by Alan Schom
[652] Ibid., pp. 290-91; Corr de Nap, no. 9124; Marion, Histoire financière, vol. 4, 276ff.
[653] Cambacérès, Lettres, p. 296.
[654] Ibid., pp. 313, 311, 312, see also 329-30; Hauterive, La Police secrete du premier Empire, vol. 2, pp. 200-201.
[655] Cambacérès, Lettres, vol. 1, p. 314.
[656] Ibid., pp. 316, 317; see also Wolff, Ouvrard, p. 255.
[657] Cambacérès, Lettres, vol. 1, pp. 319, 320-22.
[658] Picard and Tuetey, Unpublished Correspondence, vol. 1, pp. 115, 118, 120, 122, 124; orders to Marshals Soult and Davout quoted in Alombert and Collin, La Campagne de 1805 (Paris: Nourrit, n. d.), vol. 2, pp. 523-24, 600.
[659] Gen. Vincent J. Esposito and Col. John Robert Elting, A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars (New York: Praeger, 1964), map 46.
[660] For a useful gunnery chart, Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 358-59.
[661] Catherine Drinker Bowen, Francis Bacon: The Temper of a Man (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), p. 4.
[662] Picard and Tuetey, Unpublished Correspondence, vol. 1, p. 129.
[663] In Lacour-Gayet, Talleyrand, vol. 2, p. 161.
[664] Ibid., p. 137; Baden signed a defensive alliance with France on September 9, 1805; Württemberg signed a similar defense pact with France on October 5; and on October 12 Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria signed a military pact with France — all agreeing to provide a specific number of troops. See Mowat, Diplomacy of Napoleon, pp. 154-55; Lefebvre’s Histoire des Cabinets de l’Europe pendant le Consulat et l’Empire (Paris, 1866), vol. 2, pp. 125-26.
[665] Picard and Tuetey, Unpublished Correspondence, vol. 1, p. 134.
[666] Corr de Nap, no. 9470.
[667] Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 397-99; Tulard, Murat, p. 78; I also compare and take figures and statistics from Esposito and Elting, Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars, pp. 46-56.
[668] Barton, Bernadotte, pp. 78, 186.
[669] Sir Peter Hayman, Soult, Napoléon’s Maligned Marshal (London: Arms & Armour, 1990), pp. 62, 66-67; Thiébault, Mémoires, vol. 2, p. 63.
[670] Corr de Nap, no. 9497.
[671] Picard and Tuetey, Unpublished Correspondence, vol. 1, pp. 147, 149.
[672] Thiébault, Mémoires, vol. 3, pp. 446-49; Jean-Claude Damamme, Lannes, Maréchal d’Empire (Paris: Payot, 1987), pp. 161-63.
[673] Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 412ff.; and Philippe Paul Ségur, Histoire et mémoires (Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1873), vol. 3, p. 279.
[674] Thiébault, Mémoires, vol. 3, p. 458.
[675] Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 432; Jean-Baptiste-Antoine-Marcellin, Mémoires du Général Baron de Marbot (Paris: Mercure de France, 1983), vol. 1, pp. 216-19; Thiébault, Mémoires, vol. 3, p. 465.
[676] Wolff, Ouvrard, pp. 124ff.
[677] Claude Manceron, Austerlitz (Paris: Laffont, 1962), p. 305; Jean Tulard, Lettres d’Amour à Josephine (Paris: Fayard, 1981), item 87, p. 198.
[678] Thiébault, Mémoires, vol. 3, pp. 545-46.
[679] Corr de Nap, no. 9613.
[680] Mowat, Diplomacy of Napoleon, pp. 148ff.; Miot, Memoirs, vol. 2, p. 150.
[681] Lacour-Gayet, Talleyrand, vol. 2, pp. 153-54.
[682] Ibid., p. 170; Pierre Bertrand, Les Lettres inédites de Talleyrand à Napoléon (Paris: Perrin, n. d.) pp. 209-12, 224.
[683] Corr de Nap, no. 9773.
[684] Georges Lefebvre, Napoléon (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), vol. 1, From 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799-1807, pp. 232-37; see also Wolff, Le Financier Ouvrard, pp. 118-27.
[685] Louis Madelin, Vers L’Empire d’Occident, 1806-1807 (Paris: Hachette, 1940), pp. 1-15, 83ff.
[686] Corr de Nap, no. 9773.
[687] Lefebvre, Napoléon, vol. 1, p. 243. On April 22, 1806, Napoléon passed a law putting the Bank of France directly under state control: On 14 July 1806 he created the Caisse de Service for the treasury.
[688] Mowat, Diplomacy of Napoleon, pp. 155ff.
[689] Ibid., pp. 152ff.; Madelin, Vers l’Empire d’Occident, pp. 143ff.; Lefebvre, Napoléon, vol. 1, pp. 243ff.
[690] Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 3, pp. 271ff. Napoléon encouraged Murat to violate his neighbors’ frontiers to expand the confederation, especially at the expense of Prussia. The prince-archbishop of Würzburg entered the confederation on September 25, 1806; the elector of Saxony, only in 1807.
[691] Corr de Nap, no. 9716; Tulard, Murat, pp. 92-95; Mowat, Diplomacy of Napoleon, p. 159.
[692] Lefebvre, Napoléon, vol. 1, p. 246.
[693] Corr de Nap, no. 1011.
[694] Mowat, Diplomacy of Napoleon, pp. 168-69; see also Hansard Parliamentary Debates, 1st series (1803-20), vol. 8, pp. 140, 130.
[695] Lecestre, Lettres inédites de Napoléon, vol. 1, p. 74; Picard and Tuetey, Unpublished Correspondence of Napoleon, vol. 1, pp. 329-31, 326, 347.
[696] Picard and Tuetey, Unpublished Correspondence of Napoleon, vol. 1, pp. 348, 353, 359-60, 368, 375.
[697] Mowat, Diplomacy of Napoleon, pp. 170-71; Corr de Nap, no. 10967.
[698] Corr de Nap, nos. 10815, 10977.
[699] Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 476-79; Esposito and Elting, Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars, nos. 57-67.
[700] Dunbar Plunket Barton’s whitewashing of Bernadotte’s cowardly actions, in his biography Bernadotte, pp. 192-99; Jean-Claude Damamme’s lamentable biography of Lannes (Paris: Payot, 1987), p. 158, 159; Hayman, Soult, Napoleon’s Maligned Marshal, pp. 70-71, has nothing good to say about Bernadotte.
[701] Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 495.
[702] Maynard Solomon, Beethoven (New York: Schirmer, 1977), p. 138; Louis Madelin, Le Consulat et l’Empire (Paris: Hachette, 1932), vol. 1, p. 307.
[703] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 2, p. 14.
[704] Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 516-17.
[705] Thiébault, Mémoires, vol. 4, p. 49.
[706] Archives Nationales, 400 AP 6, vol. 2, no. 79.
[707] Bruce, Napoléon and Josephine, pp. 403ff.
[708] Picard and Tuetey, Unpublished Correspondence of Napoleon, vol. 1, p. 427; Lacour-Gayet, Talleyrand, vol. 2, p. 205.
[709] Archives Nationales, 400 AP6, vol. 2, no. 83.
[710] Bruce, Napoléon and Josephine, pp. 385, 400, 403.
[711] Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 516-20; Picard and Tuetey, Unpublished Correspondence of Napoleon, vol. 1, p. 448, no. 856; ibid., pp. 450-54, no. 861.
[712] Thiébault, Mémoires, vol. 1, pp. 88-89.
[713] Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 548; see also Jean-Baptiste-Antoine-Marcellin, Mémoires du général baron de Marbot (Paris: Plon, 1891), vol. 1, pp. 265-69.
[714] Archives Nationales, 400 AP6, vol. 2, no. 96; Eric Perrin, Le Maréchal Ney (Paris: Perrin, 1993), p. 106.
[715] Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, and Corr de Nap, nos. 12741-875. See also Esposito and Elting, A Military History and Atlas, pp. 76-83; Albert Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre I (Paris, 1914), vol. 1, p. 48.
[716] Rose, Napoleon, book 2, p. 126; Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre I, vol. 1, p. 48.
[717] Lacour-Gayet, Talleyrand, vol. 2, p. 211.
[718] Mowat, Diplomacy of Napoleon, pp. 175ff.
[719] Herold, Mind of Napoleon, p. 273.
[720] Mowat, Diplomacy of Napoleon, p. 178; Lacour-Gayet, Talleyrand, vol. 1, pp. 211-12; Savary, Mémoires du Duc de Rovigo, vol. 6, p. 35.
[721] Archives Nationales, 400 AP 6, vol. 2, no. 139.
[722] Henri Troyat, Alexandre Ier, le Sphinx du Nord (Paris: Flammarion, 1980), pp. 133ff.
[723] Thibaudeau, Mémoires, p. 219.
[724] Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon (Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1903), pp. 129-30.
[725] Rose, Napoleon, book 2, p. 149. Rose gives the figure of 26,582,000 francs.
[726] Louis Madelin, L’Affaire d’Espagne, 1807-1809 (Paris: Hachette, 1943), vol. 7, pp. 29-32; Rose, Napoleon, book 1, pp. 145-49; Lacour-Gayet, T
alleyrand, vol. 2, pp. 218ff. Regarding the invasion of Spain, Talleyrand had agreed to the temporary feasibility of invading the northeastern Mediterranean coast of Catalonia and then only until London agreed to peace. Talleyrand refused to acquiesce and abet Napoléon in the full conquest and annexation of Spain.
[727] Lacour-Gayet, Talleyrand, vol. 2, pp. 214, 217-20; Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord, Mémoires du prince de Talleyrand (Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1891), vol. 1, p. 318, vol. 2, pp. 132-33.
[728] Madelin, L’Affaire d’Espagne, p. 33; Picard and Tuetey, Unpublished Correspondence of Napoleon, vol. 1, no. 1248.
[729] Madelin, L’Affaire d’Espagne, p. 39; Corr de Nap, nos. 13677, 14807.
[730] Mowat, Diplomacy of Napoleon, pp. 195-98.
[731] Ibid., pp. 186-87; J. Stephen Watson, The Reign of George III, 1760-1815 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 455-56.
[732] Corr de Nap, no. 13079.
[733] Quoted in Clement-Wenceslas-Lothaire de Metternich, Mémoires, documents et écrits divers laissés par le prince de Metternich, chancelier de la court et d’Etat (Paris: Plon, 1886), vol. 2, p. 167; Fouché, Mémoires, vol. 1, p. 13. Napoléon created the Army of Observation of the Gironde on August 2, 1807.
[734] The Fontainebleau treaty was signed by General Duroc and Sr. Izquierdo. See Mowat, Diplomacy of Napoleon, p. 209, and also the France-Spanish Convention of January 4, 1805, signed by Admirals Decrès and Gravina, regarding mutual war contributions vis-à-vis England.
[735] D. A. Bingham, A Selection from the Letters and Despatches of Napoleon (London: 1884), vol. 2, p. 324. See also Corr de Nap, no. 12928.
[736] Rose, Napoleon, book 2, p. 148.
[737] Picard and Tuetey, Unpublished Correspondence of Napoleon, vol. 2, p. 8.
[738] Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 600; Las Cases, Memoirs of Emperor Napoleon (London, 1836), vol. 4, part 1, p. 83.
[739] Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 4, p. 228.
[740] Ibid., pp. 238-39. On June 2, 1808, Murat signed over the Duchy of Berg. He was to assume the Neapolitan throne on August 1. Ibid., p. 251.
[741] Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 612ff; Madelin, L’Affaire d’Espagne, pp. 82ff, 89ff, 106ff, 120ff, 138ff.; Tulard, Murat, pp. 115ff.; Rose, Napoleon, book 2, pp. 159-73; Jacques Bainville, Napoléon (Paris: Fayard, 1931), pp. 243-68; Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 4, pp. 197-284; Lefebvre, Napoléon, vol. 2, pp. 13-24, 29-32; Watson, The Reign of George III, pp. 458-62, 479-2, 485-88, 493-495; Méneval, Mémoires, vol. 2, p. 158.
[742] Savary, Mémoires, vol. 3, p. 455; Thierry Lentz, Savary, Le seide de Napoléon (1774-1833) (Metz: Editions Serpenoise, 1993), pp. 129-30.
[743] For good background material on Junot’s actions during the French occupation of Portugal, see Thiébault, Mémoires, vol. 4, pp. 184-274.
[744] Troyat, Alexandre Ier, p. 167.
[745] Marshal Jourdan’s portrait by Vien fils was shortly to be removed from the Hall of the Marshals. For a complete list of the marshals created by Napoléon, see Appendix One of this book.
[746] In occupied central and eastern Europe: 155,000 line infantry, 37,000 cavalry, 13,000 engineers and gunners. Picard and Tuetey, Unpublished Correspondence of Napoleon, vol. 2, p. 426. no. 2255.
[747] Rose, Napoleon, book 2, p. 171; Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 641-42. As Lannes and ultimately just about everyone else commented, sooner or later Napoléon used his troops as if they were not human beings, but literally tools to be manipulated to achieve his military goals.
[748] Constant, Mémoires, pp. 339-44, for events in Madrid. It did not appear to incommode Bonaparte one whit that he had recently ordered the arrest of the owner’s son [of Champs Martin], and the sequestration of all his property, and that under the circumstances it might have been awkward demanding shelter in this particular residence where he had to see the young duke’s mother daily.
[749] Thiébault, Mémoires, vol. 4, pp. 466-67. Napoléon’s plan for the reconquest of Portugal was based on the original plan first submitted by Gen. Thiébault.
[750] Metternich, Mémoires, vol. 2, pp 243, 262.
[751] Méneval, Mémoires, vol. 3, pp. 236, 239; Rose, Napoleon, book 2, p. 190. According to Masson, the Austrians crossed the Inn, entering Bavaria on April 9, 1809; Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 4, p. 309.
[752] Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 719. For a sketch of the personal role of Eugene de Beauharnais and his Italian Army at Wagram, see Carola Oman, Napoléon’s Viceroy, Eugène de Beauharnais (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1966), which gives the material before but not at the battle; and Rene Blemus’s scarcely better Eugène de Beauharnais, 1781-1824: L’Honneur à tout vent (Paris: Editions France-Empire, 1993).
[753] Marbot, Mémoires, vol. 2, p. 273; Barton, Bernadotte, pp. 225-29.
[754] At one point Soubiran states that of seventeen hundred men operated on, thirteen hundred did not survive for lack of proper operative and postoperative treatment — that is, a mortality rate of over 76 percent.
[755] Mowat, Diplomacy of Napoleon, pp. 230-31; Madelin, Apogée, pp. 126-27. Trieste, the Carniola, part of Carinthia, Croatia, Istria, and Fiume would soon be added to Dalmatia (taken from Austria by France in 1805), incorporated by Napoléon into the French Empire under the rubric “Gouvernement général d’Illyrie.”
[756] J. Stephen Watson, The Reign of George III, 1760-1815 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), pp. 462-71; Jean Tulard’s phrase, “cette fureur annexiste,” in Napoléon, ou le mythe du sauveur (Paris: Fayard, 1987), pp. 374-78, 391.
[757] Lanzac de Laborie, La domination française en Belgique, vol. 6, pp. 78-80; Madelin, La nation sous l’Empereur, vol. II, pp. 356-63.
[758] Schom, Trafalgar, for example, pp. 91-96, 396-97; Owen Connelly, Napoleon’s Satellite Kingdoms (New York: Free Press, 1954), pp. 137-46. On July 1, 1810, French troops seized Amsterdam, and on the ninth Louis fled to Teplitz, Bohemia, and Napoleon annexed Holland.
[759] Joseph invested £62,000 with Barings, and another £27,000 with Rougement and Verhend Bank, also in London, not to mention large amounts with Hope and Co., of Amsterdam.
[760] One comment made at St. Helena, the other to Gen. Clarke on July 1, 1813, and then to Savary on the thirteenth, quoted in Rose, Napoleon, book 2, p. 313.
[761] Corr de Nap, no. 16529. This is reminiscent of J. Edgar Hoover’s notorious files, held over the heads of several U.S. presidents, including Harry Truman and John Kennedy in particular, not to mention dozens of other high national officials, thanks to which no one had the courage to dismiss Hoover as director of the FBI.
[762] Richard K. Riehn, 1812: Napoléon’s Russian Campaign (New York: John Wiley, 1991), p. 425.
[763] See Chandler’s excellent coverage of these preparations, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 754-56; for contrasting figures on French troop strengths see Riehn, 1812; George Nafziger, Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia (Novato, Calif: Presidio, 1988).
[764] Gen. C. von Clausewitz, The Campaign of 1812 (London: Bell, 1843), pp. 139, 142.
[765] Caulaincourt, Mémoires, vol. 2, p. 424-40.
[766] Riehn, 1812, gives lower estimates, p. 255; Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, suggests higher losses.
[767] For all the following and preceding medical citations, see Surgeon Turiot’s letter, quoted in Soubiran, Napoléon et un million de morts, pp. 258-64.
[768] Pierre-Marie Desmarest, Témoignages historiques ou Quinze ans de haute police sous le Consulat et l’Empire (Paris: Levasseur, 1833), pp. 293ff. Desmarest was officially involved in the Malet case over a period of several years.
[769] Savary personally interrogated all persons involved in this attempted coup.
[770] Caulaincourt, Mémoires, vol. 3, pp. 205-6.
[771] On 19 September the Treaty of Toplitz was signed, adding Austria as a full partner with Russia and Prussia.
[772] The new defense pact was signed at Chaumont by England, Austria, Russia, and Prussia on March 9, 1814, but backdated to March 1.
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br /> [773] Caulaincourt, Mémoires, vol. 3, pp. 408-19; Bruce, Napoléon & Josephine, p. 478; André Soubiran attributes 1 million dead to the French army, and 2 million dead to the other European armies, excluding civilians — Soubiran, Napoléon et un million de morts, pp. 12-15; Rose, Napoleon, book 2, chap. 32.
[774] For all the above on life on Elba, see Schom, One Hundred Days, chaps. 1 and 2, which also provide a complete bibliography.