Chapter 16 – Divided Empires
1 WHOSE LIBERTY?
‘The cost in men’ Nicholas Monsarrat in his autobiographical novel The Cruel Sea Cassell 1951 pp.151–2
‘My father was able’ Tom Bower Nazi Gold HarperCollins 1997 p.13
‘gigantic sums’ ibid. p.58
‘irrelevant under Swiss law’ ibid. p.111
‘A January 1944 opinion survey’ USNA State Department Opinion Surveys RG59 Box 11
‘had a very vague’ Fyodor Mochulsky Gulag Boss Oxford 2010 p.141
‘The Japs live like’ Blum p.160
‘It was a very white’ Capano MS Armageddon files
‘The danger lies not’ Blum p.92
‘as the Roman legions’ ibid. p.149
‘If we send you’ AI Carullo, Armageddon files
‘Sergeant Henry Kissinger’ AI Kissinger Armageddon files
‘very interesting to’ Hagen p.169
‘All on board felt’ Commandant Bazoche Operational Report quoted Tute p.206
‘I must record reality’ Generazione ribelle: Diari e lettere dal 1943 al 1945 a cura di Mario Avagliano Einaudi Storia 2006 p.77
‘I feel that his’ Anne-Marie Walters Moondrop to Gascony MPG Books 2009 p.233
‘He will not have’ Peter Kemp The Thorns of Memory Sinclair-Stevenson 1990 p.196
‘As time went on’ ibid. p.200
‘We thought perhaps’ Killingray p.61
‘When we heard about’ ibid. p.59
‘Sinclair … had the list’ ibid. p.50
‘Sole, sole, sole’ ibid. p.160
‘Our boss was involved’ ibid. p.54
‘powerful juju’ ibid. p.86
‘A further twenty-four’ ibid. p.122
‘In India, segregated’ ibid. p.109
‘we were lucky’ ibid. pp.134–5
‘Poor Corporal Atang’ ibid. p.172
‘a white man’s war’ Christopher Somerville Our War Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1998 p.183
‘There’s a war going’ ibid. p.29
‘A nasty evening’ Richard Hough One Boy’s War Heinemann 1975 p.17
‘In August 1942’ Public Opinion p.86
‘Our enemy was primarily’ Anwar Sadat In Search of Identity Collins 1978 p.26
‘We are a group’ ibid. p.25
‘Although his reason’ Edgar Snow Journey to the Beginning Gollancz 1959 p.206
‘It [is] obvious’ Works of Nehru Vol. XII p.39 25.12.42
‘We couldn’t help’ Smith Singapore Burning p.57
‘I could see no particular’ Cooper Trumpets p.131
‘I have always cherished’ Bayly & Harper p.343
2 THE RAJ: UNFINEST HOUR
‘that it was monstrous’ Amery p.104
‘Veer Damodar Savarkar’ Jayakar Papers 709 1940 National Archives of India
‘The present is not’ Towards Freedom: Documents on the Movement for Independence in India 1940 pt.1 OUP 1978
‘I am now in the army’ Bayly & Harper p.74
‘Yet every nation’ Statesman 10.6.40
‘In the summer of 1940’ Works of Nehru Vol. XIII p.59 13.2.43
‘there is no question’ ibid. Vol. XII p.2
‘There is a large’ Linlithgow quoted Madhusree Mukerjee Churchill’s Secret War Basic 2010 p.63
‘an exhilarating departure’ Bayly & Harper p.248
‘Those bloody idiots’ Clive Branson British Soldier in India: The Letters of Clive Branson Communist Party London 1944 pp.87 & 134
‘in the eyes of Mahatma Gandhi’ Bayly & Harper p.303
‘venereal disease-ridden’ ibid. p.448
‘when there is tragedy’ Selected Works of Nehru Vol. XIII p.19 3.10.42
‘provisional Indian government’ Bayly & Harper p.322
‘After being captured’ Thompson Burma p.254
‘I am not a doll’ ibid. p.326
‘I did not believe that’ ibid. p.327
‘We could not afford’ Mukerjee p.282
‘There I saw nearly’ ibid.
‘We come home to’ ibid. p.286
‘A concession to one’ ibid. p.103
‘There is no reason’ ibid. p.117
‘In Sapurapota village’ ibid. pp.154, 167 & 151
‘rickety babies’ ibid. p.287
‘reports from Bengal’ Works of Nehru Vol. XIII p.242
‘Cabinet … [Winston] talked’ John Barnes & David Nicholson eds The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries 1929–45 Hutchinson 1988 p.1026 21.1.45
Chapter 17 – Asian Fronts
1 CHINA
‘In her great effort’ Edgar Snow Saturday Evening Post June 1936
‘Local people were much’ Jonathan Fenby Generalissimo Free Press 2003 p.315
‘The Japanese were the only’ Jeffrey Lockwood Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War Oxford 2009 p.108 & passim
‘That the Japanese attempted’ Daniel Barenblatt A Plague Upon Humanity Souvenir 2004
‘One of them was’ AI Lin Yajin Nemesis files
‘he told me I was’ AI Deng Yumin Nemesis files
‘Terrible things were done’ AI Hando, Nemesis files
‘America & Britain had been’ Bayly & Harper p.2
2 JUNGLE-BASHING AND ISLAND-HOPPING
‘in Japan the infantryman’ Bayly & Harper p.274
‘I am far from satisfied’ Marshall Papers Box 64/27
‘a gigantic system’ Hugh Dalton Diaries ed. Ben Pimlott Jonathan Cape 1986 4.8.44
‘Neither I nor my Gurkha’ Thompson Forgotten Voices of Burma p.71
‘I had a wounded Gurkha’ ibid. p.83
‘The newspapers back in India’ ibid. p.107
‘It was lined with amphtracs’ Karl Albrecht Tarawa Remembered in Follow Me November 1993 p.28
‘The water never seemed’ Miller p.105
‘Though Roosevelt and his’ Public Opinion p.263
Chapter 18 – Italy: High Hopes, Sour Fruits
1 SICILY
‘How is victory possible’ Evelyn Waugh Diaries p.559
‘Everywhere the British’ Marshall Papers Box 64/27
‘A marked change’ Origo p.55
‘We surrender’ Carlo D’Este Bitter Victory Collins 1988 p.244
‘In my opinion’ Poppel p.123
‘The Tommies obviously’ ibid. p.130
‘You have to hand’ ibid. p.133
‘in a mood of fiesta’ Rick Atkinson Day of Battle Henry Holt 2007 p.115
‘A queer race’ Peter Schrijvers The Crash of Ruin New York University Press 1998 p.120
‘This is not’ Atkinson p.127
‘plodding along’ David Cole Rough Road to Rome Kimber 1983 pp.443–4
‘The Italians virtually never’ D’Este Bitter Victory p.439
‘A ghostly old woman’ Jack Belden, Time magazine 23.8.43
‘The end is now’ Klemperer Vol. II p.303
‘We don’t really’ ibid. p.349
‘With more grit’ Hagen p.74
‘We hoped and hoped’ Wolff-Monckeburg p.73
‘The Germans have undoubtedly’ Wigram’s report, a penetrating analysis of British tactical shortcomings which seems valid for the entire 1943–45 period, is printed as an appendix in Denis Forman To Reason Why André Deutsch 1991 pp.197–204
2 THE ROAD TO ROME
‘In the belief that’ Lewis p.17
‘Shells whined swiftly’ Michael Howard Captain Professor Continuum 2004 p.73
‘During the night’ Peter Moore No Need to Worry Wilton 65 2002 p.109
‘Here we got our first’ Hagen p.75
‘If the “liberation”’ Origo p.101 20.10.43
‘Italy would break’ Atkinson p.251
‘Great excavations in’ John Guest Broken Images Hart Davis 1949 p.199
‘I hate to disillusion’ Mowat p.137
‘Our boys aren’t’ Atkinson p.258
‘climbing a ladder’ Richard Doherty A Noble Crusade Rockville New York
1999 p.159
‘I wish the people’ George Biddle Artist at War New York 1944 p.177
‘under a hail of fire’ D.C. Bloomfield-Smith ed. Fourth Indian Reflections Larman 1987 p.59
‘The leading companies’ ibid. p.56
‘I feel that much’ Franco Busatti Dal Volturno a Cassino RSI website
‘Wouldn’t this be’ Atkinson pp.288–9
‘I would like’ ibid. p.293
‘It is … necessary’ Origo p.23 1.4.43
‘I won’t fight on’ ibid. p.97
‘Half Italy is’ Generazione ribelle p.25 8.9.43
‘leader of a people’ Eugenio Corti The Last Soldiers of the King University of Missouri Press 2003 p.108
‘We are poor wretches’ Generazione ribelle p.48
‘All the children were’ Mafai p.211
‘Whenever they take’ Lewis pp.143–4
‘A woman’s head appeared’ Bloomfield-Smith p.50
‘Now it turns out’ Mowat p.187
‘I’ll be alive’ Alex Bowlby Recollections of Rifleman Bowlby Leo Cooper 1969 p.127
‘Shooting in the early days’ LHA Penney Papers 8/33
‘The peasants read these’ Origo p.186 21.5.44
‘Please – wouldn’t the children’ ibid. p.198
‘the Goums have completed’ ibid. p.236 1.7.44
3 YUGOSLAVIA
‘Many had never’ Milovan Djilas Wartime Secker & Warburg 1980 p.309
‘The country was very’ Roderick Bailey ed. Forgotten Voices of the Secret War Ebury 2008 p.160
‘Macedonia, which was’ Dimitris Livanios The Macedonian Question Oxford 2008 p.119
‘The army of Mihailovic’ Bailey p.169
‘Sometimes [the Chetniks] would’ ibid. p.171
‘Unfortunately the Chetniks’ ibid. p.167
‘Look what you have’ Djilas p.236
‘Covered with orchards’ ibid. p.139
‘Though quite a few’ ibid. pp.155 & 160
‘You are fighting for’ ibid. p.170
‘All the villages’ ibid. p.180
‘It would be immoral’ ibid. p.197
‘they couldn’t be told’ ibid. p.304
‘After we had’ Diario di Guerra: Con gli Alpini in Montenegro 1941–1943 pub. Mursia 2010.p.15
‘We know, but there’s’ Djilas p.330
‘Why were doctors’ ibid. p.285
‘he survived the war’ ibid. p.283
Chapter 19 – War in the Sky
1 BOMBERS
‘I saw myself as’ E.P. Bone unpublished MS, Bomber Command files
‘I experience an exhilaration’ Wellum p.105
‘I would not trade’ AI Dorfman, Armageddon files
‘We had all the glory’ AI Wells, Armageddon files
‘I have never spoken’ Day-Lewis p.81
‘Perhaps a quarter’ AI Owen, Bomber Command files
‘With the start the Germans’ AI Addison, Bomber Command files
‘[A] vital lesson’ Alexander Seversky Victory Thru Air Power New York 1942 p.73
‘In the second half’ see Williamson Murray Luftwaffe Allen & Unwin 1985 passim.
‘We learned very early’ Wooldridge p.196
‘A man approached death’ Ernie Pyle V was for Victory New York 1945 p.61
‘You were resigned’ AI Bufton Bomber Command files
‘I woke up!’ Bomber Command correspondence
‘The briefings were very’ AI Owen, Bomber Command files
‘In their efforts to’ Hastings Bomber Command p.104
‘Winston’s attitude to’ AI Harris, Bomber Command files
‘We could have kept’ AI Brennan Armageddon files
‘If you had losses’ AI Maze, Bomber Command files
‘Good bods Pyatt, Donner’ Bone MS
‘We learned to live’ John Muirhead Those Who Fall Random House 1986 p.4
‘When I asked him’ Cochrane MS, Cochrane papers
‘The wounds were superficial’ Crafter MS Bomber Command files
‘Thirty sorties in’ Cochrane MS
‘I clearly remember’ Raynes MS Bomber Command files
‘You joked about’ AI Owen
‘When a plane blew up’ Harry H. Crosby A Wing and a Prayer Robson 1993 p.95
2 TARGETS
‘supported as he was’ USMHI Sir Frederick Morgan quoted Pogue The Supreme Command files
‘The Möhne was breached’ John Sweetman The Dambusters Raid Arms & Armour 1993 passim. This is the most authoritative account of the mission.
‘We were told the British’ Wolff-Monckeburg p.72
‘Adam Tooze has made’ Tooze p.556 and passim
‘Adam Tooze believes’ ibid. p.603
‘These raids on’ Bomber Command files
‘Hundreds of flak guns’ Potsdam Vol. IX/I p.391
‘Our Führer ought’ ibid. p.382
‘often feeling that’ ibid. p.453
‘These elements cannot’ Tooze pp.629–30
‘The white stripes moved’ Potsdam Vol. IX/1 p.390
‘They were torn from’ Potsdam Vol. IX/I p.75
‘At the front of the room’ ibid. p.427
‘a stupid, impudent’ ibid. pp.404–5
‘For two whole hours’ Wolff-Monckeburg p.76 24.8.43
‘That afternoon … I had’ Ursula Gebel ‘November 1943 in Charlottenburg’ quoted Roger Moorhouse Berlin at War Bodley Head 2010 p.323
‘We stood in the fartherest’ Klaus Schmidt Die Brandnacht Darmstadt 1964 p.91
‘There was a crash’ ibid. p.80
‘We were all petrified’ ibid. p.83
‘All one could see were’ ibid. p.80
‘What a homecoming’ Metelmann p.180
‘I heard today that’ Ostellino p.268 9.12.42
‘in at the finish’ Unpublished MS Just a Gamble, Bomber Command files
‘The planes are over’ Potsdam Vol. IX/I p.468
‘Fear and panic rule’ ibid. p.473
‘It is a reproach’ Spectator 25.2.44
‘It all boils down to’ AI Harris Bomber Command files
‘I have no intention’ Cochrane Papers Harris MS
Chapter 20 – Victims
1 MASTERS AND SLAVES
‘Eva’s birthday’ Klemperer Vol. II p.408
‘I was so far’ IWM 96/55/1 ZR Pomorski
‘Lice bugs bugs lice’ IWM Feliks Lachman MS 91/6/1
‘To put matters brutally’ British Library India Office Records L/PJ/8/412/319. For a vivid account of the entire Polish saga, see Matthew Kelly Finding Poland Cape 2010
‘I had dressed’ IWM 06/52/1 Szmulek Goldberg MS
‘I don’t believe’ Guest p.202
‘The former social order’ Chin Kee On Malaya Upside Down Singapore 1946 p.190
‘Ya Njonja’ Elizabeth van Kampen memoir, Dutch East Indies website
‘The … disgusting thing’ Moltke p.244
‘My dear father’ IWM 95/13/1 lzak MS
‘I have been to Malaya’ Bayly & Harper p.223
‘Let us dance happily’ ibid. p.179
‘The Japanese seemed’ ibid. p.234
‘I’ve been to the American’ Maier p.328
‘Oh, this is something’ AI Gabor, Armageddon files
‘In one area’ Moltke p.175
‘If you shut yourself’ Maier 29.10.42
‘In occupied western Europe’ see Mark Mazower Hitler’s Empire Penguin 2008 for an exceptionally lucid exposition of many issues in this chapter
‘a catastrophic destruction’ Tooze p.522
‘if the children aren’t’ Potsdam Vol. IX/1 p.262
‘We are still much too’ ibid. p.267
‘Foreign workers and slaves’ Tooze p.537
2 KILLING JEWS
‘I saw these people’ Jones Retreat p.23
‘must be done with’ Potsdam Vol. IX/I pp.349–51
‘If we entirely dispense’ Peter Longerich Holocaust Oxford 2010 p.211
‘As John Lukacs has observed’ John Lukacs The Legacy of the Second World War Yale 2010
‘One simply could not’ Christopher Browning Ordinary Men Penguin 1998 pp.19–21
‘Peter Longerich, one of the more’ Longerich p.261 et seq.
‘The leadership at the centre’ ibid. p.426
‘In autumn 1941 the Nazi’ ibid. p.271
‘Hans Michaelis’ Maria Sello Ein Familien und Zeitdokument 1933–45 unpublished MS Wiener Library quoted Roger Moorhouse p.178
‘Sadly I have to say’ Potsdam Vol. IX/I p.362
‘Voichita Aurel’ Sebastian p.268 28.1.40
‘In March 1942, Himmler’ Spectator 11.12.42
‘At least nine-tenths’ Moltke p.285
‘in Moscow at Easter’ Brontman p.132
‘Hitler did a good job’ Merridale p.253
‘an indigestible lump’ Garrard Bones quoted ibid. p.253
‘In 1945, when’ cf Anonymous, A Woman in Berlin
‘During the Soviet occupation’ Merridale p.108
‘Two of the most’ Koa Wing p.74 26.3.41
‘Murray Mendelsohn’ AI Mendelsohn, Armageddon files
‘fucking Jew’ Stephen Ambrose Band of Brothers Simon & Schuster 1992 p.22
‘As late as December’ Public Opinion p.385
‘Familiar stuff’ Martin Gilbert Auschwitz and the Allies Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1981 p.99 BNA FO 921/7
‘In London these’ Karski p.393
‘Most of us were still’ Schlesinger p.307
‘It took some time’ Jeffrey p.xiii
‘“Atrocity stories” had’ George Orwell Tribune 31.3.44
‘In May 1945’ Public Opinion p.501
‘After us there might’ Potsdam Vol. IX/I p.342
‘On 13 July 1942’ this account is taken from Browning p.2 & passim
‘In no case can I’ ibid. p.128
‘Where are my’ ibid. p.83
‘If this tragedy was’ IWM 02/23/1 Frank Bleichman
‘Rita, you must’ Moorhouse pp195–6
Chapter 21 – Europe Becomes a Battlefield
‘Hitler could think only’ AI Schröder, Armageddon files
‘Everything is melting’ Belov diary 17.4.43
‘the Soviet bacillus’ Merridale p.200
‘They slept with Germans’ Brontman pp.231–3 9.11.43 and p.262 21.2.44
‘Uncle, have you’ ibid. p.271 21.4.44
‘Just praise has been’ see David Glanz Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War Frank Cass 1989
All Hell Let Loose Page 94