIM, 229–30, 231, 262
Andaman Islands, 305, 312, 313
Anderson, Orvil, 233, 239
Antonov, General Aleksei, 432, 433
Antwerp, Belgium, 405
ANVIL, 284, 312, 327–28, 330–31, 335, 360, 366, 407