by Bonine, Michael E. ; Amanat, Abbas; Gasper, Michael Ezekiel
65. Jacob Weisberg, Paul Berman, Thomas Friedman, Christopher Hitchens, Fred Kaplan, George Packer, Kenneth M. Pollack, and Fareed Zakaria, “Liberal Hawks Reconsider the Iraq War,” January 12, 2004, http://www.slate.com/id/2093620/entry/2093641/.
66. White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “President Bush Discusses Freedom in Iraq and Middle East.”
67. Philip H. Gordon, “Bush’s Middle East Vision,” 160.
68. As cited in ibid.
69. Powell, “U.S.-Middle East Partnership Initiative.”
70. Sharp, “Middle East Partnership Initiative”; Powell, “U.S.–Middle East Partnership Initiative.”
71. UNDP, Arab Human Development Report 2002; UNDP, Arab Human Development Report 2003.
72. White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “President Bush Discusses Freedom in Iraq and Middle East.”
73. Robert B. Zoellick, “A Return to the Cradle of Free Trade,” Washington Post, June 23 2003.
74. Dar al Hayat, “U.S. Working Paper for G-8 Sherpas: G-8 Greater Middle East Partnership,” al Hayat, February 13, 2003, http://www.pogar.org/publications/reforms/documents/greater-middleeast.pdf.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid.
77. As cited in David Isenberg, “Pennywise Commitment to Arab Democracy,” Asian Times Online, January 9, 2003, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/EA09Ak01.html. See also Sharp, “Middle East Partnership Initiative,” 6.
78. As cited in Steven R. Weisman, “U.S. Muffles Sweeping Call to Democracy in Mideast,” New York Times, March 12, 2004.
79. As cited in International Crisis Group, “Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative,” 6.
80. Thomas E. Ricks and Robin Wright, “As Iraq Deteriorates, Iraqis Get More Blame,” Washington Post, November 29, 2006.
81. See Heydemann, “In the Shadow of Democracy,” 123.
82. Bulliet, Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization, 116.
83. Ibid., 118.
84. President Bush’s speech at the Royal Banqueting House in London, November 19, 2003, cited in Neep, “Dilemmas of Democratization in the Middle East,” 78.
85. White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Press Briefing: Situation in the Middle East.” http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/07/20060716–2.html.
86. David Brooks, “It’s Not Isolationism, but It’s Not Attractive,” New York Times, March 5, 2006.
87. Ibid. (emphasis added).
88. Suskind, “Without a Doubt.”
Conclusion
1. Todorova, in her Imagining the Balkans, has described something quite similar occurring in the Balkans. Building on the work of Edward Said, she argues that the accumulation of knowledge about the Balkans gave birth to a discourse she terms “Balkanism.” Subsequently, this discourse has had significant repercussions on the politics and society of the nations of the peninsula as well as on how the rest of the world has conceived of, and interacts with, the area.
2. For more on this question, see Lockman, Contending Visions of the Middle East.
3. Keith B. Richburg, “E.U., Turkey Agree to Membership Talks,” Washington Post, December 18, 2004, A22.
4. Keddie, “Is There a Middle East?” 255–71.
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