Part Two: Life and Work in the Camps
7: Arrest
1. N. Mandelstam, pp. 10–11.
2. Robinson, p. 13.
3. Agnew and McDermott, pp. 145 and 143–49.
4. Gelb.
5. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, pp. 328–43.
6. Lipper, p. 35; Stephan, The Russian Far East, p. 229.
7. Conquest, The Great Terror, pp. 271–72.
8. Stajner, p. 33.
9. Martin, “Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies.”
10. Several versions of this poem exist in Russian. This one is based loosely on one found in E. Yevtushenko, ed., Strofi Veka.
11. Okunevskaya, p. 227.
12. Starostin; GARF, 7523/60/4105.
13. Razgon, p. 93.
14. GARF, 9401/12/253.
15. Weissberg, pp. 16–87.
16. Serebryakova, pp. 34–50.
17. Lipper, p. 3.
18. Starostin, pp. 62–69.
19. Wat, pp. 308–12.
20. Dolgun, pp. 8–9.
21. Okunevskaya, pp. 227–28.
22. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. I, p. 8.
23. Gagen-Torn, p. 58.
24. Hoover, Fond 89, 18/12, Reel 1.994.
25. V. Petrov, p. 17.
26. N. Mandelstam, pp. 9 and 8.
27. Naimark, The Russians in Germany, pp. 69–140.
28. RGVA, 40/71/323.
29. Głowacki, p. 329.
30. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 45.
31. Yelena Sidorkina, “Years Under Guard,” in Vilensky, Till My Tale Is Told, pp. 194–95.
32. Razgon, p. 56.
33. Zhenov, p. 44.
34. Shikheeva-Gaister, pp. 99–104.
35. GARF, 9410/12/3.
36. Joffe, pp. 90–91.
37. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, pp. 533–34.
38. Hoover, Polish Ministry of Information Collection, Box 114, Folder 2.
39. Milyutina, pp. 150–51.
40. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, p. 547.
41. Gnedin, pp. 68–69.
42. Dolgun, p. 11.
43. Vogelfanger, pp. 4–5.
44. Bershadskaya, pp. 37–39.
45. Adamova-Sliozberg, p. 16.
46. Walter Warwick, unpublished memoir. My thanks to Reuben Rajala for this text.
47. Kuusinen, p. 135.
48. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 US 436 (1966).
49. N. Werth, “A State against Its People: Violence, Repression and Terror in the Soviet Union,” in Courtois, pp. 193–94.
50. Gorbatov, p. 118.
51. Hoover, Sgovio Collection, Box 3.
52. Sgovio, p. 69.
53. Hoover, Sgovio Collection, Box 3.
54. Finkelstein, interview with the author.
55. Durasova, p. 77.
56. N. Petrov and A. Roginsky, “Polskaya operatsiya NKVD, 1937–1938 gg,” in Guryanov, Repressii protiv polyakov, pp. 37–38; N. Petrov, “Polska Operacja NKWD.”
57. Petrov and Roginsky, ibid., p. 24–25.
58. Iwanow, p. 370.
59. N. Petrov, “Polska Operacja NKWD,” pp. 27–29.
60. Ibid., pp. 24–43 and 32.
61. Hoover, Fond 89, 18/12, Reel 1.994; Getty and Naumov, pp. 530–37.
62. Conquest, The Great Terror, pp. 130 and 131.
63. V. Tchernavin, pp. 156–63.
64. Narinsky, Vospominaniya glavnogo bukhgaltera GULAG, p. 60.
65. Khrushchev’s secret speech, reprinted in Khrushchev, p. 585.
66. Jansen and Petrov.
67. Gnedin, pp. 24–31.
68. Conquest, The Great Terror, p. 121.
69. Shentalinsky, p. 26.
70. Hava Volovich, “My Past,” in Vilensky, Till My Tale Is Told, p. 251.
71. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 94.
72. Hoover, Polish Ministry of Information Collection, Box 114, Folder 2.
73. V. Tchernavin, p. 162.
74. Dolgun, pp. 37–38, 193, and 202.
75. Gorbatov, pp. 109–10.
76. Razgon, p. 73.
77. Pechora, interview with the author.
8: Prison
1. GARF, 9401/1a/14.
2. GARF, 9401/1a/128.
3. Sobolev, p. 66.
4. Garaseva, pp. 96–101; for a history of the Lubyanka building, see Sobolev, pp. 11–79.
5. Panin, p. 24.
6. Sergeev, pp. 232–38.
7. Gnedin, pp. 24–31.
8. Butyrsky and Karyshev, pp. 20–21.
9. Garaseva, pp. 96–101.
10. Chetverikov, p. 35.
11. Dolgun, p. 62. The Nazi leader Albert Speer made a very similar “walk,” over many years, in his cell in the Allied prison at Spandau.
12. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, pp. 193 and 267.
13. Finkelstein, interview with the author.
14. GARF, 9413/1/17; 9412/1/25, and 9413/1/6.
15. GARF, 8131/37/360.
16. GARF, 8131/37/796, 1250, and 1251.
17. Zabolotsky, pp. 310–31.
18. Buber-Neumann, p. 36.
19. GARF, 9401/1a/14.
20. Buber-Neumann, p. 33.
21. Trubetskoi, p. 261.
22. Nadezhda Grankina, “Notes by Your Contemporary,” in Vilensky, Till My Tale Is Told, p. 119.
23. Yasnyi, pp. 1–50.
24. Dolgun, p. 15.
25. See, for example, Gorbatov, p. 111; or Zarod, p. 45. Yakov Éfrussi entitled his prison memoirs Kto na “E?” (Who Starts with “E?” ).
26. Vesyolaya, pp. 30–33.
27. Bershadskaya, pp. 37–39.
28. Vesyolaya, pp. 30–33.
29. Buber-Neumann, pp. 36 and 37.
30. Adamova-Sliozberg, pp. 17 and 8.
31. Shalamov, Kolyma Tales, pp. 200–16.
32. Shikheeva-Gaister, pp. 99–104.
33. Bystroletov, p. 115.
34. Pechora, interview with the author.
35. GARF, 9489/2/31.
36. Weissberg, p. 278.
37. Lipper, pp. 7–10.
38. Zarod, p. 39.
39. Finkelstein, interview with the author.
40. Razgon, p. 223.
41. Hoover, Polish Ministry of Information Collection, Box 116, Folder 2.
42. Shalamov, Kolyma Tales, p. 215.
43. Olitskaya, pp. 180–89.
44. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, pp. 71–72.
45. Dolgun, p. 95.
46. Vesyolaya, p. 312.
47. Zhigulin, p. 53.
48. Shalamov, Kolyma Tales, pp. 200–16.
49. Ibid., pp. 213 and 216.
9: Transport, Arrival, Selection
1. Sutherland, p. 136.
2. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 205.
3. Sgovio, pp. 129–35.
4. Khachatryan, interview with the author.
5. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 100.
6. GARF, 8466/1/23.
7. Anonymous, conversation with the author, Vilnius, September 1991; Fidelgolts.
8. Głowacki, pp. 320–405.
9. Bardach, p. 156.
10. Dostoevsky, p. 170.
11. Finkelstein, interview with the author.
12. Buca, p. 26.
13. Finkelstein, interview with the author.
14. Larina, p. 149.
15. Gliksman, pp. 230–31.
16. Panin, p. 36.
17. Ptasnik, pp. 846–54.
18. Noble, p. 71.
19. Tiif, p. 125.
20. Buca, p. 29.
21. Znamenskaya, pp. 20–22.
22. Karta, Kazimierz Zamorski Collection, Folder 1, Files 1253 and 6294.
23. Zabolotsky, p. xx.
24. Bershadskaya, pp. 47–49.
25. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 229.
26. Yakovenko, pp. 176–79.
27. Gagen-Torn, pp. 69–72.
28. H
oover, Polish Ministry of Information Collection, Box 114, Folder 2.
29. Ibid., Box 110, Folder 2.
30. Ptasnik, p. 853.
31. Armonas, pp. 40–44.
32. Sandratskaya, unpublished memoir.
33. Kaufman, pp. 228–33.
34. Karta, Kazimierz Zamorski Collection, Folder 1, File 1253.
35. Stephan, The Russian Far East, pp. 225–32.
36. Tvardovsky, pp. 249–51.
37. Sgovio, pp. 135–44.
38. Conquest, Kolyma, p. 20.
39. Karta, Kazimierz Zamorski Collection, Folder 1, File 1253.
40. Nerler, pp. 360–79.
41. Karta, Kazimierz Zamorski Collection, Folder 1, File 15,876.
42. Hoover, Polish Ministry of Information Collection, Box 113, Folder 9.
43. Sgovio, p. 140.
44. Conquest, Kolyma, p. 24; E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, pp. 351–53.
45. Conquest, Kolyma, p. 25.
46. Ibid., pp. 25–27; Golovanov.
47. Nordlander, “Capital of the Gulag,” pp. 290–91; Conquest, Kolyma, p. 25.
48. Olitskaya, pp. 229–33.
49. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 353.
50. Karta, Kazimierz Zamorski Collection, Folder 1, Files 6294, 15882, and 15876.
51. Sgovio, p. 143.
52. Kuusinen, p. 150.
53. Lipper, pp. 92–95.
54. Karta, Kazimierz Zamorski Collection, Folder 1, File 1722.
55. Elena Glink, “Kolyma Tram,” in Vilensky, Osventsim bez pechei, pp. 10–16.
56. Bardach, pp. 191–93.
57. Karta, Kazimierz Zamorski Collection, Folder 1, File 1253.
58. GARF, 9401/1/614.
59. GARF, 9401/1a/61.
60. GARF, 9401/1a/64.
61. GARF, 9401/2/171 and 199.
62. GARF, 8131/37/2063.
63. GARF, 8131/37/2041.
64. Gagen-Torn, pp. 69–72.
65. Ekart, p. 44.
66. Yakovenko, pp. 176–79.
67. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. II, pp. 495–96.
68. Zhenov, p. 74.
69. Armonas, p. 137.
70. Gursky, unpublished memoir.
71. Chirkov, p. 22.
72. Colonna-Czosnowski, p. 53.
73. GARF, 9414/1/2743.
74. Olitskaya, pp. 234–44.
75. Adamova-Sliozberg, p. 47.
76. Smirnova, interview with the author.
77. Andreevna, interview with the author.
78. Bardach, p. 227.
79. Hoover, Polish Ministry of Information Collection, Box 114, Folder 2.
80. Ulyanovskaya, pp. 356–65.
81. Shalamov, Kolyma Tales, p. 341.
82. Shiryaev, pp. 31–37.
83. For example, GARF, 9489/2/25.
84. Weissberg, p. 92.
85. Gliksman, p. 240; Adamova-Sliozberg, p. 48.
86. Yakir, p. 117.
87. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 365.
88. GARF, 5446/1/54.
89. GARF, 9401/12/316.
90. Bien, unpublished memoir.
91. Gliksman, pp. 218–21.
92. Gagen-Torn, p. 149.
93. Herling, p. 27. The author’s name appears as he was published in English. The Polish spelling of his name is Gustaw Herling-Grudziski.
94. Gliksman, pp. 246–48.
10: Life in the Camps
1. Vilensky, reprinted by permission of the author.
2. Okhotin and Roginskii, pp. 137–525.
3. Okunevskaya, p. 391.
4. GARF, 5446/1/54 and 9401/12/316.
5. GARF, 9489/2/20.
6. GARF, 9401/12/316.
7. GARF, 9414/6/24.
8. Rossi, The Gulag Handbook, p. 137.
9. Buber-Neumann, p. 75.
10. GARF, 9401/12/316.
11. Rossi, The Gulag Handbook, p. 130.
12. Sofsky, p. 55.
13. GARF, 9489, the Dmitlag archives (9489/2/31, for example).
14. GARF, 9401/12/316.
15. GARF, 9401, in the collection of the author.
16. GARF, 8131/37/361.
17. GARF, 8131/37/542.
18. GARF, 9401/1a/136 and 9401/1/4240.
19. Guberman, p. 33.
20. Adamova-Sliozberg, p. 48.
21. Finkelstein, interview with the author.
22. Zarod, p. 103.
23. Kuts, p. 165.
24. Lvov, unpublished memoir.
25. Herling, p. 29.
26. Sofsky has also written about prisoners’ time and space in The Order of Terror. I have borrowed the idea from him.
27. Frid, p. 136.
28. GARF, 9401/12/316.
29. Zarod, pp. 99–100.
30. Frid, p. 136.
31. Zarod, p. 102.
32. GARF, 9401/12/316; Zarod, p. 102.
33. Rossi, The Gulag Handbook, p. 370.
34. Nordlander, “Capital of the Gulag,” p. 158; Mitin.
35. Olitskaya, pp. 234–44; Nordlander, “Capital of the Gulag,” p. 159.
36. Olitskaya, pp. 234–44.
37. GARF, in the collection of the author.
38. GARF, 9401/1a/127.
39. GARF, 9401/1a/128; Berdinskikh, pp. 24–43.
40. N. A. Morozov, GULAG v Komi krae, pp. 72–75.
41. Bondarevsky, p. 44.
42. Pavel Galitsky, “Étogo zabyt nelzya,” in Uroki, pp. 83–85.
43. MacQueen.
44. Hoover, Polish Ministry of Information Collection, Box 114, Folder 2.
45. GARF, 9414/1/2741.
46. Zarod, p. 104.
47. Mirek, Zapiski zaklyuchennogo, p. 116.
48. Herling, p. 113.
49. Lipper, p. 214; Zarod, pp. 104–5.
50. GARF, 9489/2/11.
51. Quoted in Zhigulin, p. 121.
52. Sulimov, pp. 45–55.
53. Sieminski, p. 45.
54. GARF, 8131/37/543.
55. GARF, 9414/1/2887.
56. GARF, 9414/1/496, an order of June 1951, setting up a camp “according to the Gulag plan.”
57. GARF, 9414/6/24.
58. Evstonichev, p. 88.
59. Sulimov, p. 53.
60. GARF, 8131/37/4547.
61. Buber-Neumann, p. 75.
62. GARF, 9401/1a/274.
63. Andreeva, interview with the author.
64. GARF, 9401/1a/141.
65. Lipper, p. 131.
66. Filshtinsky, interview with the author.
67. Arginskaya, interview with the author; GARF, 9401/1a/274.
68. Hoover, Polish Ministry of Information Collection, Box 114, Folder 2.
69. Petrus, pp. 58–65.
70. Pechora, interview with the author.
71. Pechora, interview with the author; Bulgakov, interview with the author.
72. Arginskaya, interview with the author.
73. Pechora, interview with the author; Petrus, pp. 58–65.
74. Rozina, pp. 67–75.
75. Smirnova, interview with the author.
76. Ibid.
77. Sgovio, p. 186.
78. Vardi, pp. 93–150.
79. GARF, 9414/6/24 and 25.
80. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. II, p. 268.
81. Rozina, pp. 67–75.
82. Vogelfanger, p. 67.
83. Okunevskaya, p. 391.
84. Golovanov, pp. 110–15 and 122.
85. Petrus, pp. 58–65.
86. Colonna-Czosnowski, p. 113.
87. GARF, 9414/4/1 (Perekovka of June 30, 1934).
88. Karta, Archiwum Wschodnie, V/AC/183.
89. GARF, 5446/1/54; Rossi, The Gulag Handbook, p. 14.
90. GARF, 9401/1/713.
91. Waydenfeld, p. 132.
92. Shalamov, Kolyma Tales, p. 132.
93. GARF, 9489/2/20.
94. GARF, 8131/37/357.
95. GARF, 8131/37.
96. GARF, 9401
/1a/16.
97. GARF, 9489/2/20/64.
98. Arginskaya, interview with the author.
99. Sitko, interview with the author.
100. Filshtinsky, interview with the author.
101. Zhigulin, pp. 174–78.
102. Pechora, interview with the author.
103. GARF, 9414/3/9.
104. Shalamov, Kolyma Tales, pp. 337–38, 338–39, and 340.
105. Sgovio, p. 175.
106. Shalamov, Kolyma Tales, p. 341.
107. Rozina, pp. 67–75.
108. Shalamov, Kolyma Tales, p. 336.
109. Levinson, pp. 39–40.
110. Armonas, p. 123.
111. Sitko, interview with the author.
112. Sulimov, p. 43.
113. GARF, 9489/2/15.
114. GARF, 9401/1/713.
115. GARF, 9401/1a/128.
116. GARF, 9401/1a/140.
117. GARF, 9401/1a/189; 9401/1/713; 9401/1a/141 and 119.
118. GARF, 9489/2/20/109–113.
119. Kedrovyi Shor, in the collection of the author.
120. Narinsky, Vospominaniya, p. 138.
121. Ibid., pp. 136–37.
122. Kedrovyi Shor, in the collection of the author; GARF, 9489/2/5.
123. GARF, 9489/2/19.
124. Gliksman, p. 301.
125. GARF, 9401/1a/189.
126. V. Gorkhova, “Raport vracha,” in Uroki, pp. 103–5.
127. Alin, pp. 185–91.
128. Petrov, pp. 216 and 178.
129. Yakovenko, pp. 180–81.
130. Samsonov, Zhizn prodolzhaetsya, pp. 70–71.
131. GARF, 9414/1/25.
132. GARF, 9489/2/10.
133. GARF, 8131/37/809, 797, and 1251.
134. Kedrovyi Shor, in the collection of the author.
135. GARF, 8131/37/361.
136. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, pp. 386–89.
137. E. Ginzburg, Within the Whirlwind, p. 65.
138. Kedrovyi Shor, in the collection of the author.
139. GARF, 8181/37/4544.
140. Veselovsky, p. 131.
141. Alin, pp. 185–91.
142. Zarod, p. 100.
143. Ibid., p. 140.
144. Shalamov, Kolyma Tales, p. 74.
145. Petrov, p. 99.
146. Sgovio, p. 161.
147. Zarod, p. 100.
148. Panin, pp. 74 and 162.
149. Pechora, interview with the author.
11: Work in the Camps
1. Reprinted in Cohen, pp. 96–97.
2. GARF, 9414/6 (photo albums).
3. Okhotin and Roginsky, pp. 137–476.
4. GARF, 9414/6/8.
5. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind and Within the Whirlwind.
6. Sitko, interview with the author.
7. Filshtinsky, p. 37.
8. GARF, 9489/2/9.
9. Pryadilov, pp. 113–14.
10. Weissberg, p. 96.
11. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 49.
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