by Conrad Black
24. Morton, op. cit., pp. 173–74.
25. Ibid., p. 189.
26. Letter to Colonel William Duane, August 4, 1812, in Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography, Norwalk, Connecticut, 1970, p. 932.
27. Ibid.
28. Lady Edgar, General Brock, Makers of Canada, Toronto, 1927, p. 251.
29. Lower, op. cit., p. 182.
30. Morton, op. cit., p. 229.
31. Stephen Leacock, Mackenzie, Baldwin, LaFontaine, Hincks, Makers of Canada, Toronto, 1926, vol. V, p. 14.
32. Ibid., p. 15.
33. Peter Burroughs, “Sir James Kempt” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. VIII, Toronto, 1976.
34. Morton, op. cit., p. 234.
CHAPTER 3
1. Arthur R.M. Lower, Colony to Nation: A History of Canada, Toronto, 1977, p. 200.
2. Stephen Leacock, Mackenzie, Baldwin, LaFontaine, Hincks, Makers of Canada, Toronto, 1926, vol. V, pp. 20–21.
3. Ibid., p. 23.
4. Alfred D. De Celles, Papineau, Cartier, Makers of Canada, Toronto, 1926, vol. V, p. 86.
5. Leacock, op. cit., p. 33.
6. Lower, op. cit., p. 254.
7. Francis G. Hincks, Reminiscences of His Public Life, “Chapter One,” Montreal, 1884, cited in Leacock, op. cit., p. 45.
8. Leacock, op. cit., p. 47.
9. Edgar McInnis, Canada: A Political and Social History, Toronto, 1947, p. 220; Sir Francis Bond Head, A Narrative, London, 1839, pp. 32, 33; “Letter of Joseph Hume to William Lyon Mackenzie, December 5, 1835,” Archives of Ontario, Robinson Papers, (A), E.22-3, ii, 10. Leacock and Hincks thought the colonial secretary, Lord Glenelg, confused Head with future governor general Sir Edmund Walker Head. Leacock, op. cit., p. 48.
10. Head, op. cit., pp. 33 et seq.; Leacock, op. cit., p. 49.
11. Head, ibid., p. 71.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., p. 53.
14. Leacock, op. cit., p. 55.
15. De Celles, op. cit., p. 99.
16. Ibid., p. 103.
17. Ibid., pp. 114–15.
18. Ibid., p. 127.
19. Ibid., pp. 133–34.
20. Ibid., p. 135.
21. Ibid., p. 140.
22. W.L. Morton, The Kingdom of Canada, Toronto, 1963, p. 241.
23. Ibid., p. 242.
24. Leacock, op. cit., p. 73.
25. Morton, op. cit., p. 249.
26. Sir Charles Lucas, Lord Durham’s Report on the Affairs of British North America, vol. II, Oxford, 1912, pp. 277 et seq.
27. Ibid., pp. 307–8.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., McInnis, op. cit., p. 227.
30. Morton, op. cit., p. 253.
31. Lower, op. cit., p. 256.
32. Thompson to Russell, November 18, 1839, in W.P.M. Kennedy, Documents of the Canadian Constitution, Oxford, 1918, p. 526.
33. Morton, op. cit., p. 256.
34. Ibid.
35. Leacock, op. cit., p. 114; Journal of the Legislative Assembly, Kingston, 1841, vol. I, pp. 64 et seq.
36. Leacock, op. cit., pp. 138–39, “Stanley Letter to Lord Bagot, October 8, 1841.”
37. Ibid., p. 151.
38. Chronicle and Gazette, Kingston, September 17, 1842.
39. Lower, op. cit., p. 265.
40. Leacock, op. cit., pp. 155–56.
41. Ibid., p. 210.
42. Ibid., p. 219.
43. Journal of the Legislative Assembly, Kingston, November 6, 1843.
44. La Minerve, November 16, 1843, cited in Leacock, op. cit., p. 206.
45. “Undated letter in Baldwin Archives” (Toronto Public Library, 1845), cited in Leacock, op. cit., pp. 288–89. This was one of the first enunciations of the concept of the “double majority.”
46. La Minerve, July 1, 1844, cited in Leacock, op. cit., p. 256.
47. Leacock, op. cit., p. 258.
48. Ibid., p. 262.
49. Ibid., p. 281.
50. Ibid., p. 292.
51. Lower, op.cit., p. 264.
52. Ibid., p. 277.
53. Leacock, op. cit., p. 300.
54. Archives of Ontario, Baldwin Papers, (A), E, 6-7, 12, (15).
55. La Minerve, January 24, 1849.
56. The Times, June 20, 1849, cited in Leacock, op. cit., pp. 351–55.
57. Lower, op. cit., pp. 270–71.
58. William G. Ormsby, “Sir Francis Hincks” in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. XI, Toronto, 1982, p. 412.
59. Ibid., p. 413.
60. Lower, op. cit., p. 280.
61. Donald Creighton, John A. Macdonald, vol. I, The Young Politician, Toronto, 1952, p. 198.
62. Peter Baskerville, “Sir Allan Napier MacNab” in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. IX, Toronto, 1976, p. 527.
63. Sir A.G. Doughty, ed., The Elgin–Grey Papers, 1846–1852, vol. I, Ottawa, 1937, pp. 39–40 (“Elgin to Grey, May 18, 1847”), cited in Creighton, op. cit., pp. 120–21.
64. Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, New York, 2007, p. 266; John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger, Runaway Slaves, New York, 1999, pp. 294–95.
65. Jane Ridley, Bertie: A Life of Edward VII, London, 2012, p. 48; Cecil Woodham-Smith, Queen Victoria, London, 1972, p. 517.
66. Alastair Sweeny, George-Étienne Cartier, Toronto, 1976, p. 127.
67. Sir E.W. Waskin, Canada and the States: Recollections, 1851 to 1886, London, 1887, p. 16; Sweeny, op. cit., p. 129.
68. Lower, op. cit., p. 298.
69. R.W. Winks, “Creation of a Myth: ‘Canadian’ Enlistments in the Northern Armies During the American Civil War,” Canadian Historical Review 39, no. 1 (March 1958), pp. 24–40; Lower, op. cit., p. 300.
70. Oscar D. Skelton, The Life and Times of Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, Toronto, 1920, pp. 314–16.
71. Assembly Debates, April 17, 1861; Sweeny, op. cit., p. 132.
72. R.R. Palmer, ed., Atlas of World History, New York, 1957, p. 193.
73. R.G. Trotter, Canadian Federation, Toronto, 1924, p. 5.
74. Creighton, op. cit., p. 264.
75. John Lewis, George Brown, Makers of Canada, Toronto, 1926, p. 131 (“letter of January, 1858, to Luther Holton”).
76. Queen’s University, Mackenzie Papers, Brown to Luther Holton, May 29, 1862; Sweeny, op. cit., p. 137.
77. Library and Archives Canada, Newcastle Papers, Monck to Newcastle, August 11, 1862; Sweeny, op. cit., p. 138.
78. Sweeny, op. cit., p. 142.
79. Sweeny, op. cit., pp. 145–46.
80. Library and Archives Canada, Macdonald Papers, vol. 46, pp. 29–38; Creighton, op. cit., p. 374.
81. Library and Archives Canada, George Brown Papers, George Brown to Anne Brown, October 31, 1864; Sweeny, op. cit., p. 150.
82. Public Record Office, 30/22, Russell Papers, vol. 27, minute by Palmerston on Cardwell’s draft dispatch to Monck, July 29, 1984; Creighton, op. cit., p. 361.
83. G.E. Buckle, ed., The Letters of Queen Victoria, London, 1926, series 2, vol. I, pp. 248–49, Palmerston to the Queen, January 20, 1865; Creighton, op. cit., p. 405.
84. The Times, June 22, 1865; Creighton, op. cit., p. 417.
85. Richard Gwyn, John A: The Man Who Made Us: The Life and Times of John A. Macdonald, vol. I, 1815–1867, Toronto, 2007, p. 420; (Keith Johnson).
86. Hansard, London, 1867, series 3, vol. 185, p. 576 G; Creighton, op. cit., p. 461.
CHAPTER 4
1. Arthur R.M. Lower, Colony to Nation: A History of Canada, Toronto, 1977, p. 316.
2. Donald Creighton, John A. Macdonald, Toronto, 1952, vol. II, The Old Chieftain, p. 5.
3. Ibid., p. 20.
4. Library and Archives Canada, Macdonald Papers, vol. 539, Allan to Macdonald, April 24, 1869.
5. Ibid., vol. 516; Macdonald to Sir John Rose, January 26, 1870.
6. Sir Joseph Pope, ed., Correspondence of Sir John Macdonald, Toronto, undated, Macdonald to Rose, January 21, 1
870.
7. Ibid., Macdonald to Carnarvon, April 14, 1870.
8. Creighton, op. cit., p. 67.
9. James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Washington, 1897, vol. IX, U.S. Grant, p. 4057.
10. Ibid.
11. William F. Moneypenny and George E. Buckle, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, London, 1929, vol. III, pp. 473–74.
12. Creighton, op. cit., p. 86.
13. Ibid., p. 92.
14. Ibid., p. 97.
15. W.L. Morton, The Kingdom of Canada, Toronto, 1963, p. 343.
16. George R. Parkin, Sir John A. Macdonald, Makers of Canada, Toronto, 1926, p. 195.
17. Ibid., pp. 189–90.
18. Creighton, op. cit., p. 148.
19. Ibid., p. 149.
20. Ibid., p. 152.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., p. 165.
23. Ibid., p. 171.
24. Ibid., p. 186.
25. Ibid., p. 184.
26. E.M. Saunders, The Life and Letters of the Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Tupper, Toronto, 1916, vol. I, p. 234.
27. Creighton, op. cit., p. 189.
28. Ibid.
29. Montreal Gazette, November 26, 1875.
30. O.D. Skelton, The Life and Times of Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, Toronto, 1920, p. 483; letter of Macdonald to Galt, June 2, 1875.
31. Edgar McInnis, Canada: A Political and Social History, Toronto, 1963, p. 363.
32. Creighton, op. cit., p. 228; letters of Dufferin to Carnarvon, April 27 and May 3, 1877.
33. Ibid., pp. 230–31; letter of Dufferin to Carnarvon, May 3, 1877.
34. Pope, op. cit., pp. 329–42; Macdonald to Northcote, May 1, 1878.
35. House of Commons Debates, 1878, vol. II, p. 2564.
36. Creighton, op. cit., p. 233.
37. Saunders, op. cit., vol. I, p. 262; letter of Macdonald to Tupper, October 9, 1878.
38. Ibid.
39. Creighton, op. cit., p. 249.
40. Creighton, op. cit., p. 261.
41. Moneypenny and Buckle, op. cit., vol. IV, p. 1349; letter to Lady Bradford, September 2, 1879. Disraeli added that “I think there is a resemblance” (between Macdonald and himself). Disraeli was relieved that Macdonald had “no Yankeeisms except a little sing-song occasionally at the end of a sentence.”
42. Pope, op. cit., pp. 240–41; letter of Macdonald to Northcote, May 1, 1878.
43. Creighton, op. cit., p. 277.
44. House of Commons Debates, 1880–1881, vol. I, p. 488.
45. Ibid., p. 494.
46. Library and Archives Canada, Macdonald Papers, vol. 128, J.A. Donaldson to Macdonald, January 18, 1881.
47. Creighton, op. cit., p. 334.
48. Library and Archives Canada, Macdonald Papers, vol. 218, Macdonald to Galt, January 7, 1882.
49. Creighton, op. cit., p. 327.
50. Creighton, op. cit., p. 367.
51. Library and Archives Canada, Macdonald Papers, vol. 206, Stephen to Macdonald, February 27, 1884.
52. Ibid., additional vol. I; Macdonald to home, March 26, 1884.
53. Creighton, op. cit., p. 378.
54. Pope, op. cit., pp. 314–15; Macdonald to Aikins, July 28, 1884.
55. McInnis, op. cit., p. 337.
56. Ibid., p. 389.
57. Creighton, op. cit., p. 422; letter of Macdonald to Lansdowne, May 15, 1885.
58. Lower, op. cit., p. 381.
59. O.D. Skelton, The Day of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Chronicles of Canada, vol. 30, p. 99.
60. Creighton, op. cit., p. 510; letter from Macdonald to Lansdowne, September 6, 1888.
61. Ibid., p. 515.
62. House of Commons Debates, 1890, p. 745.
63. Creighton, op. cit., p. 558.
64. Joseph Schull, Laurier: The First Canadian, Toronto, 1965, pp. 255–56.
65. Lower, op. cit., p. 385.
66. Bruce Hutchison, Mr. Prime Minister, 1867–1964, Toronto, 1964, p. 105.
67. Ibid.
68. Lower, op. cit., p. 399.
CHAPTER 5
1. O.D. Skelton, Life and Letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Toronto, 1916, vol. II, p. 20.
2. Ibid., p. 40.
3. Ibid., pp. 70–71.
4. Hansard, May 11, 1898.
5. Arthur R.M. Lower, Colony to Nation: A History of Canada, Toronto, 1977, p. 422.
6. Conrad Black, Flight of the Eagle: A Strategic History of the United States, Toronto, 2013, p. 272.
7. Ibid., p. 273.
8. Daniel Ruddy, Theodore Roosevelt’s History of the United States, New York, 2010, p. 218.
9. G.T. Denison, The Struggle for Imperial Unity, Toronto, 1909, p. 108.
10. Lower, op. cit., p. 411.
11. Joseph Schull, Laurier: The First Canadian, Toronto, 1965, p. 338.
12. Statistics Canada Immigration website; Richard B. Morris and Jeffrey B. Morris, eds., Encyclopedia of American History, 6th ed., pp. 648–55.
13. Library and Archives Canada, Laurier, 11019–20.
14. Ruddy, op. cit., pp. 170–71.
15. Hansard, July 31, 1899.
16. Schull, op. cit., p. 380.
17. Ibid.
18. Robert Rumilly, Histoire de la province du Québec, Montreal, 1977, pp. 121–22.
19. Hansard, March 13, 1900.
20. Robert Laird Borden, Memoirs, Toronto, 1938, vol. II, p. 553.
21. Schull, op. cit., p. 398; Hansard, March 12, 1901, p. 1325.
22. Schull, op. cit., p. 399.
23. Rumilly, op. cit., vol. X, pp. 65–66.
24. Henri Bourassa, Great Britain and Canada, Montreal, 1901, preface to English edition.
25. Hansard, May 12, 1902, p. 4726.
26. John Buchan, Lord Minto, London, 1924, p. 205; Rudyard Kipling, Something of Myself, p. 196.
27. Library and Archives Canada, Laurier, 67501–3.
28. Rumilly, op. cit., vol. X, p. 167.
29. Lower, op. cit., p. 432.
30. Hansard, July 30, 1903, pp. 7659–60.
31. Ibid., September 29, 1903, p. 12656.
32. Skelton, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 143–44.
33. Library and Archives Canada, Laurier, 77602.
34. Schull, op. cit., p. 432; John Dafoe, Clifford Sifton in Relation to His Times, Toronto, 1931, p. 238.
35. Hansard, June 10, 1904, p. 4606.
36. Library and Archives Canada, Laurier, 93729.
37. Hansard, February 21, 1905, p. 1458.
38. Hansard, March 28, 1905, p. 3284.
39. Hansard, March 26, 1907, p. 5433.
40. Schull, op. cit., p. 463.
41. Hansard, April 3, 1907.
42. Schull, op. cit., pp. 458–60.
43. Rumilly, op. cit, vol. XIII, p. 105.
44. Skelton, op. cit., vol. II, p. 282.
45. Schull, op. cit., p. 479.
46. Hansard, March 29, 1909, p. 3484.
47. Ibid., p. 3512.
48. Ibid.
49. Library and Archives Canada, the Grey Papers, p. 2442.
50. Rumilly, op. cit., vol. XIV, p. 29.
51. Mason Wade, The French Canadians, 1760–1945, Toronto, 1955, pp. 565–66.
52. Rumilly, op. cit. vol. XIV, p. 135; Le Devoir, January 17, 1910.
53. Rumilly, op. cit., vol. XV, p. 74.
54. Schull, op. cit., p. 506.
55. Rumilly, op. cit., vol. XV, p. 116.
56. Skelton, op. cit., vol. II, p. 337 (my translation).
57. Letter of President Taft to Roosevelt, January 11, 1910; excerpt in Borden, op. cit., vol. I, p. 319.
58. Skelton, op. cit., vol. II, p. 379.
59. Borden, op. cit., vol. I, p. 333n4.
60. Ibid., p. 330.
61. Ibid., p. 353.
62. Ibid., p. 362.
63. Christopher M. Bell, Churchill and Sea Power, Oxford, 2013, pp. 22–32; Borden, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 358–65.
64. Lower, op. cit., p. 456; Skelton, op. cit.,
vol. II, p. 409.
65. Hansard, December 12, 1912, p. 1031.
66. Borden, op. cit., p. 409.
67. Ibid., p. 411.
68. Ibid., p. 420.
69. Ibid., p. 422.
70. Borden, op. cit., pp. 459–60.
71. Ibid., pp. 460–61.
72. Ibid., p. 463.
73. Ibid., p. 465.
74. Ibid., p. 471.
75. Borden, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 612–13.
76. Borden, op. cit., vol. II, p. 696.
77. Ibid., p. 700.
78. Ibid., p. 702.
79. Ibid., p. 705.
80. Ibid., p. 714.
81. Ibid., pp. 726–27.
82. Ibid., p. 746.
83. Lower, op. cit., p. 416.
84. Edgar McInnis, Canada: A Political and Social History, Toronto, 1963, p. 413.
85. Borden, op. cit., vol. II, p. 837.
86. Ibid., p. 854.
87. Ibid., p. 869.
88. Ibid., pp. 886–87.
89. Ibid., pp. 889–90.
90. McInnis, op. cit., p. 418.
91. Schull, op. cit., p. 621.
92. Borden, op. cit., vol. II, p. 914.
93. Lower, op. cit., p. 436n22.
94. Borden, op. cit., vol. II, p. 919.
95. Ibid., p. 927.
CHAPTER 6
1. Joseph Schull, Laurier: The First Canadian, Toronto, 1965, p. 594.
2. F.A. McGregor, The Fall and Rise of Mackenzie King, Toronto, 1962, p. 319.
3. Allan Levine, King: William Lyon Mackenzie King: A Life Guided by the Hand of Destiny, Toronto, 2011, p. 110.
4. Robert Laird Borden, Memoirs, Toronto, 1938, vol. II, p. 985.
5. Edgar McInnis, Canada: A Political and Social History, Toronto, 1963, p. 422.
6. J.L. Granatstein, How Britain’s Weakness Forced Canada into the Arms of the United States, 1989, p. 17.
7. Borden, op. cit., vol. II, p. 1004.
8. Ibid., p. 1016.
9. Ibid., p. 1027.
10. Roger Graham, Arthur Meighen: A Biography, vol. II, And Fortune Fled, Toronto, 1963, p. 36. (King claimed the people’s control over Parliament had been usurped, as in Russia, but by legislative rather than revolutionary violence.)
11. Ibid., vol. I, The Door of Opportunity, p. 299.
12. Ibid., vol. II, p. 38.
13. Ibid., p. 41.
14. Arthur R. M. Lower, Colony to Nation: A History of Canada, Toronto, 1977, p. 535.
15. Levine, op. cit., p. 131.
16. Ibid., p. 132.
17. Roy MacLaren, Commissions High: Canada in London, 1870–1971, Montreal, 2006, p. 250.