reward for fulfilment of, 9.137–8. See also debts, the three
eldest, excellence of, 9.106–7, 109;
inherits alone, 9.105, 108–9;
share of, 9.112–15, 177, 119. See also brother, eldest
has no property, 8.416;
exceptions, 9.206
has no right to parents’ estate during their lifetime, 9.104
illegitimate, of servant, 9.179
inherits from father, 9.104, 156–7, 185;
from mother, 8.104, 192, 195
liable for father’s debt (with exceptions), 8.159, 166
made (kṛtrima), 9.159, 169
may be beaten, 4.164, 8.299–300
middlemost, share of, 9.112–13
natural, 9.159, 62–6
offences against parents, 3.157, 159. See also father; mother
of pregnant bride, 9.160, 173
punishment for defaming, 8.275
quarrels with, forbidden, 4.180, 184
rejecting, a minor crime, 11.60;
punishment for, 8.389
of remarried woman, 3.155, 181, 9.160, 175–6
second, share of, 9.117
self-given (svayaṃdatta), 9.160–77
of servant wife, 9.151, 153–5, 160, 178
of unmarried daughter, 9.160, 172
youngest, share of, 9.112–13
son-in-law, entertained at ceremony for the dead, 3.148. See also bridegroom
sons by wives of different classes, share of, 9.148–55
seniority among, by wives of equal class, 9.122–6, 156–7
subsidiary, enumeration, 9.159–60;
character of, 9.161, 181;
right to inherit or share,1.165, 180
sopāka, caste, 10.38
soul: antarātman (‘inner soul’), the individual soul, 6.63, 73; ātman, soul, 1.52–4, 2.60, 117, 164, 4.258, 5.109, 6.49, 7.43, 12.31;
jīva (‘living soul’) 12.13;
kṣetrajña (‘knowing soul’), see field;
paramātman (the supreme Soul), 6.65, 12.12–14. See also self
knowledge of supreme, leads to final Freedom, 6.39, 49, 82–4, 12.83, 85, 91–3, 118–25
south (dakṣiṇa), 1.67, 2.52, 3.91, 206, 214–15, 238, 258, 4.50; pradakṣiṇam, clockwise, to the right, 2.48, 3.87, 4.39. See also directions, cardinal
speech (vāc), 1.25, 2.90, 159–61, 185, 192, 236, 4.18, 22, 30, 49, 177, 256, 8.81, 103, 129, 11.33, 86. See also mind-and-heart; mind, speech, and body
spy, employed by king, 7.122, 153–4, 223, 9.256, 261, 298
śrāddha, see ceremony for the dead
śraddhā, see faith
śrauta sacrifice, see sacrifices
Śrāvana, month, 4.95
śrī, good fortune, 2.52, 4.137
Śrī (goddess of good fortune), 3.89
śrotriya, a priest who knows his Veda (śruti) by heart, 2.134, 3.120, 128, 136–7, 184, 4.31, 205, 8.394 cannot be made a witness, 8.65
descendant of, purifies the rows, 3.184
fine for not entertaining virtuous, 8.393
free from taxes, 7.133
gift of food to, 4.31
to be honoured and supported by king, 7.134–6, 8.395
pollution on death of, 5.81
property of, not lost by law of limitation, 8.149
receives the honey-mixture, 3.120
stingy and generous money-lenders, 4.224–5
śrotriyas, seniority among, 2.134
śruti, see canon
staff (daṇḍa) of student, 2.45–7, 64, 174
of Vedic graduate, 4.36 See also daṇḍa; tridaṇḍin
stages of life (āśrama), four, 2.230, 3.50, 77, 6.87–8, 91, 7.17, 35, 8.390, 12.97, 102, 111 comparison of, 3.77–8, 7.89–90
disputes regarding duties, how settled, 8.390–91
duties of all, 6.91–3. See also ascetic; forest-dweller; householder; student
stain, see doṣa; kalmaṣa
‘straw’ (pala), a measure of weight, a quarter of a ‘scratch’, 8.135
strīdhana, see woman, property of
student of the Veda, chaste (brahmacārin), 3.50, 186 cannot be made a witness, 8.65
duration of residence with teacher, 3.1
duties of and restrictions imposed on, 2.41–75, 108, 117–39, 144–59, 161–2, 173–212, 216–40
entertained at ceremony for the dead, 2.189–90, 3.186;
not to be entertained, 3.151
homecoming of, 2.245–6, 3.2–4
impersonating a student, an offence, 4.200
may perform ceremonies for the dead for teacher and parents, 5.65, 91;
but must not offer libations to other relatives, 5.88
method of personal purification, 5.137
must not pay stipulated fee, 2.245, 3.156
not polluted by births and deaths, 5.93
pays no toll at ferry, 8.407
receives alms at ritual for the All-gods, 3.94
perpetual or professed, 2.242–4, 247–9
See also pupil; teacher
subrahmaṇyā texts, 9.126
śuci, see purity
Sudās, a king, 7.41, 8.110
śuddha, śuddhi, see clean; cleansing
śūdra, see servant
sukālins, ‘Those-who-have-a-Good-Time’, a class of ancestors, 3.197
sukha, see happiness
śukra, see semen
śulka, see bride-price
Sumukha, a king, 7.41
sun (āditya, ātāpa, bhāskara, ravi, sūrya, vivasvan), 1.9, 23, 65–7, 2.15, 48, 182, 219–21, 3.76, 280, 4.37, 48, 52, 69, 75
sun-god, verse to, see verse
suparṇa (‘with beautiful wings or feathers’), supernatural bird, 3.185, 7.23 ancestors of, 3.196
origin of, 1.37, 12.44. See also bird
‘support’ (dharaṇa), a unit of weight, 8.135–7
suppression of breath, see breath
supreme good (niḥśreyasam param), the knowledge that leads to Freedom, 1.106, 117
supreme soul, see soul
surā, see liquor
śūrasenakas, a caste, 2.19, 7.193
surety, 8.158–62, 169
sūta caste, 10.26 occupation of, 10.47
origin of, 10.11, 17
suvarṇa, see ‘gold piece’
svadhā, see refreshment
svādhyāya, svādhyāyana, see private recitation
śvapāca or śvapāka (‘dog-cooker’) caste, 3.92 origin of, 10.19
position and occupation of, 10.51–6
svapna, see sleep
svarga, see heaven
svarjit sacrifice, see sacrifice
svārociṣa Manu, 1.62
svayambhū, see Self-existent
svayaṃdatta, see son, self-given
sviṣṭakṛt, ‘(Agni) of the Perfected Offerings’, 3.86
tailor, food of, forbidden to priest, 4.214
Taittirīya Āraṇyaka, quoted, 2.181 (TA 1.30), 8.106 (TA 10.3–5), 1.120 (TA 2.18.4)
Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, quoted, 9.321 (TB 2.8.8.9)
Taittirīya Upaniṣad, quoted, 7.23n (TU 2.8)
tamas, darkness or torpor, one of three qualities of matter (guṇas), see darkness
tāmasa Manu, 1.62
tāmisra hell, 4.88, 165, 12.75
tank or pool punishment for destroying, 9.279 sale of, a crime, 9.62
settlement of boundary of, 8.262. See also water
tapana hell, 4.89
tapas, see heat, inner
tapta (‘hot’), see vow
tarpana, see refreshing
tattvārtha, see artha
taxes (bali) paid to a ruler or king, 7.118, 127–32, 137–9, 10.118, 120 exemptions from, 7.133–6, 8.394
son not liable for unpaid, 8.159
teacher (ācārya), 2.109, 145, 148, 170–71, 191, 207, 225–31, 247, 3.160, 4.130 definition of term, 2.140
duties towards, see student
gift to, 2.245–6, 3.95;
&n
bsp; stipulated gift forbidden, 3.156, 11.63
inherits from pupil, 9.187
non-priest, 2.238, 241–2
not a guest, 3.110
offences against, 3.153, 11.56, 60;
punishment for offences, 8.275. See also restoration for adultery with guru’s wife
pollution on death of, 5.80
presents a cow and the honey-mixture to student, 3.4
receives the honey-mixture, 3.119
reverence towards and venerability of 2.144–54, 170–71, 225–35, 4.130, 162, 179, 182
selection of pupils by, see pupil
servant, 3.156
son of, behaviour towards, 2.208–9, 247;
pollution on death of, 5.80
teacher of, 2.205
wives of, behaviour towards, 2.210–12, 216–17, 247;
pollution on death of, 5.80 See also guru; instructor
teaching (adhyāpana) duty of the priest, 1.88, 10.1–2, 75–6, 80 unworthy men permitted, 10.103, 109–11
teaching, teachings (śāstra, dharmaśāstra), authoritative or learned teaching, 1.58–9,102–8, 117, 2.10–11, 16, 70,4.19–20, 22, 87, 97, 12.3, 94
tejas, see energy
temple, punishment for violation of, 9.280, 285
temple-priest, excluded from ceremony for the dead, 3.152, 180
theft, 1.82, 2.116, 4.118, 133, 8.6 anybody may be witness in cases of, 8.72
definition of, 8.332;
exceptions, 8. 339, 341, 11.11–23
of gold, punishment for, criminal, 11.99–102;
in next life, 11.49;
crimes equal to, 11 .58. See also restoration guilt of men of various classes
in cases of, 8.336–7
a major crime, 9.235, 237, 11.55
of men or women, punished, 11.164
punishments for, criminal, 8.314–15, 319–31, 333–4, 9.277, 280, 293;
in next life, 11.50–52, 12.57, 60–68. See also property, stolen
thief, 4.255 abettors of, to be punished, 9.271, 278
disqualified from being a witness, 8.67
excluded from ceremony for the dead, 3.150
to be executed only if taken with stolen goods, 9.270
food of, forbidden for priest, 4.210
manner of discovering, 9.261–9
thorn (kaṇṭhaka), a euphemism for dissidents and other criminal types, 1.115, 9.252–3, 260
thread, initiatory (upavīta), 2.44, 63–4, 174, 4.36, 66; prācīnāvītin, wearing the initiatory thread to the front (or east), 2.63, 3.279
tila, see sesame
time (kāla), 1.51, 3.126, 5.105, 6.17, 21, 8.145, 348, 12.34–5, 97 divisions of, 1.24, 64–73
origin of, 1.24
tīrtha, see ford
titan (dānava), 3.196
tithi, lunar day, 2.30
tolls, at a ferry, 8.404–5, 407
tortoise, turtle (kūrma), 3.270, 7.105, 12.42
torture, 12.16–22, 76
town (pūra) to be built by king, 7.70 pasture-ground around, 8.237
punishment for destroying, wall or gate of, 9.289
trade, trading (vaṇij, vanikpatha), 1.90, 3.181, 4.6 degrades priest, 3.64, 152, 181, 8.102
obligatory for commoner, 1.90, 8.410, 418, 9.326, 329–33,10.79
permitted to priest, 4.4, 6;
in extremity, 10.85;
restrictions, 10.86–94
regulated by king, 8.401–2
theory of, 7.43 See also contract; duties; sea; taxes
trader, punishments of dishonest, 8.399, 9.257, 286–7, 291
tradition (smṛti), the dharma teachings, epics, and Purāṇas of the ‘remembered’, i.e. human, tradition, in contrast with the ‘heard’ (śruti) texts of the revealed canon, the Veda, 1.108, 3.13, 31, 4.155 definition of, 2.10
source of law, 2.6, 9–12
trainer of dogs and elephants excluded from ceremony for the dead, 3.162, 164 food of, forbidden for priest, 4.216
transformative ritual (saṃskāra), 1.111, 2.26–9, 66–7, 164, 3.43, 5.36, 69, 153, 7.2, 8.412, 9.176, 326, 10.3, 68–9, 110, 126, 11.36, 147, 151–2; initiation or marriage (as a metonym).
The twelve saṃskāras are, according to Manu, (1) garbhādhāna (‘conception of the embryo’), (2) puṃsavana (‘bringing forth a male child’), (3) sīmantonnayana (‘parting the mother’s hair’, in the fourth, sixth, or eighth month of her first pregnancy), (4) jātakarman (the birth ritual), (5) nāmakarman (the name-giving), (6) niṣkramaṇa (the child’s first ‘going out’), (7) annaprāśana (the child’s first ‘eating-food’), (8) cūḍākarman (the haircut), (9) upanayana (initiation), (10) keśānta (the final haircut), (11) samāvartana (the homecoming of the Vedic student), and (12) vivāha (marriage) saṃskṛta (‘having undergone the transformative rituals’), 2.39, 164, 3.245, 8.273, 412;
perfectly cooked (said of food), 3.99
for males, 2.26–47
for females, 2.66–7
not permitted for mixed castes, 10.68;
nor to servant, 10.126 See also ceremony for the dead; haircut; initiation; marriage
transmigration, see saṃsāra
trasareṇu (‘quivering atom’), the smallest measurement, 8.132
treason, punishment of, 9.275
treasure-trove, 8.35–9
‘Trey, Age of the’ (tretā yuga), 1.83, 85–6, 9.301–2
‘Tribal’ (pulkasa, pukkasa), 4.79, 10.18, 38, 12.55 occupation of, 10.49
origin of, 10.18
tridaṇḍin, definition of, 12.10; three staves, 9.296
triple learning (trividyā), the three Vedas, 2.28, 7.37, 43
triple path (trivarga), three human goals (religion, profit, and pleasure), 2.13n, 224n, 7.27, 151–2, 8.24n, 12.38n; see also artha; dharma; kāma
trivarga, see triple path
triveda, three Vedas, 1.23, 2.118, 3.1–2
trividyā, see triple learning
trivṛt sacrifice, see sacrifice
truth (satya), 1.81, 2.83, 4.138, 175, 5.108, 6.46, 92, 7.26, 8.14, 81–3, 257, 10.63, 11.223
truthfulness, duty of, 2.179, 4.138–9, 170–78
twice-born man has three births, 2.169 lawful residence of, 2.24
may take roots on a journey, 8.341
may take up arms, 8.348–51
to be witness for twice-born men of the same kind, 8.68 See also Aryan
twilight (sandhyā), 1.69–70, 2.15, 69, 78, 101–2, 222, 280, 4.50, 55, 93–4, 113, 131
twilight devotions, 2.101–4, 222, 4.93–4. See also restoration for neglect of
tyāga, see rejection; renunciation
ucchiṣṭa (also śeṣa, viśeṣa): leftovers, remainder, something defiled or defiled by what is spat out; 2.56, 209, 3.91, 116–18, 215, 218, 245–6, 249, 253, 265, 285, 4.80, 151, 211–12, 5.140, 10.125, 11.26, 153; someone with food still on his mouth and hands, 2.56, 4.75, 82, 109, 142, 5.141–3;
vighasa, leftover offerings, 3.285
udaka kriyā, see libation rite
udgātṛ priest, see priest
ugra, see ‘Dreaded’
understanding (vijñāna), 1.5; (jñāna), 2.96
unhappiness (duḥkha), 4.12, 157, 176, 11.10, 12.18, 28, 77. See also happiness
universe (jagat), 1.52, 100, 111, 3.201, 11.245
unmatta, see insane
unpolluted (aśauca, aśuci), 1.76, 2.107, 109, 115, 176, 222, 3.206, 4.35, 76, 93, 124, 127, 5.68, 6.22, 7.31, 38, 60, 62–4, 145, 8.77, 87, 115, 9.70, 188, 335. See also clean; defilement; pollution; purification
Untouchable, see caste; ‘Fierce’
upadharma, subsidiary duty, 2.237, 4.147
upādhyāya, see instructor
upakrama, upāya, see expedient
upanayana, see initiation
Upaniṣads, 6.29, 11.263. See also secret texts
upapātaka, see crime, minor
upaspṛś, see washing
upavāsa, see fasting
upavīta, see thread
urine, 4.45, 48
, 50–52, 56, 77, 109, 132, 151, 8.375, 11.92, 110, 151, 155
usurer (vārdhuṣi, one who lends [money] at interest), 3.153, 180, 4.210, 11.62 excluded from ceremony for the dead, 3.153, 180
food of, forbidden for priest, 4.210, 220
stingy and generous priests who know the Veda, 4.224–5
usury, a minor crime, 11.62. See also interest; lending money
Utathya, father of Gautama, 3.16
vāc, see speech
Vaḍavāmukha (‘mare’s mouth’), a sage, 9.314n
vadha, see punishment, corporal or capital
vāgdaṇḍa, see abuse, verbal
vāgpāruṣya, see assault, verbal
vahana, see vehicle
vaideha caste, 10.19 descendants of, 10.26, 31, 33, 36–7
occupation of, 10.47
origin of, 10.11, 17
position of, 10.13
vaikhānasa sages, ‘Diggers’, 6.21
vaimānika gods, 12.48
vaiśvānarī offering, 11.27
vaiśya, see commoner
vaiśvadeva, see All-gods
vaitāna, pertaining to the three sacrificial fires, 6.4, 25, 11.37
vaivāsvata Manu, the son of the sun, 1.62, 7.42n
Vājasaneyī Saṃhitā, quoted, 8.106, 11.251
Vālakhilya sages, 9.315n
Vāmadeva, a sage, 10.106
vanaprastha, see forest-dweller
vārdhuṣi, see usurer
varṇa: colour, 4.68; class, social class, 1.2, 1.31n, 107, 116, 2.18, 3.20, etc. See also savarṇa
varṣa: year, 1.67; rainy season, monsoon, 3.273, 281, 4.192–5, 6.23
Varuṇa, the Lord of the Waters,3.87, 5.96, 7.4, 7, 8.82, 106, 9.244–5, 303, 308, 11.253–5
vaṣaṭ!, an exclamation accompanying an offering in the fire to the gods, 2.106
Vasiṣṭha, one of the great sages hymn of, 11.250 law-giver, quoted, 8.140
Lord of Creatures, 1.35, 3.198
sage, 7.41n, 8.110, 9.23
vassals of king, punishment of negligent, 9.272, 11.222
Vāstoṣpati, Lord of the House, the benevolent spirit of the dwelling place, 3.89
Vasus, a group of solar gods, 3.284
vāṭadhāna caste, 10.21
Vatsa, a sage, 8.116
vāyu, see wind
veda, a broom made of sacrificial grass, 4.36
The Laws of Manu Page 50