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INDEX
Page numbers in italic indicate tables and figures.
Abbas I, 147
Abbasid Caliphate, 14, 15
Abbott, James, 261n31
Abdullah I (Jordan), 43
Abru, Hafiz, 145
Academic specialties: area studies and, 49, 60–62
regional geography, 56
Afghanistan: atlases and maps, 87, 90, 92
defining the “Middle East�
�� and, 68, 69, 73, 78, 83, 84, 86, 91, 92, 94
“Eastern Question” and, 12
Middle East/Central Asia boundary and, 140, 142, 148
Soviet Union and, 50
U.S. terminology and usage, 51
Africa: atlases and maps, 85, 86–87
defining the “Middle East” and, 83, 113. See also Maghrib, the; North Africa
African Studies Association, 60
“African Transition Zone,” 82
Afro-Asian lands, 244n15
Agnew, John, 211, 212
Agriculture, 171, 177, 178–79, 266n12
Ahl (people), 165
Ahmad Pasha, 160
Ajami, Fouad, 220
Al ‘Azm, Sadiq Jalal, 120
Algeria, 104, 110–11, 114, 176, 177–80, 186
Algerian Forest Law, 179–80
Algiers Non-Aligned Summit (1973), 197, 198
Al-Iraq, 14–15
Al-sharq al-aqsa (Far East). See Aqsa al-sharq (Far East)
Al-Sharq al-Awsat (Middle East), 15, 101, 116
American Committee for Relief in the Near East, 28
American exceptionalism, 210
Ancient civilizations: the “Nearer East” and, 23
the Orient and, 120–21
Roman Empire, 177, 178–79, 266n12
the “Near and Middle East,” 26
Anderson, Ewan W., 71, 91–92, 252n46
Anderson, Liam D., 71, 91–92
Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, 41
Anthropology, area studies and, 60
Anti-Westernism, 29
Apocalyptic literature, 12, 16, 125, 137
Aqsa al-sharq (Far East), 15
Arab exceptionalism. See Middle East exceptionalism
Arab Human Development Reports (AHDRs), 218–20, 225, 226–27, 228
Arabian Peninsula, 5, 22, 73, 82, 83
Arabic language, 109, 115, 235
Arab-Israeli conflict, 51–52, 102, 214
Arab League, 255n26
Arab Maghrib Union (AMU), 111
Arab nationalism. See Nationalism
Arab peoples, 181–86
defining the “Middle East” and, 78, 235–36
the Levant and, 181–86
the Maghrib and, 104, 176, 177–80
Maghribi nationalism and, 110
Arab Rebellion, 183
Arab world: indigenous usages, 103, 107, 110, 114
U.S. terminology and usage, 214, 215, 218, 220
Aral Sea, 142–43, 145
The Arborescent Vegetation of the Levant (Mouterde), 184
Area studies, 49, 60–62, 108
Arms supplies, 48, 49, 51–52, 54
Asia: atlases and maps, 85
Cold War and, 50
defining the “Middle East” and, 3, 16–17, 62–63
terms of self-identification and, 29
Asia Minor, 20, 24
Asia’s Lands and Peoples (Cressey), 62–63, 64
Association for the Strengthening of Near Eastern Circassian Rights, 29, 248n100
Association of Asian Studies, 60
Atlases and maps, 56, 84–92, 148–51. See also Maps
Atlas: Issues in the Middle East (CIA), 88, 90
Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs (Anderson and Anderson), 71, 91–92, 93
Baghdad, 15, 158
Bahadur Khan, Abu‘l Ghazi, 145
Balfour Forest, 185
Balkans, 20, 24, 43, 45, 276n1
Barbaros (non-Greeks), 121
Barclay, James Turner, 258n47
Bar Kochba revolt, 125
Barnett, Thomas P.M., 221–23, 224
Bartholomew, John, 87
Basra, 156–57, 158, 160, 263n11
Beaumont, Peter, 68–70, 72, 73
Beazley, Charles, 24
Bedouin Control Ordinance (1942), 183–84
Bedouin people, 134, 173, 174, 182
Belgrade, 17
Belgrade Summit, 197
Bengal, 153, 155–56
Berber people, 105, 112–13, 121
Bergsten, C. Fred, 199–200, 202–3
Bernard, Marius, 24
Berque, Jacques, 104
Biblical geography: conceptualizing the Middle East and, 32
early usage of “Middle East” and, 24
Edward Said and, 256n10
environmental conditions and, 172, 181–82, 231–32
The Land and the Book (Thomson), 130–36
the “Nearer East” and, 21–22
Bin Laden, Osama, 136
Bistami, Muhammad Tahir, 260–61n30
Black Sands desert. See Qara Qum desert
Blake, Gerald H., 69–70, 72, 73, 76, 77, 78
Block, Fred L., 193
Blount, Henry, 130
Blyth, Estelle, 182
Boundaries, of the Middle East: atlases and maps, 84–92
Central Asia and, 139–51
fluidity of, 98–99
geographers and, 56, 92
Islamicate Eurasia, 152–69
Middle East/Central Asia boundary, 139–51, 239, 259n2
regional geography, 57–62
world cultural regions and, 78–84, 94, 96
Brandt Report, 201
Braudel, Fernand, 259n2
Bretton Woods system, 193–94, 198, 200, 238, 270–71n28
Brice, W. C., 68, 69
British Mandate, 182–84. See also Palestine
British Petroleum Company, 40
British terminology and usage: defining the “Middle East” and, 32, 55, 67, 233
early usage of “Middle East” and, 24–25, 37–41
“Eastern Question” and, 27
modern Middle East and, 53–54
“Near East” and, 19, 43
“Nearer East” and, 20, 21–22
World War I and World War II, 41–47
Brooks, David, 229
Brown, Carl, 244n15
Browne, Edward G., 41
Brummett, Palmira, 260n22
Buddhism, 21
Bulliet, Richard, 228
Burke, Edmund, 254n7
Burton, Richard, 20, 127
Bush, George H. W., 52, 212
Bush, George W., 53, 216, 224–26, 229–30
Bush Doctrine, 218, 224–26
Cairo Conference, 42–43
Cambridge Atlas of the Middle East and North Africa (Blake, Dewdney, and Mitchell), 90–91, 91
Canovai, Stanislao, 18
Cantemir, Dimitrie, 19
Carter, Jimmy, 52
Cartographica maps, 92
Cartography, 2, 13. See also Maps
Caspian Sea, 142–43, 145, 148
Caucasus region, 86
Cedar forests, 175
Central Asia: atlases and maps, 86
British and U.S. terminology, 36–37, 39, 51
defining the “Middle East” and, 96, 98–99, 139–51, 233
early usage of “Middle East” and, 25
Great Britain and, 37–38
the Great Game, 39–40
Middle East / Central Asia boundary, 139–51, 239
modern Middle East and, 26
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 88, 90
Central Middle East, 83
Central Treaty Organization, 48
Chad, 86
China, 16–17, 86, 98
Chirol, Valentine, 23, 25, 39
Christianity: conceptualizing the Middle East and, 32
the Holy Land and, 122, 123
the Maghrib and, 112–13
the “Nearer East” and, 21–22
sacred geography and, 137, 138
travel literature and, 128–30
Churchill, Winston, 42–43, 44–45, 46
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 126
Civic order, economic development and, 237–38
“basic needs” model and, 200–203
New International Economic Order (NIEO) and, 196–200
post-World War II period, 191–96
&
nbsp; since the 1980s, 203–6
Civilization, East/West divide and, 22–23, 25–26, 34–35, 85
Clarke, Edward Daniel, 130
Climate: defining the “Middle East” and, 67–68, 96
desertification and, 170–75, 181–86
development of civilizations and, 85. See also Environmental conditions
Clinton, Bill, 212
Coastal cities, Islamicate Eurasia and, 155–59
Cochin, 155–56, 157
Cold War, 1, 11, 47–50
Arab-Israeli conflict, 51–52
international relations theory, 212
the Maghrib and, 105–6
New International Economic Order (NIEO) and, 196–200
Cole, John, 84
Collective identity, 163, 165–67, 205–6
Colonialism, 4–5
Berber people, 112–13
conceptualizing the Middle East and, 32, 34
desertification and, 170–71
“Eastern Question” and, 27
Edmund Burke and, 254n7
historical divisions and cultural context, 6
the Levant and, 181–86
the Maghrib and, 101–5, 175–81
United States and, 269n11
Western economic structures and, 192–93
Committee of Imperial Defense (Great Britain), 40–41
Commodity prices, 196, 197, 198–200, 272n53
Communication, Islamicate Eurasia and, 154–55, 166–67
Congress of Vienna, 12, 28
Constructivist international relations theory, 208–9
Containment policy, 48
Continents, regional geography and, 58
Coon, Carleton S., 61
Country names, Islamicate Eurasia and, 157, 158–59
Cressey, George, 62–63, 64
Crimean War, 19, 37
Critical geopolitics, 207–30
Cultural context: defining the “Middle East” and, 4, 5, 76, 94, 96
National Geographic Atlas of the Middle East, 87
regional geography and, 5–6, 57–58. See also World cultural regions
Cultural space, 18, 19
Culture industry, 106
Cummings, John Thomas, 73
Cyprus, 173, 183
Dar al-Islam, as geopolitical entity, 2–3
Darwin, Charles, 173
De Blij, Harm J., 80, 81, 82, 94, 96
Debts, national, 201, 202–3, 204
Declensionist environmental narrative, 231–32
colonialism and, 170–75, 186–87
the Levant and, 181–86
the Maghrib and, 175–80
Deforestation, 174–75, 179–80, 181–86