Deep Future

Home > Other > Deep Future > Page 31
Deep Future Page 31

by Curt Stager


  —et al. 2008. “Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of a Middle Miocene Forest from the Western Canadian Arctic.” Palaeogrography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 261: 160–176.

  Wing, S. L., et al. 2005. “Transient Floral Change and Rapid Global Warming at the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary.” Science 310: 993–996.

  —et al. 2009. “Late Paleocene Fossils from the Cerrejón Formation, Colombia, Are the Earliest Record of Neotropical Rainforest.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 18627–18632.

  Zachos, J. C., G. R. Dickens, and R. E. Zeebe. 2008. “An Early Cenozoic Perspective on Greenhouse Warming and Carbon-Cycle Dynamics.” Nature 451: 279–283.

  —et al. 2001. “Trends, Rhythms and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present.” Science 292: 686–693.

  —et al. 2003. “A Transient Rise in Tropical Sea Surface Temperatures During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.” Science 302: 1551–1554.

  —et al. 2005. “Rapid Acidification of the Ocean During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.” Science 308: 1611–1615.

  5. Future Fossils

  Bada, J. L., R. O. Peterson, A. Schimmelmann, and R. E. M. Hedges. 1990. “Moose Teeth as Monitors of Environmental Isotopic Parameters.” Oecologia 82: 102–106.

  Grimm, D. 2008. “The Mushroom Cloud’s Silver Lining.” Science 321: 1434–1437.

  Kehrwald, N. M., et al.. 2008. “Mass Loss on Himalayan Glacier Endangers Water Resources.” Geophysical Research Letters 35: L22503, doi:10.1029/2008GL035556.

  Meyers, P. A. 2006. “An Overview of Sediment Organic Matter Records of Human Eutrophication in the Laurentian Great Lakes Region.” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 6: 89–99.

  O’Reilly, C. M., S. R. Alin, P. D. Plisnier, A. S. Cohen, and B. A. Mckee. 2003. “Climate Change Decreases Aquatic Ecosystem Productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa.” Nature 424: 766–768.

  Ostrom, P. H., N. E. Ostrom, J. Henry, B. J. Eadie, P. A. Meyers, and J. A. Robbins. 1998. “Changes in the Trophic State of Lake Erie: Discordance Between Molecular Delta-13C and Bulk Delta-13C Sedimentary Records.” Chemical Geology 152: 163–179.

  Schelske, C. L., and D. A. Hodell. 1995. “Using Carbon Isotopes of Bulk Sedimentary Organic Matter to Reconstruct the History of Nutrient Loading and Eutrophication in Lake Erie.” Limnology and Oceanography 40: 918–929.

  Schmittner, A., et al. 2008. “Future Changes in Climate, Ocean Circulation, Ecosystems, and Biogeochemical Cycling Simulated for a Business-As-Usual CO2 Emission Scenario Until Year 4000 AD.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22: GB1013, doi:10.1029/2007GB002953.

  Spaulding, K. L., B. A. Buchholz, L.-E. Bergman, H. Druid, and J. Frisen. 2005. “Forensics: Age Written in Teeth by Nuclear Tests.” Nature 437: 333–334.

  Totter, J. R., M. R. Zelle, and H. Hollister. 1958. “Hazard to Man of Carbon-14.” Science 128: 1490–1495.

  Verburg, P. 2007. “The Need to Correct for the Suess Effect in the Application of Delta-C13 in Sediment of Autotrophic Lake Tanganyika, as a Productivity Proxy in the Anthropocene.” Journal of Paleolimnology 37: 591–602.

  —, R. E. Hecky, and H. Kling. 2003. “Ecological Consequences of a Century of Warming in Lake Tanganyika.” Science Express 301 (June 26): 505–507.

  White, T. H. 1986. The Once and Future King. New York: Berkley Books.

  Williams, C. P. 2007. “Recycling Greenhouse Gas Fossil Fuel Emissions into Low Radiocarbon Food Products to Reduce Human Genetic Damage.” Environmental Chemistry Letters 5: 197–202.

  6. Oceans of Acid

  Anderson, N., and A. Malhoff. 1977. The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Oceans. New York: Plenum Press.

  Archer, D. 2005. “Fate of Fossil Fuel CO2 in Geologic Time.” Journal of Geophysical Research 110: C09S05, doi:10.1029/2004JC002625. Caldeira, K., and M. E. Wickett. 2003. “Anthropogenic Carbon and Ocean Ph.” Nature 425: 365.

  —. 2005. “Ocean Model Predictions of Chemistry Changes from Carbon Dioxide Emissions to the Atmosphere and Ocean.” Journal of Geophysical Research 110: doi:10.1029/2004JC002671. Cicerone, R. 2004. “The Ocean in a High CO2 World.” Eos 85: 351, 353. Feeley, R. A., C. L. Sabine, J. M. Hernandez-Ayon, D. Ianson, and B. Hales. 2008. “Evidence for Upwelling of Corrosive ‘Acidified’ Water onto the Continental Shelf.” Science 320: 1490–1492. Findlay, H. S., H. L. Wood, M. A. Kendall, J. I. Spicer, R. J. Twitchett, and S. Wid-dicombe. 2009. “Calcification, a Physiological Process to Be Considered in the Context of the Whole Organism.” Biogeosciences Discuss 6: 2267–2284.

  Fine, M., and D. Tchernov. 2007. “Scleractinian Coral Species Survive and Recover from Decalcification.” Science 315: 1811. Gibbs, S. J., P. R. Bowen, J. A. Sessa, T. J. Bralower, and P. A. Wilson. 2006. “Nannoplankton Extinction and Origination Across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.” Science 314: 1770–1773. Guinotte, J. M., J. Orr, S. Cairns, A. Friewald, L. Morgan, and R. George. 2006. “Will Human-Induced Changes in Seawater Chemistry Alter the Distribution of Deep-Sea Scleractinian Corals?” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4: 141–146.

  Hall-Spencer, J. M., R. Rodolfo-Metalpa, S. Martin, E. Ransome, M. Fine, S. M. Turner, S. J. Rowley, D. Tedesco, and M.-C. Buia. 2008. “Volcanic Carbon Dioxide Vents Show Ecosystem Effects of Ocean Acidification.” Nature 454: 96–99.

  Henderson, C. 2006. “Paradise Lost. New Scientist 5: 29–33. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., et al. 2007. “Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and

  Ocean Acidification.” Science 318: 1737–1742. Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D., P. R. Halloran, R. E. M. Rickaby, I. R. Hall, E. Colmenero-Hidalgo, J. R. Gittins, D. R. H. Green, T. Tyrrell, S. J. Gibbs, P. Von Dassow, E. Rehm, E. V. Armbrust, K. P. Boessenkool. 2008. “Phytoplankton Calcification in a High-CO2 World.” Science 320: 336–340.

  Interacademy Panel on International Issues. 2009. “IAP Statement on Ocean Acidification,” June 2009. http://www.interacademies.net/object.file/master/9/075/statement_RS1579_IAP_05.09final2.pdf.

  Kleypas, J. A., R. W. Buddemeier, D. Archer, J.-P. Gattuso, C. Langdon, and B. N. Opdyke. 1999. “Geochemical Consequences of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Coral Reefs.” Science 284: 118–120.

  Kolbert, E. 2006. “The Darkening Sea.” The New Yorker, November 20.

  Morel, V. 2007. “Into the Deep: First Glimpses of Bering Sea Canyons Heats Up Fisheries Battle.” Science 318: 181–182.

  Orr, J. C., et al. 2005. “Anthropogenic Ocean Acidification over the Twenty-First Century and Its Impact on Calcifying Organisms.” Nature 437: 681–686.

  Poore G. C. B., and G. Wilson. 1993. “Marine Species Richness.” Nature 361: 597–598.

  Precht, W. F., and R. B. Aronson. 2004. “Climate Flickers and Range Shifts of Reef Corals.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2: 307–314.

  Richardson, A. J., and M. J. Gibbons. 2008. “Are Jellyfish Increasing in Response to Ocean Acidification?” Limnology and Oceanography 53: 2040–2045.

  Rintoul, S. R. 2007. “Rapid Freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.” Geophysical Research Letters 34: L06606. 1-L06606. 5.

  Roberts, J. M., A. J. Wheeler, and A. Friewald. 2006. “Reefs of the Deep: The Biology and Geology of Cold-Water Coral Ecosystems.” Science 312: 543–547.

  Roberts, S., and M. Hirschfield. 2004. “Deep-Sea Corals: Out of Sight, But Not Out of Mind.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2: 123–130.

  Royal Society. 2005. “Ocean Acidification Due to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” Royal Society Policy Document 12/05. http://www.us-ocb.org/publications/Royal_Soc_OA.pdf.

  Sabine, C. L. 2004. “The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2.” Science 305: 367–371.

  Scheibner, C., and R. P. Speijer. 2007. “Decline of Coral Reefs During Late Paleocene to Early Eocene Warming.” eEarth Discussions 2: 133–150. http:// www.electronic-earth-discuss.net/2/2007/.

  Silverman, J., B. Lazar, L. Cao, K. Caldeira, and J. Erez. 2009. “Coral Reefs May Start Dissolving When Atmospheric CO2 Doubles.” Geophysical Research Letters
36: L05606, doi:10.1029/2008GL036282.

  Steinacher, M., F. Joos, T. L. Frolicher, G.-K. Plattner, and S. C. Doney. 2009. “Imminent Ocean Acidification in the Arctic Projected with the NCAR Global Coupled Carbon Cycle-Climate Model.” Biogeosciences 6: 515–533.

  UNEP. 2006. “Marine and Coastal Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Synthesis Report Based on the Findings of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.”

  Yamamoto-Kawai, M., F. A. Mclaughlin, E. C. Carmack, S. Nishino, and K. Shimada. 2009. “Aragonite Undersaturation in the Arctic Ocean: Effects of Ocean Acidification and Sea Ice Melt.” Science 326: 1098–1100.

  Zachos, J. C., U. Röhl, S. A. Schellenberg, A. Sluijs, D. A. Hodell, D. C. Kelly, E. Thomas, M. Nicolo, I. Raffi, L. J. Lourens, H. Mccarren, and D. Kroon. 2005. “Rapid Acidification of the Ocean During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.” Science 308: 1611–1615.

  7. The Rising Tide

  Alexander, C. 2008. “Tigerland.” The New Yorker, April 21: 67–73.

  Alley, R. B., P. U. Clark, P. Huybrechts, and I. Joughin. 2005. “Ice-Sheet and Sea-Level Changes.” Science 310: 456–460.

  Ballard, R. D., D. F. Coleman, and G. D. Rosenberg. 2000. “Further Evidence of Abrupt Holocene Drowning of the Black Sea Shelf.” Marine Geology 170: 253–261.

  Bamber, J. L., R. E. M. Riva, B. L. A. Vermeersen, and A. M. Lebrocq. 2009. “Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.” Science 324: 901–903.

  Bentley, C. R. 1997. “Rapid Sea-Level Rise Soon from West Antarctic Ice Sheet Collapse?” Science 275: 1077–1078.

  Blanchon, P., A. Eisenhauer, J. Fietzke, and V. Liebetrau. 2009. “Rapid Sea-Level Rise and Reef Back-Stepping at the Close of the Last Interglacial Highstand.” Nature 458: 881–884.

  Bo, S., M. J. Siegert, S. M. Mudd, D. Sugden, S. Fujita, C. Xiangbin, J. Yunyun, T. Xueyuan, and L. Yuansheng. 2009. “The Gamburtsev Mountains and the Origin and Early Evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.” Nature 459: 690–693.

  Böcker, A. 1998. Regulation of Migration: International Experiences. Antwerp, Belgium: Het Spinhuis.

  Cabanes, C., A. Cazenave, and C. Le Provost. 2001. “Sea Level Rise During Past 40 Years Determined from Satellite and In Situ Observations.” Science 294: 840–842.

  Cazenave, A. 2006. “How Fast Are the Ice Sheets Melting?” Science 314: 1250–1252.

  Cazenave, A., K. Dominh, S. Guinehut, E. Berthier, W. Llovel, G. Ramillien, M. Ablain, and G. Larnicol. 2008. “Sea Level Budget over 2003–2008: A Reevaluation from GRACE Space Gravimetry, Satellite Altimetry and Argo.” Global and Planetary Change, doi:10.1016/J/.Gloplacha .2008.10.004.

  Church, J. A., J. S. Godfrey, D. R. Jackett, and T. Mcdougall. 1991. “A Model of Sea Level Rise Caused by Ocean Thermal Expansion.” Journal of Climate 4: 438–456.

  Clark, P. U., A. M. Mccabe, A. C. Mix, and A. J. Weaver. 2004. “Rapid Rise of Sea Level 19,000 Years Ago and Its Global Implications.” Science 304: 1141–1144.

  Davis, C. H., Y. Li, J. R. Mcconnell, M. M. Frey, and E. Hanna. 2005. “Snowfall-Driven Growth in East Antarctic Ice Sheet Mitigates Recent Sea-Level Rise.” Science 308: 1898–1901. Garcia-Castellano, D., F. Estrada, I. Jiménez-Munt, C. Gorini, M. Fernàndez, J. Vergés, and R. De Vicente. 2009. “Catastrophic Flood of the Mediterranean After the Messinian Salinity Crisis.” Nature 462: 778–781. Hansen, J. E. 2007. “Scientific Reticence and Sea Level Rise.” Environmental Research Letters 2, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/2/2/024002. Hu, A., G. A. Meehl, W. Han, and J. Yin. 2009. “Transient Response of the MOC and Climate to Potential Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet in the 21st Century.” Geophysical Research Letters 36: L10707, doi:10.1029/2009GL037998. Joughin, I., S. B. Das, M. A. King, B. E. Smith, I. M. Howatt, and T. Moon. 2008. “Seasonal Speedup Along the Western Flank of the Greenland Ice Sheet.” Science 320: 781–783.

  Karan, P. P. 2005. Japan in the 21st Century: Environment, Economy, and Society. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. Kellogg, W. W., and M. Mead, eds. 1976. The Atmosphere: Endangered and Endangering. Fogarty International Center Proceedings, no. 39. DHEW Publication Number (NIH) 77–1065. Kerr, R. 2007. “How Urgent Is Climate Change?” Science 318: 1230–1231. Khan, S. A., P. Knudsen, and C. C. Tscherning. 2003. “Crustal Deformations at Permanent GPS Sites in Denmark.” In: Window on the Future of Geodesy, F. Sanso, ed. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/3-540-27432-4_94. Larter, R. D., et al. 2007. “West Antarctic Ice Sheet Change Since the Last Glacial

  Period.” Eos 88: 189–190. Liu, G., Luo, X., Q. Chen, D. Huang, and X. Ding. 2008. “Detecting Land Subsidence in Shanghai by PS-Networking SAR Interferometry.” Sensors 8: 4725–4741.

  Marbaix, P., and R. J. Nichols. 2007. “Accurately Determining the Risks of Rising Sea Level.” Eos 88: 441–442. Meehl, G. A., et al. 2005. “How Much More Global Warming and Sea Level

  Rise?” Science 307: 1769–1772. Mitrovica, J. X., N. Gomez, and P. U. Clark. 2009. “The Sea-Level Fingerprint of

  West Antarctic Collapse.” Science 323: 753. Oerlemans, J., D. Dahl-Jensen, and V. Masson-Delmotte. 2006. “Ice Sheets and Sea Level. Letter to Science.” Science 313: 1043–1044.

  Pfeffer, W. T., J. T. Harper, and S. O’Neel. 2008. “Kinematic Constraints on Glacier Contributions to 21st-Century Sea-Level Rise.” Science 321: 1340–1343.

  Pollard, D., and R. M. Deconto. 2009. “Modelling West Antarctic Ice Sheet Growth and Collapse Through the Past Five Million Years.” Nature 458: 329–332.

  Pritchard, H. D., R. J. Arthern, D. G. Vaughan, and L. A. Edwards. 2009. “Extensive Dynamic Thinning on the Margins of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets.” Nature 461: 971–975. Rohling, E. J., K. Grant, C. Hemleben, M. Siddall, B. A. A. Hoogakker, M. Bolshaw and M. Kucera. 2008. “High Rates of Sea-Level Rise During the Last Interglacial Period.” Nature Geoscience 1: 38–42. Rowley, J., et al. 2007. “Risk of Rising Sea Level to Population and Land Area.” Eos 88, 105.

  Ryan, W. B. F., et al. 1997. “An Abrupt Drowning of the Black Sea Shelf.” Marine Geology 138, 119–126.

  Shepherd, A., and D. Wingham. 2007. “Recent Sea-Level Contributions of the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets.” Science 315: 1529–1532. Siddall, M. 2009. “The Sea Level Conundrum: Insights from Paleo Studies.” Eos 90: 72–73.

  Steig, E. J., and A. P. Wolfe. 2008. “Sprucing Up Greenland.” Science 320: 1595– 1596.

  —, D. P. Schneider, S. D. Rutherford, M. E. Mann, J. C. Comiso, and D. T. Shindell. 2009. “Warming of the Antarctic Ice-Sheet Surface Since the 1957 International Geophysical Year.” Nature 457: 459–462. Stockstad, E. 2007. “Boom and Bust in a Polar Hot Zone.” Science 315: 1522–1523. Velicogna, I., and J. Wahr. 2006. “Measurements of Time-Variable Gravity Show

  Mass Loss in Antarctica.” Science 311: 1754–1756. Wigley, T. M. L. 2005. “The Climate Change Commitment.” Science 307: 1766–1769.

  Xuo, Y.-Q., Y. Zhang, S.-J. Ye, J.-C. Wu, and Q.-F. Li. 2005. “Land Subsidence in China.” Environmental Geology 48: 713–720. Yanko-Hombach, V. 2003. “ ‘Noah’s Flood’ and the Late Quaternary History of the Black Sea and Its Adjacent Basins: A Critical Overview of the Flood Hypotheses.” Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Seattle. Abstracts with Programs 36: 460. Yu, S.-Y., Y.-X. Li, and T. E. Törnqvist. 2009. “Tempo of Global Deglaciation During the Early Holocene: A Sea Level Perspective.” PAGES News 17: 68–70.

  8. An Ice-Free Arctic

  ACIA. 2005. “Arctic Climate Impact Assessment.” Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

  Borgerson, S. G. 2008. “Arctic Meltdown.” Foreign Affairs (March/April): 63–77.

  Briner, J. P., N. Michelutti, D. R. Francis, G. H. Miller, Y. Axford, M. J. Wooller, and A. P. Wolfe. 2006. “A Multi-Proxy Lacustrine Record of Holocene Climate Change on Northeastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada.” Quaternary Research 65: 431–442.

  Carlton, J. 2005. “Is Global Warming Killing the Polar Bears?” Wall Street Journal, December 14, 2005.

  CBC News. 2006. “Scientists Fear Disease Outbreak
s in Northern Whales.” http:// Cbc.Ca/Canada/North/Story/2006/08/16/Whale-Disease-North.html.

  Census of Marine Life, Arctic Ocean Diversity, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. http://www.arcodiv.org/index.html.

  Chylek, P., M. K. Dubey, and G. Lesins. 2006. “Greenland Warming of 1920–1930 and 1995–2005.” Geophysical Research Letters 33: L11707, doi:10.1029/2006GL026510.

  Cressey, D. 2008. “The Next Land Rush.” Nature 451: 12–15.

  Derocher, A. E., et al. 2002. “Diet Composition of Polar Bears in Svalbard and the Western Barents Sea.” Polar Biology 25: 448–452.

  Derocher, A. E., et al. 2000. “Predation of Svalbard Reindeer by Polar Bears.” Polar Biology 23: 675–678.

  Douglas, M. S. V., J. P. Smol, and W. Blake, Jr. 1994. “Marked Post-18th Century Change in High-Arctic Ecosystems.” Science 266: 416–419.

  Fisher, D., A. Dyke, R. Koerner, J. Bourgeois, C. Kinnard, C. Zdanowicz, A. De Vernal, C. Hillaire-Marcel, J. Savelle, and A. Rochon. 2006. “Natural Variability of Arctic Sea Ice over the Holocene,” Eos Trans. AGU, 87: 273.

  Gaston, A. J., and K. Woo. 2008. “Razorbills (Alca Torda) Follow Subarctic Prey into the Canadian Arctic: Colonization Results from Climate Change?” Auk 125: 939–942.

  Gautier, D. L., et al.. 2009. “Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the Arctic.” Science 324: 1175–1179.

  Grahl-Nielsen, O., et al. 2003. “Fatty Acid Composition of the Adipose Tissue of Polar Bears and of Their Prey: Ringed Seals, Bearded Seals, and Harp Seals.” Marine Ecology Progress Series 265: 275–282.

  Grebmeier, J. M., et al. 2006. “A Major Ecosystem Shift in the Northern Bering Sea.” Science 311: 1461–1464.

  Iredale, W. 2005. “Polar Bears Drown as Ice Shelf Melts.” Sunday Times [London], December 18.

  International Arctic Science Committee. 2008. “Latitudinal Gradients in Species Diversity in the Arctic.” In: Encyclopedia of Earth, M. Mcginley, topic ed. http://www.eoearth.org/article/latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity_in_the_arctic. Kaufman, D. S., et al. 2004. “Holocene Thermal Maximum in the Western Arctic (0–180° W).” Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 529–560. Lomborg, B. 2007. Cool It. New York: Knopf.

 

‹ Prev