by Blum, Howard
Other memoirs that effectively detail—although too often with melodramatic embellishments that strain credulity—what it was like to be a German agent behind the lines in enemy territory include the anonymously written German Spy System from Within, by an Ex-Intelligence Officer; Armgaard Karl Graves, The Secrets of the German War Office; “M.,” My Experiences in the German Espionage; Edward Myers, Adventures of a Former Agent of the Kaiser’s Secret Service; Horst von der Goltz, My Adventures as a German Secret Agent; and Eric Fisher Wood, The Note-Book of an Intelligence Officer.
Memoirs by diplomats are frequently more self-serving rewritings of history than factual accounts. Nevertheless, for the way they helped to evoke the frantic hustling through the corridors of power in Washington, New York, and Berlin as the war raged in Europe and was fought more covertly in America, I found useful the memoirs by James W. Gerard, My Four Years in Germany and Face to Face with Kaiserism; Robert Lansing, War Memoirs; Walter Nicolai, The German Secret Service; Johann von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America and Memoirs of Count Bernstorff; and Franz von Papen, Memoirs.
Additionally, while they are neither memoirs nor full-blown biographies, two affectionate histories give unique insight into two complicated men (and, in Case’s book, reveal a bit about Tom Tunney too): Henry Jay Case, Guy Hamilton Scull; and Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him.
In piecing together the full scope of the German spy network’s attack on America, I found some journalistic book-length accounts written in the aftermath of the initial revelations of the enemy operations to be essential models of detailed, if not always objective, reporting: George Barton, Celebrated Spies and Famous Mysteries of the Great War; John Price Jones and Paul Merrick Hollister, The German Secret Service in America, 1914–1918; Henry Landau, The Enemy Within; and French Strother, Fighting Germany’s Spies.
This is territory that has been covered in more recent histories too. Jules Witcover’s Sabotage at Black Tom is an important and very readable account of Germany’s secret war in America. In The Fourth Horseman, Robert Koenig does groundbreaking original research into the first biowar against the nation; my account of Dilger and his activities is greatly indebted to Koenig’s inventive and tenacious work. Chad Millman’s well-documented and absorbing tale The Detonators puts particular emphasis on the Black Tom explosion. Barbara W. Tuchman’s elegantly written Zimmermann Telegram provides insights into both the British and German spy operations in America. And the most comprehensive accounts of how both the federal government and the New York Police Department attempted to deal with enemy operatives in the years leading up to the war are Thomas A. Reppetto’s Battleground, New York City and, written with James Lardner, NYPD: A City and Its Police. Mr. Reppetto is the foremost authority on the history of the New York Police Department, and he graciously supplemented the information in his books during the course of several spirited and entertaining conversations.
The books to which I most often turned to provide context on the world historical events that swirled around and influenced Tom Tunney’s very personal quest included Herbert J. Bass, ed., America’s Entry into World War I; Justin D. Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War: A New History of America’s Entry into World War I; Richard Holmes, The Oxford Companion to Military History; John Keegan, A History of Warfare and The First World War; the first volume of John Bach McMaster, United States in the World War; Marc B. Powe, The Emergence of the War Department Intelligence Agency, 1885–1918; Charles Seymour, Woodrow Wilson and the World War; David Stevenson, Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy; and A. Willert, The Road to Safety: A Study in Anglo-American Relations.
Finally, I kept rereading several monographs, linchpins that both grounded and shaped my narrative. The ones I consulted most frequently included Tom Montalbano, “The Station Agent and the Anarchist,” Syosset Jericho Tribune, March 19, 2010; Frank J. Rafalko, “Imperial Germany’s Sabotage Operations in the U.S.,” in A Counterintelligence Reader: American Revolution to World War II; Richard Spence, “Englishmen in New York: The SIS American Station, 1915–21,” Intelligence and National Security; Michael Warner, “The Kaiser Sows Destruction: Protecting the Homeland the First Time Around,” in Studies in Intelligence; Douglas Wheeler, “A Guide to the History of Intelligence, 1800–1918,” Intelligencer: Journal of U.S. Intelligence Studies; and, indispensably, Daniel E. Russell, The Day Morgan Was Shot.
The primary sources for each chapter of this book follow.
Prologue
Tunney, Throttled!; Russell, Day Morgan Was Shot; “Muenter, Once German Teacher Here,” Harvard Crimson, February 14, 1942; “Invents Machines for ‘Cure of Liars,’ ” New York Times, September 11, 1907; David J. Krajicek, “The Nutty Professor,” New York Daily News, June 21, 1909; Harvard College German Club interviews and archives; Hugo Munsterberg, On the Witness Stand: Essays on Psychology and Crime (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1908) and Psychology of the Teacher (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1909); Matthew Hale Jr., Hugo Munsterberg and the Origins of Applied Psychology (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980); Gregory Kimble et al., Portraits of Pioneers of Psychology (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1991); “Seek Harvard Teacher,” New York Times, May 26, 2008; interviews with Cambridge police; “No Trace of Muenter,” New York Times, April 29, 1906; “Muenter Not Yet Found,” New York Times, April 30, 1906.
Chapter 1
Tunney, Throttled!; “Trap Bomb Layer in Cathedral,” New York Times, March 5, 1915; NYPD service records; “Fireman’s Athletic Meet,” New York Times, September 14, 1898; “Restores Shoo-Fly Squad,” New York Times, September 16, 1910; “Catch Autoist Who Killed Dr. Bender,” New York Times, August 16, 1911; “Find Where Crones Once Resided Here,” New York Times, February 20, 1908; “Hartigan Facing Sentence Today,” New York Times, March 26, 1913; “New York’s IED Task Force, 1905–1919,” New York Times, January 17, 1912, and “The EOD Operator Who Dealt with More IEDs Than Anyone Else,” January 14, 1912, http://www.standingwellback.com/home/2012/1/14/the-eod-operator-who-dealt-with-more-ieds-than-anyone-else.html; Reppetto, Battleground, New York City; Reppetto and Lardner, NYPD; “T. J. Tunney Dead,” New York Times, January 27, 1952.
Chapter 2
Tunney, Throttled!; Tresca and Pernicone, The Autobiography of Carlo Tresca; Case, Guy Hamilton Scull; Reppetto, Battleground, New York City; Reppetto and Lardner, NYPD; New York Times, March 15, 1915; Millman, Detonators.
Chapter 3
Tuchman, Zimmermann; Tuchman, Guns; von Bernstorff, Three Years; von Bernstorff, Memoirs; Doerries, Imperial Challenge; Carnegie Endowment, Official German Documents; Foreign Affairs Documents, National Archives; Gerard, Four Years; Millman, Detonators; Witcover, Sabotage; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Landau, Enemy Within; Wheeler, “History of Intelligence”; Frank Harris, Latest Contemporary Portraits (New York: Macaulay, 1927).
Chapter 4
Nicolai, German Secret Service; Richelson, Century of Spies; von der Goltz, My Adventures; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Landau, Enemy Within; Strother, Fighting Germany’s Spies; Anonymous, German Spy System; Graves, Secrets; M, My Experiences; Richard B. Spence, “K. A. Jahnke and the German Sabotage Campaign in the United States and Mexico, 1914–1918,” Historian 59, no. 1 (1996): 89–112; Millman, Detonators; Witcover, Sabotage; Carnegie Endowment, Official German Documents; Gerard, Four Years.
Chapter 5
Tunney, Throttled!; Case, Guy Hamilton Scull; New York Times, March 5, 1915; Tresca and Pernicone, The Autobiography of Carlo Tresca; Millman, Detonators; Reppetto, Battleground, New York City; Reppetto and Lardner, NYPD.
Chapter 6
Tuchman, Guns; Millman, Detonators; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Landau, Enemy Within; Strother, Fighting Germany’s Spies; Nicolai, German Secret Service; von Bernstorff, Three Years; von Bernstorff, Memoirs; Doerries, Imperial Challenge; Carnegie Endowment, Official German Documents; Witcover, Sabotage; Seymour, Woodrow Wilson; Bass, America’s Entr
y; Doenecke, Nothing Less; McMaster, United States in the World War; Stevenson, Cataclysm.
Chapter 7
Tunney, Throttled!; Reppetto, Battleground, New York City; Reppetto and Lardner, NYPD; New York Times, March 5, 1915; Case, Guy Hamilton Scull.
Chapter 8
Von Bernstorff, Three Years; von Bernstorff, Memoirs; Witcover, Sabotage; Millman, Detonators; Tunney, Throttled!; New York Police Department service records; New York City real estate records; interviews with Fuller Place residents; Case, Guy Hamilton Scull.
Chapter 9
“Harvard Teacher Still at Large,” New York Times, April 30, 1906; Russell, Day Morgan Was Shot; Tunney, Throttled!; Montalbano, “The Station Agent”; “Knew Muenter in Mexico,” New York Times, July 10, 1915; “Muenter Letters Rational,” New York Times, July 10, 1915; “Holt Is Muenter, Say Associates,” New York Times, July 5, 1915.
Chapter 10
Von Bernstorff, Memoirs; Tuchman, Zimmermann; von Bernstorff, Three Years; Landau, Enemy Within; Millman, Detonators; Strother, Fighting Germany’s Spies; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Carnegie Endowment, Official German Documents; National Archives; Witcover, Sabotage; von der Goltz, My Adventures; Barton, Celebrated Spies; Wheeler, “History of Intelligence”; von Papen, Memoirs; Koeves, Satan in Top Hat; Doenecke, Nothing Less; McMaster, United States in the World War; Stevenson, Cataclysm; Tuchman, Guns.
Chapter 11
Von der Goltz, My Adventures; Witcover, Sabotage; Millman, Detonators; National Archives; Douglas L. Wheeler, “Spy Mania and the Information War: The Hour of the Counterspy, 1914/15,” American Intelligence Journal 14, no. 1 (1993): 41–45; Wheeler, “History of Intelligence”; von Papen, Memoirs; Nicolai, German Secret Service.
Chapter 12
Carnegie Endowment, Official German Documents; National Archives; Tuchman, Zimmermann; Stevenson, Cataclysm; Witcover, Sabotage; Millman, Detonators; Landau, Enemy Within; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Wheeler, “History of Intelligence”; “A Decent Bed,” Streetscapes, New York Times, January 14, 2000.
Chapter 13
National Archives; Tuchman, Zimmermann; Tunney, Throttled!; Landau, Enemy Within; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Warner, “Kaiser Sows Destruction”; Wheeler, “History of Intelligence.”
Chapter 14
Tunney, Throttled!; Reppetto, Battleground, New York City; Reppetto and Lardner, NYPD; Case, Guy Hamilton Scull; Harvard College Alumni Directory; “Guy H. Scull Dies,” New York Times, October 20, 1920; New York Police Department Museum; Tuchman, Zimmermann; Spence, “Englishmen in New York.”
Chapter 15
Tuchman, Zimmermann; von der Goltz, My Adventures; Nicolai, German Secret Service; Carnegie Endowment, Official German Documents; National Archives, Hall’s affidavit, Mixed Claims Commission; Landau, Enemy Within; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; James, Eyes of the Navy; Ewing, Man of Room 40; Willert, Road to Safety; Witcover, Sabotage; Millman, Detonators; Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service; Beesley, Room 40; Gannon, Inside Room 40.
Chapter 16
Tuchman, Zimmermann; Case, Guy Hamilton Scull; Tunney, Throttled!; Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service; Beesley, Room 40; Gannon, Inside Room 40; Warner, “Kaiser Sows Destruction”; Wheeler, “History of Intelligence”; National Archives; Spence, “Englishmen in New York”; Russell, True Adventures; George G. Aston, Secret Service (New York: Cosmopolitan, 1930); Millman, Detonators; Witcover, Sabotage; Jeffrey M. Dorwart, The Office of Naval Intelligence: The Birth of America’s First Intelligence Agency, 1865– 1918 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1979); Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Powe, War Department Intelligence Agency; Willert, Road to Safety; Report and Hearings Before the Senate Subcommittee on the Judiciary, 65th Cong., 1st sess., doc. 62 (1919); Espionage and Interference with Neutrality: Hearings on H.R. 291 Before the Committee on the Judiciary, 65th Cong., 1st sess. (1917).
Chapter 17
Arthur Woods, “The Policeman of Today,” Journal of the National Institute of Social Science 3 (1917); Tunney, Throttled!; Reppetto, Battleground, New York City; Reppetto and Lardner, NYPD; “Ex-Detective Barnitz Buried,” New York Times, June 8, 1927; New York Police Department service records.
Chapter 18
Witcover, Sabotage; Millman, Detonators; Tunney, Throttled!; Lopate, Waterfront; Case, Guy Hamilton Scull.
Chapter 19
Witcover, Sabotage; Millman, Detonators; Tunney, Throttled!; Case, Guy Hamilton Scull; Landau, Enemy Within; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Wheeler, “History of Intelligence”; R. B. Hill, “The Early Years of the Strowger System” and “Early Work on Dial System,” Bell Laboratories Record, March 1953 and January 1953; Bob Stoffels, “Almon Brown Strowger and Patent No. 447,918,” OSP Magazine, January 2010.
Chapter 20
Carnegie Endowment, Official German Documents; National Archives; Doenecke, Nothing Less; Stevenson, Cataclysm; Tuchman, Zimmermann; Millman, Detonators; Witcover, Sabotage; McMaster, United States in the World War; Chernow, House of Morgan; Forbes, J. P. Morgan; Hearings Before the Special U.S. Senate Committee Investigating the Munitions Industry, 74th Cong., 2nd sess. (1937); Willert, Road to Safety; Keegan, First World War; Tumulty, Wilson as I Know Him; Daniels, Years of Peace; Dearle, Economic Chronicle of the Great War; Lansing, War Memoirs; “Wilson’s Change of Attitude on War Loans” and “U.S. Policy on War Loans to Belligerents,” Brigham Young University World War I Document Archive.
Chapter 21
Von Rintelen, Dark Invader; Millman, Detonators; Witcover, Sabotage; Nicolai, German Secret Service; Holmes, Oxford Companion to Military History; Tuchman, Zimmermann; Wheeler, “History of Intelligence”; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Strother, Fighting Germany’s Spies; Landau, Enemy Within; Keegan, First World War; Tuchman, Guns; Willert, Road to Safety; Tunney, Throttled!
Chapter 22
Russell, Day Morgan Was Shot; Montalbano, “Station Agent”; Tunney, Throttled!; New York Times, July 5, 1915; “Muenter Sang of Death,” New York Times, July 8, 1915.
Chapter 23
Tunney, Throttled!; Carnegie Endowment, Official German Documents; National Archives; Witcover, Sabotage; Millman, Detonators; Wheeler, “History of Intelligence”; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Strother, Fighting Germany’s Spies; Landau, Enemy Within; von der Goltz, My Adventures; Case, Guy Hamilton Scull.
Chapter 24
Von Rintelen, Dark Invader; Nicolai, German Secret Service; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Landau, Enemy Within; Millman, Detonators; Witcover, Sabotage; Tunney, Throttled!; von Papen, Memoirs; von Bernstorff, Three Years.
Chapter 25
Von Rintelen, Dark Invader; Witcover, Sabotage; Millman, Detonators; Tunney, Throttled!; National Archives; Tuchman, Zimmermann.
Chapter 26
Von Rintelen, Dark Invader; Tunney, Throttled!; Witcover, Sabotage; Millman, Detonators; Landau, Enemy Within; Strother, Fighting Germany’s Spies; Wheeler, “History of Intelligence”; Willert, Road to Safety; National Archives, particularly Mixed Claims Commission files, Exhibit 320; New York World, May 1917 (several articles on von Rintelen’s career); von Papen, Memoirs; Warner, “Kaiser Sows Destruction”; Keegan, First World War.
Chapter 27
Von Rintelen, Dark Invader; Witcover, Sabotage; Millman, Detonators; Tunney, Throttled!; National Archives, particularly Exhibit 320; Landau, Enemy Within; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Strother, Fighting Germany’s Spies; Tuchman, Zimmermann.
Chapter 28
Tunney, Throttled!; Case, Guy Hamilton Scull; Landau, Enemy Within; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Strother, Fighting Germany’s Spies; Wheeler, “History of Intelligence”; Willert, Road to Safety; Barton, Celebrated Spies.
Chapter 29
Tunney, Throttled!; Witcover, Sabotage; Millman, Detonators; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Landau, Enemy Within; Espionage and Interference with Neutrality: Hearings on
H.R. 291 Before the Committee on the Judiciary, 65th Cong., 1st sess. (1917); Report and Hearings Before the Senate Subcommittee on the Judiciary, 65th Cong., 1st sess., doc. 62 (1919).
Chapter 30
Tunney, Throttled!; Case, Guy Hamilton Scull; South Street Seaport Museum; Lopate, Waterfront; Barton, Celebrated Spies.
Chapter 31
Tunney, Throttled!; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Landau, Enemy Within; Strother, Fighting Germany’s Spies; Wheeler, “History of Intelligence”; Willert, Road to Safety; National Archives.
Chapter 32
Tunney, Throttled!; Witcover, Sabotage; Millman, Detonators; Landau, Enemy Within; Strother, Fighting Germany’s Spies; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; New York Police Department service records; National Archives; George MacAdam, “Spies, Plotters, and Hysteria,” New York Times, February 17, 1918; “Arrest Three More in Ship Bomb Plot,” New York Times, November 1, 1915; “Von Papen Named in Plot,” New York Times, April 12, 1918.
Chapter 33
Von Rintelen, Dark Invader; National Archives; Tunney, Throttled!; Landau, Enemy Within; Jones and Hollister, German Secret Service; Wheeler, “History of Intelligence”; Willert, Road to Safety; Witcover, Sabotage; Millman, Detonators.