by Thai Jones
156 an effective plainclothes branch: “Chief Devery’s View,” New York Times (July 31, 1900); Hebrew colony of the great East Side: William Howe Tolman and Charles Hemstreet, The Better New York (New York: The Baker and Taylor Company, 1904), 31; Raymond B. Fosdick, American Police Systems (New York: The Century Co., 1921), 199; “like a child regarding a strange bug”: George Kibbe Turner, “The Man-Hunters,” McClure’s Magazine (June 1913).
156–57 a million and a half Italians: Kimberly Joyce Sims, Blacks, Italians, and the Progressive Interest in New York City Crime, 1900–1930 (doctorial thesis, Harvard University, 2006); John Foster Carr, “The Coming of the Italian,” Outlook (Feb. 24, 1906); “gentle drudges”: Herbert N. Casson, “The Italian in America,” Munsey’s Magazine (Oct. 1906); “Trend of Foreigners Is from New York,” New York Times (May 19, 1912); Mike Dash, The First Family: Terror, Extortion, Revenge, Murder, and the Birth of the American Mafia (New York: Ballantine Books, 2010), 104; “Desperate Gang Held in Murder Mystery,” New York Times (April 17, 1903); “an Italian problem”: “Italian Crime and Police Incompetence,” New York Tribune (Aug. 21, 1904).
158–59 Petrosino … avoided headquarters: “The Farce of ‘Plain Clothes,’” New York Tribune (July 15, 1908); Arthur Woods, “The Problem of the Black Hand,” McClure’s Magazine (May 1909); “bring about the end of the Black Hand”: Gino C. Speranza, “Petrosino and the Black Hand,” the Survey (April 3, 1909); “Petrosini, Detective and Sociologist,” New York Times (Dec. 30, 1906); “a dejected pretense of an Italian squad”: Turner, “The Man-Hunters”; “Black Hand Record,” New York Tribune (Feb. 25, 1907).
159–60 a new police commissioner arrived: Norris Galpin Osborn, ed., Men of Mark in Connecticut: Ideals of American Life Told in Autobiographies of Eminent Living Americans, Volume 2 (Hartford: William R. Goodspeed, 1906), 75; “The Fateful Photograph of Duffy,” Current Literature (Aug. 1909); “General Bingham Again,” Outlook (May 6, 1911); “Bingham a Diplomat and Soldier as Well,” New York Times (Dec. 30, 1905); Theodore A. Bingham, “Foreign Criminals in New York,” North American Review (Sept. 1908); “crowning absurdity”: Theodore A. Bingham to Mayor McClellan, Jan. 5, 1907, Mayor McClellan Papers, Departmental Correspondence Received, Police Department, box 55, folder 542, New York City Municipal Archives; Bingham, “Foreign Criminals in New York”; not just another underling: “Police Department, New York City,” The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac (Brooklyn: Daily Eagle Publication, 1909), 385; “our own stupid laws”: Arrigo Petacco, Joe Petrosino (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1974), 57, 67–69; eighty men: “Must Stop Outrages by the Black Hand,” New York Times (Jan. 26, 1908); “A Secret Service Squad to Hunt the Black Hand,” New York Times (Dec. 20, 1906).
160–61 yet another justification: David Graham Phillips, “Secret Police and Anarchy,” New York Times (April 2, 1908); Petacco, Petrosino, 69; “I have money and plenty of it”: “New Secret Service to Fight Black Hand,” New York Times (Feb. 20, 1909); “Secret Police Fund,” New York Tribune (Feb. 20, 1909); “Here the police are local”: Woods, “The Problem of the Black Hand.”
162 their commitment to surveillance: “The Fateful Photograph of Duffy,” Current Literature (Aug. 1909); “Rogues’ Gallery Is Systematized,” Philadelphia Inquirer (Oct. 27, 1907); Raymond B. Fosdick, Chronicle of a Generation: An Autobiography (New York: Harper, 1958), 92; believed that they were being followed: In a secret hearing before Mayor McClellan, Woods denied the charge that police detectives had been assigned to follow city officials. Bingham was dismissed: “Mayor Removes Police Heads,” New York Times (July 1, 1909); “Secret Service Men Must Patrol Again,” New York Times (July 13, 1909).
163 Pocantico Hills Lyceum: Tom Pyle, Pocantico: Fifty Years on the Rockefeller Domain (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1964), 12; “Workaday Religion”: “Work-A-Day-Religion,” April 19, 1914, Rockefeller Family, JDR, Jr., Personal, Record Group III2Z, box 1, folder 38, RAC.
163–65 cold and blustery in the Colorado: Howard M. Gitelman, Legacy of the Ludlow Massacre: A Chapter in American Industrial Relations (Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1988), 12; Scott Martelle, Blood Passion: The Ludlow Massacre and Class War in the American West (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 89, 160; “On the whole”: L.M. Bowers to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., April 18, 1914, Industrial Relations Final Report, Vol. 9, 8429; the miners as “the enemy”: Martelle, Blood Passion, 150, 162; “stab-stab-stab”: John Reed, “The Colorado War,” Metropolitan Magazine (July 1914); “ceased to be an army”: This is from a subsequent military investigation conducted by the state of Colorado, quoted in Martelle, Blood Passion, 173; the maternity bunker: One woman, Mary Petrucci, survived to tell the story of the plight suffered by those in the maternity pit.
166–68 his summary of the battle: Industrial Relations Final Report, Vol. 9, 8430–8431; “the best answer is— dynamite”: “Observations and Comments,” Mother Earth (May 1914); “the anarchy that ensues”: “The Ludlow Camp Horror,” New York Times (April 23, 1914).
The Lid
171–72 illuminated sign for Rector’s: “Rector’s Restaurant” entry in Ken Bloom, ed., Broadway: An Encyclopedia (New York: Routledge, 2004), 427–28; “The Hotel Rector, New York,” American Architect (Jan. 18, 1911); more infamous than Jack’s: “‘The Girl from Rector’s,’” New York Times (Feb. 2, 1909); “‘The Girl from Rector’s’; Amusing Comedy Returns Again to Boston and Is Warmly Applauded at the Globe Theatre,” Boston Globe (March 28, 1911); It was … “the spot”: Geroge Rector, The Girl from Rector’s (Garden City, NJ: Double-day, Page & Company, 1927), 59–60.
172–73 brazenly flouted the curfew law: Karl K. Kitchen, “When MUST Broadway Go to Bed? That’s What New York Wants to Know,” the World (March 15, 1914); “Restaurants Split on Closing Time,” New York Times (March 12, 1914); Rector, Girl from Rector’s, 122; “stringent measures”: “Committee to Plan New Closing Policy,” New York Times (March 9, 1914); Memorandum for the Mayor by Arthur Woods, Jan. 30, 1914, John Purroy Mitchel Papers, subject file “All-Night Licenses,” box 22, folder, 198, New York Municipal Archives; “everything that they asked for”: “Favor Mitchel Closing Plan,” New York Times (March 19, 1914).
173–74 “investigated in two separate ways”: Arthur Woods to Mayor Mitchel, May 13, 1914, John Purroy Mitchel Papers, subject file “All-Night Licenses,” box 23, folder 204, New York Municipal Archives; “Mitchel Names 7 to Uplift ‘Lid,’” New York Times (March 9, 1914); “no drunkenness or disorder”: The police were less convinced than the liquor-law inspector of the Marlborough’s good character, since it was the site of frequent neighborhood complaints and known to “cater to the gambling fraternity.” Its request for an all-night license was rejected. G.G. Freer, Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel Inspection Report, April 7, 1914, John Purroy Mitchel Papers, subject file “All-Night Licenses,” box 22, folder 201, New York Municipal Archives; Investigation in the Matter of an All-Night Liquor License, the Marlborough-Blenheim Corp., no date, John Purroy Mitchel Papers, subject file “All-Night Licenses,” box 22, folder 201, New York Municipal Archives; “A female with transparent drapings”: G.G. Freer, Germania Catering Company, Inspection Report, April 1914, John Purroy Mitchel Papers, subject file “All-Night Licenses,” box 22, folder 201, New York Municipal Archives; “tiresome ballad”: G.G. Freer, Café Regent, Inspection Report, April 3, 1914, John Purroy Mitchel Papers, subject file “All-Night Licenses,” box 22, folder 201, New York Municipal Archives; “showgirls and prostitutes”: Inspector’s Report Upon Periodical Inspection of Premises Occupied as a Public Dance Hall, Bustanoby’s, John Purroy Mitchel Papers, subject file “All-Night Licenses,” box 22, folder 201, New York Municipal Archives; “flirts with patrons”: G.G. Freer, Circle Hotel Inspection Report, April 10, 1914, John Purroy Mitchel Papers, subject file “All-Night Licenses,” box 22, folder 201, New York Municipal Archives; G.G. Freer, the Princess Restaurant, Inspection Report, date illegible, c. April 1914, John Purroy Mitchel
Papers, subject file “All-Night Licenses,” box 22, folder 202, New York Municipal Archives.
174 eateries that catered to working people: G.G. Freer, the Whip, Inspection Report, date illegible, c. April 1914, John Purroy Mitchel Papers, subject file “All-Night Licenses,” box 22, folder 203, New York Municipal Archives.
174–75 quiet entrance into Rector’s: G.G. Freer, Rector’s 48th Street, Inspection Report, April 3, 1914, John Purroy Mitchel Papers, subject file “All-Night Licenses,” box 23, folder 204, New York Municipal Archives; “the most flagrant violator”: John Dwyer, inspector, 4th District, to Woods, April 17, 1914, John Purroy Mitchel Papers, Departmental Correspondence, Police Department Received, box 69, folder 725, New York Municipal Archives; Dwyer to Woods, May 4, 1914, John Purroy Mitchel Papers, Departmental Correspondence, Police Department Received, box 69, folder 726, New York Municipal Archives; John F. Dwyer to Arthur Woods, Sept. 4, 1914, John Purroy Mitchel Papers, subject file “All-Night Licenses,” box 23, folder 204, New York Municipal Archives; “Ballroom de Luxe”: “Gala Night at Rector’s,” New York Tribune (Sept. 29, 1914).
6. Free Silence
176–77 Spring had not arrived: “A Bad April,” the World (May 1, 1914); Easter: “The Weather,” New York Times (April 13, 1914); “red” … “fur coats”: “When Spring Comes to the Middle of Manhattan,” the Sun (April 26, 1914); “slanting sunlight”: “Someone’s First Spring Day,” Evening Post (March 21, 1914); “little by little”: Upton Sinclair, Love’s Pilgrimage (New York: Mitchel Kennerley, 1911), 522; hand-organs: Marie Ganz, Rebels: Into Anarchy—and Out Again (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1920), 200; “two weeks”: Upton Sinclair, Springtime and Harvest (New York: The Sinclair Press, 1901), 11; extortionate rate of ten dollars: Upton Sinclair, The Autobiography of Upton Sinclair (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1962), 198; “search your soul”: “Sylvia,” McClure’s Magazine (Oct. 1913).
177–78 He was thirty-five years old: Will Durant, quoted in Anthony Arthur, Radical Innocent: Upton Sinclair (New York: Random House, 2006), 99, 132; “eyes”: Edie Summers, quoted in Arthur, Radical Innocent, 88; “by instinct shy”: Upton Sinclair, The Brass Check: A Study of American Journalism (Long Beach, CA: self-published, 1928), 88; “turmoil”: “Sinclair Organizes ‘Free Silence’ Band,” New York Tribune (April 30, 1914); “haughty and powerful men”: Sinclair, The Brass Check, 267; “Sinclair’s intentions are so good”: Walter Lippmann, Public Persons (Piscataway: First Transaction Printing, 2010), 31, 33; “Sinclair is simply an ass”: “Sinclair ‘An Ass;’ John D. Just ‘Goat,’” the World (June 11, 1914); “countless jokes”: Sinclair, quoted in Arthur, Radical Innocent, 105; prolonged fasting: Upton Sinclair, The Fasting Cure (New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1911); “monkey and squirrel diet”: Upton Sinclair, The Book of Life (Chicago: The Economy Book Company, 1921), 119.
178–79 hissed at every mention of “Rockefeller”: Sinclair, Autobiography, 198; Arthur, Radical Innocent, 150; “horsewhip him”: “Pickets to Haunt J.D. Rockefeller, Jr.,” New York Times (April 29, 1914); picturesque protesters: Sinclair, Brass Check, 144; “‘social chill’”: “Sinclair Mourners Split by Discord,” New York Times (May 3, 1914); “They will surely arrest you”: Mary Craig Sinclair, Southern Belle (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1999), 153; “Someone will put up the money”: Sinclair, Autobiography, 198.
179–80 the entrance to 26 Broadway: “To Enlarge Its Building,” New York Tribune (July 14, 1895); “known in every part”: “‘26 Broadway,’ Standard Oil’s Headquarters, Is to Be the World’s Largest Business Office,” New York Tribune (March 6, 1921); second note: “Pickets to Haunt J.D. Rockefeller, Jr.,” New York Times (April 29, 1914); “no answer”: Sinclair, The Brass Check, 144; thirty feet of sidewalk: “To Enlarge Its Building”; “behave like a gentleman”: Sinclair, Autobiography, 199; FREE SILENCE LEAGUE: “Fighting Continues Between Miners and State Troops,” New York Herald (April 30, 1914); “Sinclair Organizes ‘Free Silence’ Band”; “Rockefeller Balks Sinclair Mourners,” New York Times (April 30, 1914).
180–81 slaughter climaxed in the coalfields: John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to Woodrow Wilson, April 27, 1914, Rockefeller Family, OMR, Business Interests, box 23, folder 210, RAC; “defiance”: “Rockefeller, Jr. Rejects Peace; Mine War Grows,” New York Times (April 28, 1914).
181–85 soppy and bleak in New York: “Sinclair Organizes ‘Free Silence’ Band”; ice cream: “Mrs. J.D. Rockefeller, Jr., Causes ‘Mourners’ Arrest; Home Is Heavily Guarded,” New York Herald (May 1, 1914); court: “‘Mourners’ Mob Begins Torment of Rockefeller,” New York Tribune (May 1, 1914); “shoot him down like a dog”: “Night Picketing at Rockefeller’s,” New York Times (May 1, 1914); supper … “I took one look”: “This Tombs Feast Not Kind to Tempt Sinclair,” the World (May 1, 1914); “languisihing in jail”: “Death Like Dog’s, Girl’s Threat for Rockefeller, Jr.,” the World (May 1, 1914).
185 Night was falling in midtown: “Mrs. J.D. Rockefeller, Jr., Causes ‘Mourners’ Arrest”; “‘Mourners’ Mob Begins Torment of Rockefeller”; “Night Picketing at Rockefeller’s”; “Two Agitators at Rockefeller Home Arrested,” Evening Sun (May 1, 1914); “Death Like Dog’s, Girl’s Threat for Rockefeller, Jr.”
186 “the busiest day he has experienced”: “‘Mourners’ Mob Begins Torment of Rockefeller”; Calvary Church: “Attack in Church on Rockefeller,” New York Times (May 2, 1914); “Socialists Make Church Attack on Mr. Rockefeller,” New York Herald (May 2, 1914); “Socialists Invade Church,” Evening Sun (May 1, 1914); “multi-murderer”: “May Day’s Riot of Talk,” Evening Post (May 1,1914); “guilty conscience”: Ibid.; “May Day Parade for Socialists,” New York Tribune (May 1, 1914); “Anarchists Menace May Day Paraders,” New York Times (May 1, 1914); “5,000 Stampeded by Police Clubs,” New York Times (May 2, 1914); “Rockefeller’s War”: “The Rebellion in Colorado,” New York Times (April 28, 1914); “The suspicion”: “The Bloodshed in Colorado,” New York Herald (April 30, 1914); back door: Sinclair, Autobiography, 199; bronchitis: John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to Richard S. Aldrich, May 7, 1914, Rockefeller Family, OMR, Business Interests, Record Group III2C, box 19, folder 170, RAC; “seriously troubled”: “Rockefeller, Jr., Weary, Seeks a Rest from Mob,” New York Tribune (May 2, 1914).
186–87 Junior had avoided the office all week: “Rockefeller, Jr., Weary, Seeks a Rest from Mob”; “sharp outlook”: “Rockefeller Workmen Promise Protection,” New York Herald (May 3, 1914); “much affected”: Carl Heydt, in “Rockefeller Back; I.W.W. Siege Raised,” New York Tribune (May 20, 1914); “last two weeks”: John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to Charles M. Thoms, May 14, 1914, Rockefeller Family, OMR, Business Interests, Record Group III2C, box 20, folder 173, RAC; Calvary Baptist: John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to A. LeRoy Chapman, May 1914, Rockefeller Family, OMR, Business Interests, Record Group III2C, box 19, folder 171, RAC; “Those who are”: John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to Dr. Cornelius Woelfkin, May 5, 1914, Rockefeller Family, OMR, Business Interests, Record Group III2C, box 20, folder 173, RAC.
187–88 the same official position: “Colorado,” New York Times (April 29, 1914); “disinterested men … such a scheme”: “Colorado Memorandum,” Rockefeller Family, OMR, Business Interests, Record Group III2Z, series V, Biographical Works, box 54, folder 484, RAC; “IF IT IS TRUE“: John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to L.M. Bowers, April 29, 1914, Industrial Relations, Vol. 9, 8434; “conservative”: L.M. Bowers to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Jan. 15, 1913; “labor union agitators”: L.M. Bowers to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Feb. 23, 1912, Rockefeller Family, OMR, Business Interests, Record Group III2C, box 21, folder 190, RAC.
188–90 Junior might have acted: “To Call It ‘Rockefeller’s War’ Is Infamous, John D. Jr. Protests,” the World (May 1, 1914); “fair and broad-minded”: John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to Oswald Garrison Villard, May 7, 1914, Rockefeller Family, OMR, Business Interests, Record Group III2C, box 20, folder 173, RAC; labor unions: John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to Adolph S. Ochs, June 5, 1914, Rockefeller F
amily, OMR, Business Interests, Record Group III2C, box 20, folder 175, RAC; Ralph Pulitzer: John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to Ralph Pulitzer, April 29, 1914; Ralph Pulitzer to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., April 30, 1914, Rockefeller Family, OMR, Business Interests, Record Group III2C, box 20, folder 173, RAC; Andrew Carnegie: Andrew Carnegie to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., May 7, 1914, Rockefeller Family, JDR, Jr. Personal - Record Group III2Z, box 8, folder 78, RAC; every man: John S. Montgomery to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., April 30, 1914; “crazy anarchists”: John W. Woodward to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., May 2, 1914; Rockefeller Family, OMR, Business Interests, Record Group III2C, box 20, folder 173, RAC; “no more ‘Americans’”: Frank A. Egan to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., May 1, 1914; “God vs. Anti-God”: Andrew O. Nash to C.O. Heydt, April 28, 1914, Rockefeller Family, OMR, Business Interests, Record Group III2C, box 20, folder 174, RAC; “Jesuits”: J.S. Hurst to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., May 4, 1914, Rockefeller Family, OMR, Business Interests, Record Group III2C, box 19, folder 170, RAC.
190–91 they disembarked in Tarrytown: “Trolley Trips in the Vicinity of New York,” New York Times (July 7, 1912); “have him worried”: “‘Mourners’ Go to Rockefeller Estate at Tarrytown; Invade Church in City,” New York Herald (May 4, 1914); “Mourners March on Rockefeller Homes,” Evening Sun (May 4, 1914); “‘Mourn’ at Gates of Country Home of Rockefeller,” the World (May 4, 1914); “Spies Hound Rockefeller at Pocantico Hills,” New York Tribune (May 4, 1914); “I.W.W. Pickets Pen Rockefellers,” New York Times (May 4, 1914); “most pretentious in the country”: “John D’s Estate Is Still Under Guard,” Tarrytown Daily News (May 5, 1914); “Rockefellers Are Guarded,” New York Times (May 7, 1914); “Costly Rockefeller Entrance,” New York Times (May 16, 1914).