3. Molly Caldwell Crosby, Asleep: The Forgotten Epidemic That Remains One of Medicine’s Greatest Mysteries (New York: Berkley Books, 2010), Kindle edition, location 7.
4. Ibid.
5. Vilensky, Encephalitis Lethargica, Kindle location 368.
6. Crosby, Asleep, Kindle location 6.
7. Vilensky, Encephalitis Lethargica, Kindle location 563–64.
8. Ibid., Kindle location 368.
9. Crosby, Asleep, Kindle location 94.
10. Ibid., Kindle location 85.
11. Oliver Sacks, Awakenings (New York: Vintage Books, 1999), p. 18.
12. Ibid., p. 111.
13. Gina Kolata, The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It (New York: Touchstone, 1999), p. 344.
14. Crosby, Asleep, Kindle location 13.
15. Vilensky, Encephalitis Lethargica, Kindle location 3815.
16. Crosby, Asleep, Kindle location 9.
17. Vilensky, Encephalitis Lethargica, Kindle location 550.
18. Ann H. Reid, Sherman McCall, James M. Henry, and Jeffrey K. Taubenberger, “Experimenting on the Past: The Enigma of von Economo’s Encephalitis Lethargica,” Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, July 2001, http://jnen.oxfordjournals.org/content/60/7/663.
19. Vilensky, Encephalitis Lethargica, Kindle location 3839–42.
20. Crosby, Asleep, Kindle location 11.
21. Vilensky, Encephalitis Lethargica, Kindle location 582–83.
22. Crosby, Asleep, Kindle location 13.
23. Ibid., Kindle location 60.
24. Vilensky, Encephalitis Lethargica, Kindle location 3911–13.
25. Crosby, Asleep, Kindle location 140.
26. Ibid., Kindle location 15.
27. Sacks, Awakenings, p. 18.
28. Crosby, Asleep, Kindle location 145.
29. Sacks, Awakenings, p. 62.
30. Ibid., p. 44.
31. Ibid., pp. 40, 44, 62.
32. Ibid., p. 129.
33. Ibid.
34. Sue Carswell, “Oliver Sacks,” People, February 11, 1991, http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,20114432,00.html.
35. Ibid.
36. “Parkinson Disease,” New York Times Health Guide, September 16, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/parkinsons-disease/levadopa-(l-dopa).html.
37. Sacks, Awakenings, p. 80.
38. Carswell, “Oliver Sacks.”
39. Sacks, Awakenings, p. 31.
Lobotomies
1. Howard Dully and Charles Fleming, My Lobotomy (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2008), p. 78.
2. “Introduction: The Lobotomist,” American Experience, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/introduction/lobotomist-introduction/.
3. John M. Harlow, “Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar Through the Head,” Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society, 1868, Wikisource, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Recovery_from_the_passage_of_an_iron_bar_through_the_head.
4. Jack El-Hai, The Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Genius and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness (Hoboken: Wiley, 2005), Kindle edition, location 116.
5. Kate Clifford Larson, Rosemary: The Hidden Kennedy Daughter (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015), p. 172.
6. John B. Dynes and James L. Poppen, “Lobotomy for Intractable Pain,” Journal of the American Medical Association 140, no. 1 (May 7, 1949), http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=304291.
7. Larson, Rosemary, p. 180.
8. Ibid.
9. Glenn Frankel, “D.C. Neurosurgeon Pioneered ‘Operation Icepick’ Technique,” Washington Post, April 7, 1980.
10. Dully and Fleming, My Lobotomy, p. 85.
11. “My Lobotomy,” All Things Considered, SoundPortraits Productions, November 16, 2005, http://soundportraits.org/on-air/my_lobotomy/transcript.php.
12. Dynes and Poppen, “Lobotomy for Intractable Pain.”
13. Ibid.
14. Ward Harkavy, “The Scary Days When Thousands Were Lobotomized on Long Island,” Village Voice, October 26, 1999, http://www.villagevoice.com/long-island-voice/the-scary-days-when-thousands-were-lobotomized-on-long-island-7155435.
15. Ibid.
16. “Moniz Develops Lobotomy for Mental Illness, 1935,” People and Discoveries, ETV Education, 1998, PBS.org, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dh35lo.html.
17. Frank T. Vertosick Jr., “Lobotomy’s Back,” Discover, October 1997, http://discovermagazine.com/1997/oct/lobotomysback1240.
18. Eric Weiner, “Nobel Panel Urged to Rescind Prize for Lobotomies,” NPR.org., August 10, 2005, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4794007.
19. Mical Raz, Lobotomy Letters: The Making of American Psychosurgery, edited by Theodore M. Brown, Rochester Studies in Medical History series (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2015), p. 113.
20. Ibid., p. 113.
21. Dynes and Poppen, “Lobotomy for Intractable Pain.”
22. “Introduction: The Lobotomist.”
23. Dully and Fleming, My Lobotomy, p. 85.
24. El-Hai, The Lobotomist, Kindle location 3363–64.
25. Piya Kochar and Dave Isay, “My Lobotomy: Howard Dully’s Story,” edited by Gary Corvino, Sound Portraits Productions, NPR.org, November 16, 2005, http://www.npr.org/2005/11/16/5014080/my-lobotomy-howard-dullys-journey.
26. Dully and Fleming, My Lobotomy, p. 86.
27. Ibid., p. 85.
28. Hugh Levinson, “The Strange and Curious History of Lobotomy,” Magazine, BBC News, November 8, 2011, http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15629160.
29. Michael M. Phillips, “The Lobotomy File, Part Two: One Doctor’s Legacy,” a Wall Street Journal special project, 2013, http://projects.wsj.com/lobotomyfiles/?ch=two.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Dully and Fleming, My Lobotomy, p. 86.
34. Larson, Rosemary, p. 178.
35. Ibid., p. 180.
36. Ibid., p. 178.
37. El-Hai, The Lobotomist, Kindle location 1695–96.
38. Ibid., Kindle location 1582.
39. Ibid., Kindle location 3202–03.
40. Ibid., Kindle location 3206–7.
41. Kochar and Isay, “My Lobotomy.”
42. El-Hai, The Lobotomist, Kindle location 3209–11.
43. Ibid., Kindle location 3213.
44. Phillips, “The Lobotomy File, Part Two.”
45. Jack D. Pressman, Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine, edited by Charles Rosenberg and Colin James, Cambridge History of Medicine series (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 82.
46. Tony Long, “Nov. 12, 1935: You Should (Not) Have a Lobotomy,” WIRED, November 12, 2010, http://www.wired.com/2010/11/1112first-lobotomy/.
47. “Moniz Develops Lobotomy for Mental Illness, 1935.”
48. El-Hai, The Lobotomist, Kindle location 189.
49. Ibid., Kindle location 3222–23.
50. Raz, Lobotomy Letters, pp. 108–9.
51. Dully and Fleming, My Lobotomy, p. 77.
52. El-Hai, The Lobotomist, Kindle location 3995.
53. Kochar and Isay, “My Lobotomy.”
Polio
1. David M. Oshinsky, Polio: An American Story (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 5.
2. Sheila Llanas, Jonas Salk: Medical Innovator and Polio Vaccine Developer (Edina, MN: ABDO, 2013), p. 8.
3. Paul A. Offit, The Cutter Incident: How America’s First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), Kindle edition, location 386.
4. Oshinsky, Polio, p. 4.
5. “Deadly Diseases: Polio,” ETV Education, PBS.org, 2005 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/rxforsurvival/series/diseases/polio.html.
6. “Polio: What You Need to Know,” myDr website, January 12, 2011, http://www.mydr.com.au/kids-teens-health/polio-what-you-need-to-know.
7. “Polio and Prevention,” Global Polio Eradication Initiative, http://www.polioeradication.org/polioandprevention.aspx, pp. 4–9.
8. Oshinsky, Polio, p. 44.
9. Ibid., p. 46.
10. Ibid., p. 47.
11. Ibid., p. 45.
12. Daniel J. Wilson, Living with Polio: The Epidemic and Its Survivors (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. 119.
13. N. M. Nielsen, K. Rostgaard, K. Juel, D. Askgaard, and P. Aaby, “Long-term Mortality after Poliomyelitis,” U.S. National Library of Medicine, May 2003, PubMed.com, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12859038.
14. Wilson, Living with Polio, p. 120.
15. Ibid.
16. Oshinsky, Polio, p. 49.
17. Ibid., p. 51.
18. Ibid., p. 52.
19. Ibid., p. 188.
20. Llanas, Jonas Salk, p. 16.
21. Oshinsky, Polio, p. 101.
22. Ian Musgrave, “‘Toxins’ in Vaccines: A Potentially Deadly Misunderstanding,” The Conversation, November 28, 2012, http://theconversation.com/toxins-in-vaccines-a-potentially-deadly-misunderstanding-11010.
23. Oshinsky, Polio, p. 228.
24. Ibid., p. 171.
25. Ibid., p. 172.
26. Thompson, “The Salk Polio Vaccine.”
27. “Medicine: Closing in on Polio,” Time, March 29, 1954, http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,819686-4,00.html.
28. William Lawrence, “Sacks Polio Vaccine Proves Success; Millions Will Be Immunized Soon; City Schools Begin Shots April 25, The New York Times, April 13, 1955, http:timemachine.nytimes.com/timemachine/1955/04/13/issue.html.
29. Oshinsky, Polio, p. 211.
30. Amar Prabhu, “How Much Money Did Jonas Salk Potentially Forfeit by Not Patenting the Polio Vaccine?” Forbes, August 9, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2012/08/09/how-much-money-did-jonas-salk-potentially-forfeit-by-not-patenting-the-polio-vaccine/#1e35e3941c2d.
31. Oshinsky, Polio, p. 215.
32. Ibid., p. 214.
33. Ibid., p. 216.
34. Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Citation Presented to Dr. Jonas E. Salk and Accompanying Remarks,” American Presidency Project, April 22, 1955, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=10457.
35. Ibid.
36. Stanley Plotkin, “‘Herd Immunity’: A Rough Guide,” Oxford Journals: Clinical Infectious Diseases 52, no. 7 (2011), http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/7/911.full.
37. “Measles (MCV)—Data by Country,” Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organization, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A826?_ga=1.149767604.366030890.1401971125.
38. Paul A. Offit, The Cutter Incident: How America’s First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), Kindle edition, location 178.
39. Ibid., Kindle location 2075.
40. Oshinsky, Polio, p. 255.
41. “Oral Polio Vaccine,” Global Polio Eradication Initiative, http://www.polioeradication.org/Polioandprevention/Thevaccines/Oralpoliovaccine(OPV).aspx.
42. “People and Discoveries—Jonas Salk,” A Science Odyssey, PBS.org, 2010, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmsalk.html.
43. Sheryl Stolberg, “Jonas Salk, Whose Vaccine Conquered Polio, Dies at 80,” Los Angeles Times, June 24, 1995, http://articles.latimes.com/1995-06-24/news/mn-16682_1_first-polio-vaccine.
44. Richard D. Heffner, “Man Evolving … an Interview with Jonas Salk,” Open Mind, May 11, 1985, http://www.thirteen.org/openmind-archive/science/man-evolving/.
Epilogue
1. Mark Joseph Stern, “Listen to Reagan’s Press Secretary Laugh About Gay People Dying of AIDS,” Slate, December 1, 2015, http://www.slate.com/blogs/outward/2015/12/01/reagan_press_secretary_laughs_about_gay_people_dying_of_aids.html.
2. Ronald Reagan, “The President’s News Conference—September 17, 1985,” https://reaganlibrary.archives.gov/archives/speeches/1985/91785c.htm.
3. Hank Plante, “Reagan’s Legacy,” HIV Info—Hot Topics—from the Experts, San Francisco AIDS Foundation, 2011, http://sfaf.org/hiv-info/hot-topics/from-the-experts/2011-02-reagans-legacy.html?referrerhttps://www.google.com/.
4. William F. Buckley Jr., “Crucial Steps in Combating the Aids Epidemic; Identify All the Carriers,” New York Times, op-ed, March 18, 1986, https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/07/16/specials/buckley-aids.html.
5. William Martin, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America (New York: Broadway Books, 1996), p. 248.
6. “Huckabee Wanted AIDS Patients Isolated,” Los Angeles Times, December 9, 2007, http://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/09/nation/na-huckabee9.
7. “Mike Huckabee Advocated Isolation of AIDS Patients in 1992 Senate Race,” Fox News, December 8, 2007, http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/12/08/mike-huckabee-advocated-isolation-aids-patients-in-12-senate-race.html.
8. Catherine Shoard, “Elizabeth Taylor ‘Worth up to 1Bn’ at Time of Death,” Guardian, March 29, 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/mar/29/elizabeth-taylor-worth-1bn-death.
9. David Aikman, Billy Graham: His Life and Influence (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2007), p. 261.
10. John Morrison, Mathilde Krim and the Story of AIDS (New York: Chelsea House, 2004), Kindle edition, excerpt, p. 57, https://books.google.com/books?id=K-ZU35x2JaoC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=How+much+did+government+spend+investigating+tylenol&source=bl&ots=MYVv0GgLiT&sig=aGgVsBpQN6ItG971z4EFlEjqaQ8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBlLmwxrTMAhVDdj4KHQFKB00Q6AEILDAC#v=onepage&q=How%20much%20did%20government%20spend%20investigating%20tylenol&f=false.
11. “Catholics, Condoms and AIDS,” New York Times, October 20, 1989, http://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/20/opinion/catholics-condoms-and-aids.html.
12. David Koon, “Ruth Coker Burks, the Cemetery Angel,” Arkansas Times, January 8, 2015.
13. Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday (1943; reprint, Lexington, MA: Plunkett Lake Press, 2011), p. 5.
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