by Greg Grandin
18. Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,” p. 344.
19. Dean, Struggle for Rubber, pp. 73–74.
20. BFRC, accession 74, Box 14, “Black Book: Strictly Confidential.”
21. National Archives, RG 59, microfilm 0519, roll 43, 832.6176F75/22, Drew to State, December 15, 1928; 832.6176F75/29, Drew to State, April 22, 1929; 832.6176F75/32, Memo, Division of Latin American Affairs, May 3, 1929; BFRC, accession 301, box 21, Carnegie to Craig, March 27, 1931; BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Report on Visit to Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil,” December 2, 1930; Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,” p. 348.
22. Folha do Norte, March 2, 1929, and March 3, 1929.
23. BFRC, accession 74, box 2, “Personnel File 1930;” Folha do Norte, May 8, 1930.
24. BFRC, “Black Book: Strictly Confidential.”
Chapter 11: Prophesied Subjection
1. McNairn and McNairn, Quotations, p. 51.
2. Brinkley, Wheels for the World, p. 102; BFRC, Reminiscences, A. M. Wibel, pp. 168–69.
3. BFRC, accession 38, box 61, Sorensen to Oxholm, July 5, 1929.
4. BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Interplant Correspondence.”
5. Wilkins and Hill, American Business Abroad, p. 172.
6. “Brazil Sending Arms to Ford’s Plantation,” Washington Post, January 3, 1929.
7. BFRC, accession 74, box 17, Oxholm to Sorensen, September 28, 1928.
8. Hemming, Tree of Rivers, p. 17; Roger D. Stone, Dreams of Amazonia, New York: Penguin, 1989, p. 47; BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Victor J. Perini (as told by Constance Perini); Reminiscences, Matt Mulrooney.
9. Phillips, Brazil, pp. 68–69; J. T. Baldwin Jr., “David B. Riker and Hevea brasiliensis,” Economic Botany 22 (1968): 383–84.
10. BFRC, accession 74, box 14, “Black Book: Strictly Confidential.”
11. BFRC, accession 74, box 6, Miscellaneous Letters.
12. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Wibel, June 5, 1934.
13. BFRC, accession 74, box 9, Johnston to Stallard, April 15, 1940.
14. Edviges Marta Ioris, “A Forest of Disputes: Struggles over Spaces, Resources, and Social Identities in Amazonia,” PhD dissertation, University of Florida, 2005.
15. BFRC, accession 74, box 6, “Indian Labor.”
16. BFRC, Reminiscences, Carl LaRue; BFRC, accession 74, box 2, “Riot 1930”; BFRC, accession 74, box 2, “Report on Visit of W. E. Carnegie.”
17. Franco, O Tapajós, pp. 82–83; BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Report on Visit,” December 2, 1930. See also the binder in accession 74, box 9, that contains a report on the land titles held within the boundaries of Fordlandia; “Armed Brazilians Raid Ford Rubber Plantation,” New York Times, December 25, 1930; “Enjoin Ford Interests,” New York Times, December 27, 1930; Segal, Recasting the Machine Age, p. 24.
18. Iron Mountain News, January 26, 1925; August 3, 1925.
19. BFRC, Reminiscences, Ernest Liebold.
20. BFRC, accession 38, box 64, Sorensen to Victor Perini, February 28, 1930.
21. Author’s interview with Eimar Franco, March 16, 2008.
22. Folha do Norte, December 23, 1930.
23. BFRC, accession 74, box 7, Oxholm’s monthly progress reports to Sorensen.
24. BFRC, “Report on Visit of W. E. Carnegie.”
25. Grubb, Amazon and the Andes, p. 19.
26. BFRC, accession 38, box 61, “Rubber Plant Visit 1929.”
Chapter 12: The Ford Way of Thinking
1. BFRC, accession 38, box 61, “History of the Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil since Its Inception”; BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil”; BFRC, accession 88, box 2, Mira Wilkins Research Papers, Interview with William Cowling.
2. Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,” pp. 349–53.
3. BFRC, accession 38, box 61, Sorensen to Oxholm, July 5, 1929; BFRC, accession 74, box 17, “Cowling to Ford, et al.,” August 20, August 23, and September 9, 1929.
4. For Bennett’s role in Ford’s subsequent firing of Cowling, see Bennett, We Never Called Him Henry, New York: Gold Medal Books, 1951, p. 61.
5. “Cowling to Ford, et al.,” August 20, August 23, and September 9, 1929.
6. National Archives, RG 59, microfilm 0519, roll 43, 832.6176F75/55, Drew to State, October 1, 1929; Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,” p. 361.
7. “Golden Jubilee,” Time, May 27, 1929; Warren Sloat, 1929: America before the Crash, New York: Cooper Square Press, 2004 (1979).
8. Kaj Ostenfeld, “The Family with the Red Roses,” unpublished manuscript on deposit in New York Public Library, APV (Ostenfeld) 93-2371.
9. “With Ford on the Amazon: The Story of the Ford Plantation, an Eye-Witness,” Planter, January 1931, in BFRC, Vertical File, “Rubber Plantations.”
10. Ibid.
11. Wilkins and Mill, American Business Abroad, p. 171.
12. BFRC, accession 285, box 755.
13. BFRC, accession 6, box 74; BFRC, accession 74, box 10.
14. “Armed Brazilians Raid Ford Rubber Plantation,” New York Times, December 25, 1930; “Opposition to Ford Dropped in Brazil,” New York Times, May 3, 1931; Isabel Vincent, “Fordlandia: The Amazon Town That Henry Ford Built,” Globe and Mail, March 20, 1993.
15. “Brazil Sending Arms to Ford’s Plantation,” New York Times, January 3, 1929.
16. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Wibel, December 31, 1932.
17. BFRC, accession 38, box 61, Oxholm, October 17, 1929.
18. John Galey, “Industrialist in the Wilderness: Henry Ford’s Amazon Venture,” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 21 (1979): 271; author’s interview with Einar Oxholm’s son Einar, February 12, 2008.
19. “Ford Envoy Leaves Brazil,” New York Times, October 4, 1929; BFRC, accession 301, box 2l, W. E. Carnegie to B. J. Craig; BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Report on Visit to Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil,” December 2, 1930.
20. BFRC, interview with William Cowling.
21. Dean, Struggle for Rubber, p. 73.
Chapter 13: What Would You Give for a Good Job?
1. Nevins and Hill, Ford, pp. 17, 536.
2. Ibid., pp. 14–15.
3. BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Victor J. Perini (as told by Constance Perini).
4. BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Matt Mulrooney.
5. BFRC, accession 74, box 7, Monthly Reports, December 1930.
6. José Maria Ferreira de Castro, The Jungle, trans. Charles Duff, Viking, 1935, p. 65; Nash, Conquest of Brazil, p. 201.
7. BFRC, accession 74, box 7, Progress Report.
8. BFRC, accession 74, box 1, “Tentative Scheme of South American Plantation Organization”; BFRC, accession 74, box 2, “Report on Visit of W. E Carnegie, 1929”; “Report on Visit of Messrs W. E. Carnegie and V. J. Perini, February 1931”; BFRC, accession 75, box 13, “General Plan of Operation for 1930 and 1931”; BFRC, accession 301, box 2, “Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil”; BFRC, accession 38, box 61, “Report on the Second Visit of W. E. Carnegie, 1930”; BFRC, accession 74, box 7, monthly progress reports.
9. BFRC, accession 75, box 13, “General Plan of Operation for 1930 and 1931.”
10. Isabel Vincent, “Fordlandia: The Amazon Town That Henry Ford Built,” Globe and Mail, March 20, 1993.
11. Henrique Veltman, “Os Hebraicos da Amazônia,” unpublished manuscript, 2005, p. 55; Baldwin, “David B. Riker”; BFRC, accession 47, box 13, “Report on Visit”; David Riker, “The Last Southern Seed,” unpublished manuscript; author’s interview with David Riker’s grandson, David Riker, July 28, 2007.
12. Earl Parker Hanson, Journey to Manaos, New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1938, p. 73; Kaj Ostenfeld, “The Family with the Red Roses,” unpublished manuscript on deposit in New York Public Library, APV (Ostenfeld) 93–2371.
13. Ostenfeld, “The Family with the Red Roses.”
14. Hanson, Journey to Manaos, pp. 74–76.
15. Author’s interview with Eimar
Franco; Franco, O Tapajós, p. 79; Vera Kelsey, Seven Keys to Brazil, New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1940, pp 222–23.
16. Vincent, “Fordlandia.”
17. Author’s interview with Leanor Weeks, August 2, 2007; author’s interview with Charles Townsend, June 20, 2008.
18. BFRC, accession 74, box 5, Johnston to US Marines, September 19, 1942.
19. BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Matt Mulrooney; Allison McCracken, “ ‘God’s Gift to Us Girls’: Crooning, Gender, and the Re-Creation of American Popular Song, 1928–1933,” American Music 17 (1999): 365–95.
20. BFRC, accession 74, box 18, miscellaneous reports and telegrams; BFRC, accession 74, box 16, “Gardens,” McClure to Edsel Ford, August 3, 1939; BFRC, accession 74, box 14, Roberge, May 5, 1939.
21. William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West, New York: Norton, 1992, p. 202.
Chapter 14: Let’s Wander Out Yonder
1. BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, John R. Rogge.
2. Elizabeth Esch, “Fordtown: Managing Race and Nation in the American Empire, 1925–1945,” PhD dissertation, New York University, 2003, p. 97; BFRC, accession 285, box 1275.
3. BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Matt Mulrooney.
4. BFRC, accession 301, box 2, “Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil.”
5. BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Matt Mulrooney; BFRC, Reminiscences, John R. Rogge. Also see “Ford Plant Chief to Leave Here Tomorrow for Project in Brazil,” Iron Mountain News, February 11, 1930, which summarizes a letter Rogge wrote home about his upriver trip.
6. Information on John Rogge’s life and activities at Fordlandia comes from an interview with his nephew, Roger Rogge, July 17, 2007.
7. Raffles, In Amazonia, p. 138.
8. Weinstein, The Amazon Rubber Boom, pp. 53, 73, 126, 169, 185–87, 189, 237, 291; William Lewis Herndon and Lardner Gibben, Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon Made under Direction of the Navy Department, Washington, D.C.: Robert Armstrong, 1854, pp. 308, 311.
9. Roosevelt, Through the Brazilian Wilderness, p. 360; Herndon and Gibben, Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, p. 309.
10. For a photograph of Baretto’s house, see Devon Record Office, Exeter, UK, Charles Luxmoore, 521 M–1/SS/9.
11. McCracken, “ ‘God’s Gift to Us Girls,’ ” p. 379.
12. Dydia Delyser, Ramona Memories: Tourism and the Shaping of Southern California, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005; “The Right Woman in the Right Place,” Washington Post, March 26, 1883; Helen Hunt Jackson, Ramona: A Story, New York: Little, Brown, 1914, pp. 39, 46, 83.
13. Henri Coudreau, Voyage au Tapajoz, Paris, 1897, pp. 38–40; Cleary, “ ‘Lost Altogether to the Civilised World’: Race and the Cabanagem in Northern Brazil, 1750–1850”: John Hemming, Amazon Frontier: The Defeat of the Brazilian Indians, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987, p. 236; Sears, Forest Runes, p. 157; Robert F. Murphy, Headhunter’s Heritage: Social and Economic Change among the Mundurucú Indians, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960, p. 1; Yolanda Murphy and Robert F. Murphy, Women of the Forest, New York: Columbia University Press, 2004, p. 105; for a short interview with a Mundurucú leader who helped put down the Cabanagem Revolt, see Herndon and Gibben, Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, p. 311.
14. Robert F. Murphy, Mundurucú Religion, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958, p. 8.
15. S. Brian Burkhalter and Robert F. Murphy, “Tappers and Sappers: Rubber, Gold, and Money among the Mundurucú,” American Ethnologist 16 (1989): 105, 114; Murphy, Mundurucú Religion, p. 10.
16. “Ford Tire Plants Planned in Brazil,” New York Times, November 16, 1928.
Chapter 15: Kill All the Americans
1. A. Ogden Pierrot, “A Visit to Fordlandia,” Rubber Age, April 10, 1932.
2. Esch, “Fordtown,” p. 115; BFRC, accession 74, box 2; author’s interview with Eimar Franco, March 16, 2008.
3. For Riker’s opinion, as interpreted by the traveler Henry Albert Phillips, see Brazil: Bulwark of Inter-American Relations, pp. 68–69; see also Baldwin, “David B. Riker and Hevea brasiliensis,” pp. 383–84.
4. Author’s interview with Leanor Weeks; Phillips, Brazil, p. 63; BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Matt Mulrooney.
5. BFRC, accession 74, box 2, “Report on Visit of W. E. Carnegie.”
6. Henry Ford, Today and Tomorrow, New York: Doubleday, p. 101; Mark Seltzer, Bodies and Machines, New York: Routledge, 1992, p. 157; Esch, “Fordtown,” p. 48; Collier and Horowitz, The Fords, p. 11.
7. “The Clocks Put Back,” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 19, 1885; “The Proposed Universal Day,” Scientific American, May 20, 1899; “A Belated Reform,” Washington Post, February 13, 1898; “News of the Week,” Michigan Farmer, November 17, 1900.
8. Estado do Pará, December 27, 1930.
9. BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Report on Visit to Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil,” December 2, 1930.
10. BFRC, accession 74, Box 2, “Riot 1930.”
11. Estado do Pará, December 31, 1930.
12. Author’s interviews with Leonor Weeks and David Bowman Riker (David Riker’s grandson).
13. “Armed Brazilians Raid Ford Rubber Plantation,” New York Times, December 25, 1930; “Enjoin Ford Interests,” New York Times, December 27, 1930.
14. For the wheat bread and rice complaint, see BFRC, accession 75, box 17, “Interplant Correspondence,” Kennedy to Dearborn, December 24, 1930. For the Dearborn company store, see Nevins and Hill, Ford, p. 347.
15. Estado do Pará, December 26, 1930.
16. Estado do Pará, December 27, 1930.
17. Franco, O Tapajós, p. 82.
18. Folha do Norte, December 28, 1930; “Report Ford Ending Para Rubber Work,” New York Times, February 2, 1931.
Chapter 16: American Pastoral
1. Collier and Horowitz, The Fords, p. 102; Sward, The Legend of Henry Ford, p. 223; Richard T. Ortquist, “Unemployment and Relief: Michigan’s Response to the Depression during the Hoover Years,” Michigan History 57 (1975): 209–36; T. H. Watkins, The Hungry Years, New York: Macmillan, 2000; Joyce Shaw Peterson, American Automobile Workers, 1900–1933, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987, p. 135.
2. Brinkley, Wheels for the World, pp. 380–88.
3. Collier and Horowitz, The Fords, pp. 102–3; Sward, The Legend of Henry Ford, pp. 224–25; “Times Good, Not Bad, Ford Says: Sees the Dawn of a Bright Future,” New York Times, February 1, 1933.
4. Barrie A. Wigmore, The Crash and Its Aftermath: A History of Securities Markets in the United States, 1929–1933, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1985, p. 444; Lacey, Ford, pp. 327–40; Thomas J. Ticknor, “Motor City: The Impact of the Automobile Industry upon Detroit, 1900–1975,” PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, 1978.
5. Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews, p. 303; David Allan Levine, Internal Combustion: The Races in Detroit, 1915–1926, Westport: Greenwood, 1976, pp. 161–64. See also From Kingsford: The Town Ford Built in Dickinson Country, Michigan.
6. “The Despot of Dearborn,” Scribner’s Magazine, July 1931; Halberstam, The Reckoning, p. 65.
7. “The Little Man in Henry Ford’s Basement,” American Mercury, May 1940; Bonosky, Brother Bill McKie, p. 79.
8. Desmond Rochfort, Mexican Muralists: Orozco, Rivera, Siqueiros, San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1998, p. 126.
9. Ford R. Bryan, Henry’s Lieutenants, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993, p. 284; Hounshell, From the American System, pp. 187, 288.
10. Diego Rivera, My Art, My Life, Mineola, N.Y.: Courier Dover Publications, 1991, pp. 111–22; McNairn and McNairn, Quotations, p. 76.
11. Lew Andrews, Story and Space in Renaissance Art: The Rebirth of Continuous Narrative, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 5.
12. Steven Watts, People’s Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century, New York: Knopf, 2005, pp. 320–21; Ralph Waldo Trine, The Power That Wins, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merr
ill, 1928, p. 77.
13. Watts, People’s Tycoon, p. 422; Geoffrey C. Upward, A Home for Our Heritage: The Building and Growth of Greenfield Village and Henry Ford Museum, 1929–1979, Dearborn: Henry Ford Museum Press, p. 2; Steven Conn, Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876–1926, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998, p. 156.
14. Conn, Museums and American Intellectual Life, p. 159; “Ford Builds a Unique Museum,” New York Times, April 5, 1931.
15. Upward, A Home for Our Heritage, p. 26.
16. Simonds, Henry Ford and Greenfield Village, p. 134.
17. Lacey, Ford, p. 244; Watts, People’s Tycoon, pp. 407–9, 422.
18. New York Times, January 12, 1936.
19. Rivera, My Art, My Life, p. 112.
20. Nevins and Hill, Ford, p. 605; Dempsey, “Henry Ford’s Amazonian Suburbia,”p. 44; Marx, The Machine in the Garden, pp. 18, 165.
21. Nevins and Hill, Ford, pp. 598, 610.
22. José Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses, New York: New American Library, 1950, p. 59.
23. Lindbergh, The Wartime Journals, p. 712.
24. Brinkley, Wheels for the World, p. 422.
25. Collier and Horowitz, The Fords, pp. 121, 164.
26. Upward, A Home for Our Heritage, p. 22; Richard Bak, Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire, New York: Wiley, 2003.
27. Wright, On Architecture, pp. 145–46.
Chapter 17: Good Lines, Straight and True
1. BFRC, accession 74, box 2, “Report on Visit of Messrs. W. E. Carnegie and V. J. Perini,” February 1931; “Opposition to Ford Dropped in Brazil,” New York Times, May 3, 1931; “Ford Plans a Town on Brazilian Tract,” New York Times, February 7, 1931.
2. “Report Ford Ending Para Rubber Work,” New York Times, February 2, 1931; “Ford Men Deny Plan to Drop Rubber Work,” New York Times, February 3, 1931; “Edison to Stay on Job Till He Makes Rubber,” New York Times, March 18, 1930; India Rubber Journal, May 23, 1931, p. 671.
3. Segal, Recasting the Machine Age, p. 13; Brinkley, Wheels for the World, p. 380.
4. “Opposition to Ford Dropped in Brazil”; “Ford Plans a Town on Brazilian Tract”; “Fordlandia, Brazil,” Washington Post, August 12, 1931; “Modern City Rises in Jungle,” Chicago Tribune, March 30, 1932.