The Anxious Triumph

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The Anxious Triumph Page 108

by Donald Sassoon


  Lincoln, Abraham 265–6, 408–9, 510

  Lind, Michael 223

  Linton, Eliza Lynn 66

  List, Friedrich 147, 180

  admiration for Britain 185–6

  and protectionism 140

  and Russian reforms 212

  The National System of Political Economy 138–9, 495

  and United States 500

  literacy 511

  China 92

  as condition of franchise 314–15

  Italy 41

  literature, and capitalism 372, 511–12

  Lithuania 14–15

  Little Bighorn, Battle of the 225

  Liu Kunyi, Chinese reformer 102

  Liu Ping-chang, governor of Kiangsi 108

  Lloyd George, David 294

  People’s Budget (1909) 263, 362

  Locke, John 159, 220

  Lohmann, Theodor 357

  Lombroso, Cesare 144, 509

  London

  cholera epidemics 75

  East End 50, 53–4, 70, 295

  Hyde Park ‘riots’ (1886) 361

  Jews in 50, 295

  population 46, 60

  slums 48–9, 50

  urban poor 49–51, 52–4

  London, City of 60

  London, Jack 54

  The Iron Heel 372

  Long Depression (1873–96) 119, 149, 153, 238, 361

  and anti-capitalism 487–8

  banking failures 483

  and British exports 445–6

  consequences of 491

  deflation 478

  as first global crisis 478–90

  and German colonization 436

  increased production 478, 479

  and labour legislation 373

  and labour movement 487–8

  low interest rates 488–9

  Loria, Achille 144

  Lorimer, James 318, 453

  Loris-Melikov, Count Mikhail 205, 279

  Louis Napoléon see Napoléon III

  Louis, Paul 471

  Lovinescu, Eugen 121

  Lu Xun, A Madman’s Diary 104

  Lueger, Karl 251, 403–4

  Lugard, Sir Frederick 19, 476

  Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio 519

  Luoyang, China 46

  Luther, Martin 386

  Lutheran Church 399–400

  Luzhnovsky, Gavril 281

  Luzzatti, Luigi 148

  Lyashchenko, Peter 211

  Maasai people 19

  Maastricht, Treaty of (1992) 11

  Maby, François de 474

  Macao 425

  Macartney, George, mission to China 93–4

  Macaulay, Thomas Babington 324, 465–6

  McCormick agricultural machinery 241, 242

  Macdonald, Ramsay 398

  Macedonia 269

  McGraw-Hill 242

  Machiavelli, Niccolò 134, 159

  Mackay, Charles, Extraordinary Popular Delusions … 528

  McKinley, William 344, 346, 442, 510

  MacLean, General Allan 63–4

  McLuhan, Marshall 5

  Macri, Mauricio 518

  Macron, Emmanuel 521

  Madagascar, French colony 470, 473–4

  Madero, Francisco, Mexico 275

  Maduro, Nicolás 519

  Maezu, Ramiro de 441

  Magna Carta 158

  Mahmud II, Sultan 118

  mail order catalogues 338–9

  Maistre, Joseph de xxix

  Maiwand, Battle of (1880) 431

  Major, John 517

  Malcolm X 408

  Malthus, Thomas 347

  Essay on the Principle of Population xxviii

  managers, and and ownership of capital 385

  Manchester, cotton manufacturing 51–2

  Manchester Guardian 359, 444

  Manchester School 145, 146, 171, 397–8, 456

  Manchuria, Japanese invasion (1931) 105

  Mandelson, Peter, MP 512

  Manijirō Inagaki, scholar 111

  Manners, Lord John 262

  Manning, Cardinal Henry Edward 394

  Mao Zedong 104

  Marat, Jean-Paul 322

  Marco Polo 4

  marketing 338–9

  markets

  capitalism and xxxiii–xxxiv, 485–6, 516

  free-market ideology 515–18

  regulation 140–41

  Married Women’s Property Act (1882) 90

  Marţian, Dionisie Pop 496

  Martin, Robert Montgomery 95–6

  Martineau, Harriet 152, 163

  Marx, Karl xiv, xxv, xxxv

  on American Civil War 221

  and banking 527

  on Bastiat 150

  on Belgium 368–9

  and capitalism 140, 201, 506–7, 513

  on colonialism 423

  and efficient state 136

  on foreign investment 458

  and Gladstone 263

  and globalization 485

  on industrial accidents 373

  and progress 180, 203

  on statism 157

  on suffrage 318

  on trade 96

  on unemployment in London 52

  on women 90

  and working hours 371, 374

  Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels

  Communist Manifesto (1848) xl, 1 90–91, 365

  The German Ideology (1846) 191

  Marxism, and industrialization 213

  Masaryk, Tomáš 148

  Masterman, Charles 262

  The Condition of England 169

  Mather, William, MP 370

  Maurice, Frederick Denison 398

  Maurras, Charles 392

  Mayer, Arno 259

  Mayhew, Henry, London Labour and the London Poor 54

  Mazzini, Giuseppe 243

  Mearns, Revd Andrew, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London (1883) 264, 359

  meat

  consumption 40, 49, 55, 56

  contaminated 70

  Méline, Jules 499

  Menelik II of Ethiopia 36, 438

  Menger, Carl, Principles of Economics (1871) 152

  Men’s League for Opposing Women’s Suffrage 90

  mercantilism

  Smith’s opposition to 140

  see also protectionism

  Merchant Shipping Act (1876) 375

  Mesopotamia, ancient xiv

  Methodism 390–91

  Mexico 31, 32, 144, 518

  1857 constitution 275

  1910 Revolution 267, 274–6, 509

  economy 127, 128, 502–3

  elites 503

  influenza (1918) 76

  land reforms 275

  secularism 391

  and USA 29, 238

  Microsoft 526

  middle classes

  as colonial settlers 461–2

  and democracy 190

  discontent with capitalism 310

  and economic development 64–6, 67–8

  as entrepreneurs 135

  life expectancy 71

  savings 65

  and servants 67–8

  and taxation 159

  see also bourgeoisie

  Middle East 34, 426

  refugees from 309

  Miészko I, King of Poland 14

  migration

  to Americas 308, 509

  and assimilation (in America) 47–8

  from China 97, 301–3

  to cities 43, 47, 68

  from Germany 308, 357, 437

  and global capitalism 483

  and industrialization 307–8

  into France 78–9, 353

  from Italy 41–2, 48, 439

  see also immigrants

  Mikhaylovsky, Nikolay 204

  Milan, demonstration (1898) 312

  military

  arms race before First World War 491

  role in modernizing change 267–8

  US superiority 524–5

  Mill, John Stuart xxii, 142, 152

  on colo
nialism 453

  and Eyre case 466

  and female suffrage 315, 326

  on migration 307

  On Liberty 110

  and race 306

  and role of state 145

  on taxation 164

  Millerand, Alexandre 378

  Milton Abbey, Dorset 64

  Milyoukov, Paul 121, 198, 203–4, 282, 495

  Mines and Collieries Act (1842) 374, 375

  mines and mining

  American 69

  China 108

  conditions 58, 69

  Ming Dynasty 92, 93

  Minsky, Hyman 528

  Mirabeau, Count 248

  Mirman, Léon 352

  Mises, Ludwig von 152

  Modernism 511

  modernity

  anxiety about xxviii–xxx

  and cities 44

  and colonialism 415

  imposition of xvii

  internal and external pressures 188–9

  and political and economic reforms 267, 269

  and religion 205, 212, 389–90

  and rise of capitalism xxii–xxiii, 172

  Russian resistance to 199–200

  Modi, Narendra 518

  Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia 271

  Moldava and Wallachia see Romania

  Møller, Katti Anker 354

  Mongols 3, 4, 92

  monopolies xix, 140–41, 167

  and American antitrust legislation 236–7

  private 153

  Monte Carlo 21

  Monte dei Paschi di Siena bank 299

  Montenegro 15–16, 25

  Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de 185, 424

  De l’esprit des lois (1748) 90

  on taxation 164

  Naples

  Moore, Barrington 224

  Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy 180–81

  Morales, Evo 519

  Morel, Edmund D. 433

  Moreno, García 391

  Moreno, Lenin 518

  Morgan, J. Pierpont 232, 234, 235, 304

  Morgan, Thomas Jefferson 303–4

  Morley, John, The Life of Cobden 376

  Morocco 471–2, 503

  Morris, William 310, 399

  mortality rates 68–9

  Mortimer, Thomas, The Elements of Commerce … 161–2

  Mozaffar ad-Din, Shah of Persia 270

  Mozambique, Portugal and 440–41

  Muhammad Ali, Khedive of Egypt 272–3, 419

  Mulhall, Michael, The Progress of the World … (1880) 184–5

  Mun, Albert de 393–4, 396, 473–4

  Munthe, Axel 61

  Murri, Romolo 397

  Musgrave, Richard 168

  Musil, Robert, The Man Without Qualities 43–4

  Muslims

  in Algeria 469–70, 475

  in Russian Empire 258

  see also Islam

  Mussorsky, Modest, Boris Godunov 207

  NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) 134

  Naguib, Muhammad 420

  Najemy, John 388–9

  Namibia, extermination of Herero tribe 432

  Nanking (Nanjing), Treaty of (1852) 96, 424

  Naoroji, Dadabhai, MP 418

  disease 61, 75–6

  foreign control of public utilities 130

  population 46

  urban poor 53

  Napoleon Bonaparte 13

  Napoleon III 150, 323, 350, 498

  colonial policies 437, 468, 469

  Napoleonic Empire (1804–15) 27

  Napoleonic Wars, Russia and 197

  Nasser, Gamal Abdel 420

  Natal 457

  Zulu rebellion (1906) 431

  nation-building 247–66

  and class 256–65

  and democratization 247–51

  and inequality 261–6

  and languages 252

  and patriotism 258–9

  popular consensus in 276

  and religion 252–5

  role of history 248–9

  and separatist movements 277–8

  and suffrage 313–14

  wars and 270

  National Cash Register Company 242, 339

  National Consumers League (1891) 338

  National Review 176

  nationalism

  and capitalism 190

  competitive 503–4

  and culture 10–11

  ethnic definition 28

  growth of xxxix–xl, 9

  and history 12, 15–17, 21

  idea of 120–21

  and languages 16, 26, 31

  negative connotations of 9–11

  and outsiders 288–310

  and Russian Federation 26

  Native Americans, effect of disease on 77

  Natsume Sōseki 111

  Navigation Acts, repealed (1849) 498

  Needham, Joseph, Science and Civilisation in China 91

  Négrier, General Oscar de 460

  Nekrasov, Nikolay 207, 290

  neo-liberalism 11, 515, 516–20

  and religion 518

  Netflix 526

  Netherlands

  and Indonesia 426, 438, 446–7

  low tariffs 492

  ‘Tulip mania’ 528

  Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie 444

  Neumann-Spallart, Franz Xaver von 191–2

  New Zealand 30, 33, 343, 446

  franchise 315, 319

  pensions 355

  working hours 373

  Nicaragua 519

  Nicholas I, Tsar 119, 204

  Nicholas II, Tsar 205, 210, 281–3, 285, 495

  October Manifesto (1905) 284, 290–91

  Nicoll, William Robertson, British Weekly 390

  Nietzsche, Friedrich 249

  Nigeria 19, 476

  nitrates, Latin American exports 127, 128

  Nitti, Francesco Saverio 148, 384

  Nixon, Richard, US President 134, 523

  nonconformity, Britain 390–91

  Nordau, Max, Entartung (Degeneration) 508–9

  Normand, Charles 208

  North Africa

  states 25

  see also Algeria; Egypt; Libya; Morocco

  North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 519

  North China Herald 99

  Northern Securities, railway conglomerate 237

  Norway 21, 27

  exports 174

  maternity reforms 354

  novelists

  and capitalism 511

  and condition of working class 372

  obesity 58

  O’Brien, James Bronterre 328

  O’Brien, Patrick 181

  Odessa, pogroms 290–91

  Ogaden movement, Ethiopia 20, 21

  Ōgai, Mori 428

  Ohmae, Kenichi 11

  Opium Wars 94–5, 424

  Second (1856–60) 96

  Ord, Sir Harry 460

  Organization of African Unity 19

  Orientalism 106–7

  Ortega, Daniel, Sandanista 519

  O’Sullivan, John 415

  Ottoman Empire

  and 1876 constitution 269

  disintegration 24–5, 120, 136, 269–70

  failure of reforms 268–70

  Jews in 299–300

  Long Depression (1873–96) 119

  middle class 135

  and modernization 91, 118–20

  and nation-building 257

  public debt and expenditure 119

  Reform Edict (1856) 268

  repression 268

  Tanzimat movement 118

  taxation 166–7

  Young Turks Revolution (1908) 267, 269, 509

  see also Egypt; Middle East; Turkey

  Owen, Robert 370

  Ozerov, Ivan K. 219–20

  Pacific, War of the (1879–83) 32

  Paine, Thomas 164

  Common Sense 143

  The Rights of Man 348

  Palestine, Jewish migrat
ion to 291

  Pall Mall Gazette 145, 176, 295

  Palmerston, Lord 106, 156, 163, 329

  pan-Slavism 210

  Pankhurst, Emmeline 315

  Papacy

  papal infallibility (1869–70) 401

  and politics 391

  and social reforms 384, 394–6

  Paraguay 32

  1904 revolution 509

  Pareto, Wilfredo 250

  Paris 6, 46, 67

  Le Bon Marché 339

  remodelled 150

  urban conditions 59–60

  Paris Bourse 184

  Paris Commune (1871) 368

  Parkes, Edmund A. 74

  Passy, Frédéric 470

  Pasteur, Louis 76

  patriotism, and nation-building 258–9

  Patten, Simon 57, 337

  peasants

  China 97

  Greece 131

  idealisation of life of 200

  Japan 115

  life and diet 38, 40–41, 42

  poll tax revolt (England 1381) 159

  Romania 45, 122, 123–4, 297

  Russia 200, 202

  taxation 158–9

  Ukraine 45

  Pecchio, Giuseppe 186–7

  Péguy, Charles 226, 472

  Peking, Conventions of (1860) 96

  Pelzer, South Carolina 379

  pensions

  France 350, 378

  non-contibutory universal (1908 UK) 360

  Sweden 355–6

  Perry, Commodore Matthew, Japan 109, 110

  Persia see Iran

  Peru 5, 33

  Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia 25, 89–90, 199

  beard tax 160

  Peterloo Massacre (1819) 325

  philanthropic paternalism 378–81

  philanthropy 266, 346–7

  Philippines, United States and 426, 431–2, 441, 442

  phylloxera vine disease 488

  Picavea, Ricardo Macías, El problema nacional Hechos 277

  Picot, Georges, Les Moyen d’améliorer la condition de l’ouvrier 372

  pig iron, production as measure of industrialization xx–xxi, 169

  pigs, in towns 69

  Piketty, Thomas 83, 488–9

  Pinkerton, Allan 225

  Pinkerton National Detective Agency 225

  Pitt, William, the Younger 142, 156

  Pittsburgh, Cambria Iron Works 230

  Pius IX, Pope 391, 392–3

  Pius X, Pope, Il Formo Proposito 391

  Plato, The Republic 511

  Plehve, Vyacheslav von 279, 281

  Plekhanov, Georgi, Our Differences 216–17

  Pobedonostsev, Konstantin 205, 279–80, 290, 370

  pogroms

  anti-Italian (in France) 305

  anti-Semitic 290–91

  Poland 13, 279

  borders 14–15, 26, 256

  industrialization 215

  Jews in 294

  nation-building 248, 256

  Polanyi, Karl 180

  Polisario movement, western Sahara 20–21

  Polish language 252

  political parties

  agrarian 399–400, 515

  Belgium 331–2

  Christian democrat 516

  communist 515

  Europe 335–6

  fascist 515

  Germany 332

  nationalist 515

  populist 520–21

 

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