The Great War

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The Great War Page 67

by Peter Hart


  Sarrail, General Maurice 188, 190, 191–2, 192–3, 194

  Sassoon, Siegfried 462

  Saucke, Lieutenant A. 370–71

  Sava River 165

  Savière River 445

  Scapa Flow 101, 103, 117, 252, 253

  Scarborough 114

  Scarpe River 331, 416, 425, 426, 452

  Scarpe, Second Battle of the (1917) 338

  Scarpe, Third Battle of the (1917) 345

  Scarpe River 331, 416, 425, 426, 452

  Scarpe Valley 336

  Scharnhorst (armoured cruiser) 110, 112, 113

  Scheer, Admiral Reinhard

  commander of the German High Seas Fleet 250–52

  Battle of Jutland 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 260–63, 266

  attempts submarine trap at Sunderland 306

  Chief of German Admiralty Staff 323

  Schleicher, Lieutenant 460–61

  Schlieffen, General Alfred von 13, 16, 80, 469

  and the Austrian Army 15

  Schlieffen Plan 13–14, 32, 87

  Battle of Liège 35–8

  advance through Belgium 50–51

  failure of 67

  and Ludendorff 85

  Schulze, Corporal 208

  Schwaben Redoubt, Somme 212, 221, 235

  Schwieger, Lieutenant Walther 121

  Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 182

  Sea War 94–123, 250–67, 305–25

  British naval power 94–5

  German threat to British dominance 7, 8, 95, 97

  German Navy deficiencies 95

  Tirpitz appointed to Imperial Naval Office 95–6

  ‘risk fleet’ concept 96

  Entente Cordiale 97

  naval race 97, 98

  dreadnoughts 98–9

  Tirpitz’s concern with buoyancy 99–100

  submarines and torpedoes 100–101

  mines 101

  German destroyers 101

  Britain operates distant blockade 101

  early mobilisation by Britain 101–2

  ‘fleet in being’ concept 102

  roles of Grand Fleet 103–4

  Battle of Heligoland Bight 104

  U-boat living conditions 105–6

  U-boat successes 106–7

  resumption of U-boat campaign 250–51

  Scheer’s determination to trap Grand Fleet 251–52

  Fifth Battle Squadron super-dreadnoughts 252

  Battle of Jutland 253–67, 305–6, 308

  crisis of the submarine war, 1917 308–25

  US declaration of war (1917) 309–10, 311

  Zeebrugge Raid 319–23

  Seckinger, Corporal 128

  Second Balkan War (1913) 21

  Second Brusilov Offensive 299

  Seeckt, General Hans von 246

  Sefik, Lieutenant Colonel Mehmet 171

  Seine River 63

  Senegalese infantry 444

  Serbia

  relationship with Russia 5–6, 27

  supports Slavic groupings within Austro-Hungarian Empire 9

  independence 10

  Austrian plans to invade 20

  in Balkan Wars 22

  and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 24–5, 27

  Austria’s ultimatum 26, 27

  Austria declares war on 83, 91

  Mackensen Offensive 164–5, 188

  captured by Central Powers 165

  Bulgaria’s potential attack on 187, 188

  and secret Treaty of London 379

  Serbian Army 26, 91–2, 409

  First Army 91–2

  Second Army 91–2

  Third Army 91–2

  and Austro-Hungarian Army 19, 187

  fights on after Serbia captured 165

  evacuated to Corfu 189

  reconstituted Serbian divisions 189

  Serre 220, 239

  Servon 442

  Seven Years War (1754–63) viii

  Seydlitz (battlecruiser) 115, 116, 117, 254, 256, 264, 324

  Shaiba, Battle of (1915) 271

  Shaitan (armed tug) 274, 275

  Shannon, Major William Boyd 180–81

  Shatt al-Arab 268, 269

  Shatt-al-Hai Canal 275

  Shea, general 407

  Sheikh Sa’ad 279, 281, 289

  Sheikh Sa’ad, Battle of (1916) 281

  Shrewsbury Forest 356

  Shumran Bend 291

  Sinai Campaign 393–7

  Sinai Desert 185, 394, 395, 396

  Skagerrak 253, 262

  Skilbeck-Smith, Second Lieutenant Richard 190

  Skopje 195

  Smith-Dorrien, General Sir Horace

  commands BEF II Corps 52, 71

  at Mons 53–4

  Battle of Le Cateau 57

  military career 52

  Second Battle of Ypres 141

  Smith-Dorrien Line 136, 138

  Snow, Lieutenant General Sir Thomas D’Oyly 63

  Soissons 443

  Somme 63, 68, 406, 413, 414, 415, 446, 453

  Somme Front 333, 435

  Somme Offensive (1916) x, 73, 209–40, 246, 288, 326, 327, 330, 334, 347, 359

  Joffre’s choice of location 197

  start of British and French bombardment 205

  Rawlinson’s plans 210–11

  German defences and defensive tactics 211–13, 232

  British artillery 213

  creeping barrage innovation 213, 222, 225, 229, 232–3, 239

  role of aircraft 213–16

  preliminary barrage 216–18, 219

  letters home 218–19

  the first day 219–24

  casualties 224, 240

  Falkenhayn’s dictat 226

  Battle of Bazentin Ridge 226–8

  Battle of Flers-Courcelette 231–5

  introduction of the tank 231–5, 340

  Battle of Morval 235

  Battle of the Ancre 239–40

  Somme Offensive (1918) see Spring Offensive

  Somme River 222, 414, 417, 421, 424, 434, 453

  Sophia, Queen of Greece 188

  Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg 24

  Sotheby, Second Lieutenant Lionel 146

  Souchez 151

  Souchon, Rear Admiral Wilhelm 167, 168

  South Tyrol 392

  Soviet of People’s Commissars 303

  Spanish-American War 412

  Spartacist Uprising (1919) 470

  Spee, Vice Admiral Maximilian von

  commands East Asiatic Squadron 109–10

  Battle of Coronel 110, 111

  Battle of the Falkland Islands 111–13

  Speiss, Captain Lieutenant Johannes 105–6, 316–17

  Spitfire 263

  Spithead Review (1914) 102

  Spring Offensive (1918)

  aim of 315

  Operation Michael 416–27

  failure of Operation Mars 425–7

  Operation Georgette 428–38

  Operation Blücher 438–41, 443

  Operation Gneisenau 441–2

  Friedensturm (Peace Offensive) 442–3

  Second Battle of the Marne 442–6

  Steenbeek Valley 354, 357

  Stopford, Lieutenant General Sir

  Frederick 178, 182, 183, 184

  Straussenburg, General Arthur Arz von 299, 389

  Streicher, Lieutenant 386

  Struma Valley 192, 195

  Strumnica 195

  Stumpf, Seaman Richard 324, 466–7

  Sturdee, Vice Admiral Doveton 111

  submarines 11, 100–101

  Suez Canal 185, 269, 393–7, 409

  Suez Expeditionary Force (SEF) 394

  Sulzbach, Lieutenant Herbert 417

  Supreme War Council 388, 414–15, 464

  Sussex (ferry steamer) 251

  Suvla Bay 176, 177, 178, 180–82, 184, 185

  Suvla Plain 177, 182–3

  Sydney, HMAS 110

  Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) 471

  Syria 5, 471, 472

/>   T

  Tagliamento Line 388

  tank, the

  first use of 231–5, 340

  French tank development 344–5

  use at Cambrai 370–71, 372–3, 374, 377

  at Second Battle of Gaza 401

  first clash between opposing tanks 435–7

  Tannenberg, Battle of (1914) 81, 86, 88, 125, 162

  Tarnopolm 299

  Teichmann, Captain Oscar 404–5

  Tekke Tepe 177, 181, 182, 183

  Tel es Sheria 403

  Thetis (cruiser) 319, 322

  Thiepval 212

  Thiepval Spur 224, 229, 235

  Thierry, Sergeant 44

  Thomason, Second Lieutenant John 444

  Thorpe-Tracey, Lance Corporal Reginald 153–4

  Three Year Law (1913) 17

  Thunderer 264

  Tiger (battlecruiser) 115

  Tigris River 268, 270, 272, 274–7, 281, 282, 285, 289, 291, 293, 396

  Timberlake, Private Morley 454

  Tipperary 263, 264

  Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred 325

  Secretary of State of Imperial Naval Office 95–6, 102

  personality 96

  buoyancy issue 99–200

  British supremacy at sea 102–3, 472

  Tolmein 386

  torpedo, long-range 100

  Tower Hill 273

  Townsend, Captain Robert 195

  Townshend, Major General Charles 290, 291

  commands 6th Indian Division 272

  military career 272–3

  advance along the Tigris 272–7

  orders retreat 278

  siege at Kut 279, 280, 281, 282, 287

  surrender at Kut 287

  Transylvanian Alps 248

  Trenchard, Lieutenant Colonel Hugh

  commander of First Wing, RFC 135, 238, 332

  Battle of Neuve Chapelle 135

  relationship with Haig 135, 136

  and Battle of the Somme 213–14

  and Battle of Arras 334

  Trent Front 379, 380, 388, 389

  Trentino Offensive 382

  Trentino region 10, 378

  Trentino Salient 379, 382

  Trentino Sector 392

  Trianon, Treaty of (1920) 471

  Trieste (port) 379, 392

  Trieste region 10, 378

  Triple Alliance

  formed (1882) 2, 10

  competition with Central Powers 11

  Triple Entente 9, 18, 22, 27, 324, 469

  Tripolitania 21

  Trotha, Rear Admiral Adolf von 324–5

  Trotsky, Leon 300, 302, 303

  Tudor, Brigadier General Hugh 369

  Tudor St John, Captain Beauchamp 58–9, 76–7

  Tunisia 5, 10

  Turkey

  Russia’s plans for Constantinople 6, 19–20

  relationship with Germany 10–11

  Churchill’s confiscation of Turkish dreadnoughts 167–8

  Russia declares war on Turkey 168

  Mehmed V declares Holy War 168, 271, 394

  signs Armistice 409, 462

  fall of 470

  Turkish Army

  Fifth Army 170

  III Corps 402

  7th Division 182

  12th Division 182

  19th Turkish Division 171

  38th Division 269

  2/27 Regiment 171

  3/26th Regiment 172

  and German Military Mission 10, 167

  close military co-operation with Germany 22

  Liman promoted to Inspector General 22

  and British defeat at Gallipoli 184, 185, 280, 288

  mobilisation of troops 268

  weak opposition to IEF ‘D’ 270

  and Sinai Campaign 394–7

  and T.E. Lawrence 398

  and Palestinian Campaign 399–409

  Turkish Navy

  and British Naval Mission 22, 167

  dreadnoughts 98, 167–8

  raid on Black Sea ports 168

  Tussum Post 394

  Tyrol 379

  Tyrolean Offensive 382

  Tyrwhitt, Commodore Reginald 104, 115

  U

  U-boats (Unterseeboots)

  U-9 105

  U-17 120

  U-19 316, 317

  U-24 122

  U-27 122

  U-82 314

  U-94 314

  UB-29 251

  undetectable menace 100–101

  and Scapa Flow 103

  armoured cruiser incident 106–7

  blockade by 120–23

  importance of convoys 120–21, 311–12, 319

  redeployment of 123

  resumption of campaign 250–51

  Scheer’s failed submarine ambushes 253, 306

  unrestricted submarine warfare 307–9

  Allied merchant shipping losses 308

  Jellicoe establishes Anti-Submarine Division at Admiralty 310

  wireless silence 314, 323

  net and mine barrages 318, 319

  and Portugal 428

  Udet, Lieutenant Ernst 422–3

  Udine 379

  United States

  and British blockade of Germany 119

  and sinking of civilian liners 121–2, 123

  and German submarine warfare 307, 308, 309

  declares war on Germany 309, 311, 411

  response to Sussex incident 251

  Upper Isonzo 380, 385

  Urbal, General Victor d’ 145

  US Army

  expansion of 411

  National Guard called up 411

  conscription 411

  immediate logistic problems 411

  see also American Expeditionary Force

  V

  Valley of Esdraelon 407

  Vardar River 191

  Vardar Valley 188, 194

  Varela, SS 278

  Vendhuile 459

  Venerable (pre-dreadnought) 70

  Venizelos, Eleutherios 188, 191, 194

  Verdun 62, 65, 198

  Verdun, Battle of (1916) 73, 198–209, 211, 229, 230, 231, 236, 238, 240, 242, 246, 288, 326, 327, 328, 338, 359, 374, 382

  Versailles, Treaty of (1919) 470

  Victor Emanuel, King of Italy 379

  Vierzy 444

  Villers-Bretonneux 427, 437, 438

  Vimy Ridge 127, 144–5, 149, 151, 331, 334, 335, 346, 417

  Vimy Ridge, Battle of (1917) 335–6

  Vindictive 319, 320, 321, 322

  Vistula River 85, 88, 90, 161

  Vitart, Lieutenant Colonel 42

  Vittorio Veneto, Battle of (1918) 390–92

  Vivian, Captain Gerald 119

  Voie Sacrée (supply route to Verdun) 203

  Von der Tann 254

  W

  Wadi, Battle of (1916) 281

  Wadi Fara Pass 408

  Wainwright, Able Seaman Wilfred 319–21

  Walker, Major Ernest 280, 282–3

  Wancourt 337

  War Office 277, 288

  War Policy Committee 312

  Warren, Second Lieutenant Frank 427

  Warren, Lieutenant Peter 334–5

  Warrior 258–60

  Warsaw 89, 162, 165

  Warsaw, Second Battle of (1914) 90

  Warspite 260

  Watson-Armstrong, Captain William 142

  Weddigen, Captain Lieutenant Otto 105, 106–7

  Wegener, Captain Lieutenant Bernard 122

  Weimar Republic 470

  Weinert, Sergeant 234–5

  Weltpolitik 4

  Wemyss, Vice Admiral Rosslyn 315

  Werner, Captain 95

  Western Front 32–80, 124–56, 196–241, 326–77, 400, 410–67

  Plan XVII 32

  Alsace-Lorraine offensive 38–41

  Ardennes offensive 41–50

  Schlieffen Plan

  the capture of Liège 32, 35–8

  advance through Belgium 50–51

  Battle of Mons 51–9<
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  Joffre’s plans 59–64

  Battle of the Marne 65–7

  1st Battle of the Aisne 67

  1st Battle of Ypres 69–77

  trench system 124–5, 144, 145

  French series of major offensives (1914–15) 126–30

  Battle of Neuve Chapelle 130–39

  2nd Battle of Ypres 139–44

  spring offensives 144–8

  autumn offensives 148–52

  Loos Offensive 152–4, 155

  balance of power changing 196

  Battle of Verdun 198–209

  Battle of the Somme see Somme Offensive

  reorganisation of German defences 327

  Joffre replaced by Nivelle 328

  Lloyd George’s schemes 328–9

  British Arras offensive 330–38

  Nivelle Offensive 338–45

  Battle of Messines 347–51

  Third Battle of Ypres 351–68

  Battle of Cambrai 367, 369–77

  German divisions transfer from Eastern Front 410

  creation of the American Expeditionary Force 411–13

  Lloyd George warned of Central Powers’ plans 413–14

  Supreme War Council 414–15

  Spring Offensive see Spring Offensive

  Battle of Hamel 447

  Battle of Amiens 447–52

  Battle of Albert 452–3

  Battle of Saint Mihiel 454–5

  Westfalen 263

  Westhoek Ridge 356

  Westmacott, Major Thomas 463

  Wheatstone Bridge 349

  Wheeler, Private Harold 287–8

  White Army 304

  Widdison, Able Seaman Cyril 321, 322

  Wiese, Lieutenant 419

  Wilhelm, Crown Prince 199, 202

  Wilhelm I, Kaiser, crowned German Emperor (1871) 1

  Wilhelm II, Kaiser

  aims for Germany 2

  visits Jerusalem 405

  dismisses Bismarck 2, 410

  character 3–4

  inflammatory speech in Tangier (1905) 20

  flawed world vision 22

  prepared for a general European war 26

  telegrams with the Tsar 28

  at Posen conference 90

  and sea power 95

  interest in his fleet 102

  and Falkenhayn 125–26

  and Ludendorff’s resignation 462

  refuses to resign 464

  exile and abdication 464

  Wilhelmshaven naval base 95, 102, 266, 324

  Willcocks, Lieutenant General Sir James 131, 138

  William-Powlett, Sub-Lieutenant Newton 263

  Willmer, Major Wilhelm 182

  Wilson, Lieutenant General Sir Henry 415, 423, 448–9, 464

  Wilson, Woodrow 251, 309

  Woodward, Captain Oliver 349

  Wooldridge, Captain Jesse 442–3

  Wootton, Lieutenant Kenneth 372, 373

  Württemberg, Duke Albrecht von 41, 70

  Wysthaete 76

  Wytschaete 351

  Y

  Yarmouth 114, 252

  York, Sergeant Alvin 460

  Ypres 68, 329, 348, 414, 428

  Ypres, First Battle of (1914) 69–77, 130

  Ypres, Second Battle of (1915) 139–44, 186, 200

  Ypres, Third Battle of (1917) 348, 351–68, 369, 413

  Ypres Salient 141, 144, 347, 351, 428, 430, 459

 

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