7. Synge, Prose, 50–1, 140, 140.
8. Jean-Paul Sartre, Anti-Semite and Jew, New York 1968, 78.
9. W. B. Yeats, Letters to the New Island, Cambridge, Mass. 1934, 109.
10. Sartre, 97.
11. Yeats, Essays and Introductions, 372–3, 357.
12. Yeats, Samhain, 1908, 8–9.
13. On this see Thomas R. Whitaker, Swan and Shadow: Yeats's Dialogue with History, Chapel Hill 1964, 95–6.
14. The phrase is Aijaz Ahmed's: see In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures, London 1992, 95–122.
15. Yeats, Essays and Introductions, 317.
16. Yeats, John Sherman and Dhoya, 116.
17. Yeats, Plays and Controversies, 95.
18. Yeats, Explorations, 345.
19. Whitaker, 221.
20. Carlos Fuentes, "Remember the Future", Salmagundi, Fall 1985/Winter 1986, No. 68–9, 338–43.
21. Ibid., 338.
22. Walter Benjamin, "Theses on the Philosophy of History", Illuminations, tr. Harry Zohn, London 1973, 263.
23. Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life, tr. Peter Preuss, Indianapolis 1980.
24. Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 135.
25. The phrase is Ernie O'Malley's, On Another Man's Wound Kerry 1979, 41.
26. Quoted by Bernard Ransome, Connolly's Marxism, London 1980, 18.
27. Sigmund Freud, A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, tr. Joan Rivière, New York 1920, 325.
28. George Russell, The National Being Dublin 1916, 81.
29. Yeats, Collected Poems, 233.
30. Ibid., 225.
31. Yeats, Uncollected Prose 2, ed. John P. Frayne, 452.
32. Yeats, Collected Poems, 166–7.
33. Lionel Trilling, Sincerity and Authenticity 1–52 for main thesis.
34. Jean-Paul Sartre, Words, tr. Irene Clephane, Harmondsworth 1967, 71.
35. Wilde. The Artist as Critic 358.
36. Ibid., 375.
37. Quoted by Isaiah Berlin, Vico and Herder, London 1976, 203.
38. Yeats, Letters to the New Island, 174.
39. Fred Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act, London 1981, 68.
40. Yeats, Collected Plays, 133.
41. Ibid., 111–12.
42. Jameson, The Political Unconscious, 81.
43. Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism, Princeton 1957, 193.
44. Synge, Prose, 350.
45. Synge, Poems, 34.
46. Ibid., 38.
47. Synge Manuscripts TCD, MS 4382, f69v.
48. Wilde, The Artist as Critic, 398.
49. Ibid., 283–4.
SEVENTEEN: REVOLT INTO STYLE – YEATSIAN POETICS
1. Yeats, Collected Poems, 8.
2. Ibid., 9.
3. Ibid., 35.
4. Yeats, Essays and Introductions, 195.
5. Yeats, Collected Poems, 71.
6. Yeats, Plays and Controversies, 161.
7. Yeats, Collected Poems, 88.
8. Ibid., 89.
9. Ibid., 126.
10. Ibid., 141.
11. On this see Autobiographies, 330–2; Essays and Introductions, 111–45.
12. Yeats, Collected Poems, 151–2.
13. Ibid., 197.
14. Ibid., 232.
15. Yeats, Collected Plays, 206.
16. Ibid., 235.
17. Ibid., 241.
EIGHTEEN: THE LAST AISLING – A VISION
1. Yeats, Collected Poems, 240.
2. W. B. Yeats, A Vision, New York 1966, 10–11.
3. Ibid., 24–5.
4. The words are William Blake's, quoted by Peter Coveney, The Image of Childhood, 54.
5. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Crack-Up with Other Pieces and Stories, Har-mondsworth 1965, 39.
6. See A Visum, 23–7.
7. For a superb analysis of the greatest exponent see Seán Ó Tuama, Filí faoi Sceimble, Dublin 1979.
8. Quoted by Ellmann, Yeats: The Man and the Masks, London 1965. 249.
9. Yeats, A Vision, 8.
10. Quoted by Ellmann, The Man and the Masks, 6.
11. Letters of W. B. Yeats, 656.
12. Yeats, Explorations, 336.
13. A Vision, 52.
14. Ibid., 52.
15. Ibid., 84.
16. On this sec Alfred Cobban, "The Revolt against the Eighteenth Century", Romanticism and Consciousness, ed. H. Bloom, New York 1972, 64.
17. Yeats, Explorations, 333–4.
18. I take this from T. }. Diffey, "The Roots of Imagination", The Romantics, ed. Prickett, London 1981, 165–72.
19. Quoted ibid., 190.
20. Yeats, Collected Poems, 240–1.
21. Yeats, Essays and Introductions, 158.
22. Ibid., 341.
23. A Vision, 114.
24. Whitaker, 95. The phrase glossed is from Autobiographies.
25. Yeats, Collected Poems, 266.
26. Quoted by Jeffares, A Commentary on the Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats, Stanford 1968, 352.
27. A Vision, 263.
28. Ibid., 205–6.
NINETEEN: JAMES JOYCE AND MYTHIC REALISM
1. Gerald Griffin, The Wild Geese, London 1938, 24.
2. For more contemporary examples see Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, London 1990, 165.
3. Ellsworth Mason and Richard Ellmann, The Critical Writings of James Joyce, New York 1959, 174.
4. Ibid., 198.
5. Djuna Barnes, "James Joyce", Vanity Fair, XVIII, April 1922, 65.
6. Quoted Ellmann, James Joyce, 403.
7. Deleuze and Guattari, Kafka, 41.
8. R. Ellmann ed., Letters of James Joyce 2, London 1966, 134.
9. Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 274.
10. Ibid., 205.
11. Ibid., 220.
12. Ibid., 274.
13. James Joyce, Finnegans Wake, Harmondsworth 1992, 171.
14. Salman Rushdie, Imaginary Homelands, London 1992, 11.
15. Letters of James Joyce 1, 63.
16. Joyce, A Portrait, 228.
17. Joyce, Critical Writings, 196.
18. Ibid., 224, 212.
19. Ibid., 163.
20. Ibid., 168.
21. Ibid., 188.
22. Ibid., 195.
23. Vincent Tucker, "The Myth of Development", Unpublished paper, Dept. of Sociology, University College Cork 1993.
24. Joyce, Critical Writings, 173.
25. This was the allegation made by John Eglinton against revivalist representations of the western peasant.
26. Joyce, Critical Writings, 166.
27. Yeats, Collected Poems, 167.
28. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, 127–46.
29. Rushdie, Imaginary Homelands, 376.
30. Gerald Martin, Journeys Through the Labyrinth: Latin American Fiction in the Twentieth Century, London 1989, 206.
31. Octavio Paz, "A Literature of Foundation", in J. Donoso and W. Henkins eds., The Triquarterly Anthology of Latin American Literature, New York 1969, 8 (tr. Laysander Kemp).
32. Jorge Luis Borges, Labyrinths, Harmondsworth 1970, 221–4.
33. Roberto Ferñandez Retamar, Caliban and Other Essays, tr. Edward Baker, Minneapolis 1989, 28.
34. Joyce, Ulysses, 248.
35. Rushdie, Imaginary Homelands, 420.
36. R. A. Breatnach, "The End of a Tradition", Studia Hibernica, 1961, 142.
37. On this see Cathal Ó Háinle, "An tÚrscéal nár Tháinig", Promhadh Pinn, Dublin 1978, 74–98.
38. Ulysses, 449.
39. Linda Hutcheon, A Theory of Parody: The Teaching of Twentieth Century Art Forms, London 1985, 35.
40. Jameson, The Political Unconscious, 146.
41. Tucker, ibid.,
42. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, 8.
43. See Emer Nolan, James Joyce and Nationalism, London 1994.
44. Ulysses, 42.
45. Ibid., 49.
47. Ibid., 55.
48. Ibid., 45.
49. Ibid., 181.
50. Ibid., 248.
51. Ibid., 235.
52. Ibid., 258.
53. Ibid., 239–40.
54. Ibid., 272.
55. On the decline in deference see David Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life 1913–21, Dublin 1977; and J. J. Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society 1848–1918, Dublin 1973.
56. Ulysses, All.
57. Ibid., 432.
58. Ibid., 445.
59. Ibid., 401.
60. Ibid., 434.
61. Ibid., 435–6.
62. Ibid., 539.
63. W. B. Yeats, Samhain, December 1906, 6.
64. Ulysses, 60.
SEXUAL POLITICS: INTERCHAPTER
1. Michael O'Sullivan, Sean Lemass: A Biography Dublin 1994, 55.
2. For a good survey see Francis McManus ed., The Years of the Great Test 1926–39, Cork 1967.
3. Yeats, Collected Poems, 377–81.
4. On de Valera's rivalry with Collins, and for a full assessment of his 1937 constitution, see Tim Pat Coogan, De Valero: Long Fellow, Long Shadow, London 1993, 197–229 and 489–99.
5. The strongest case for viewing Yeats as fascist is Conor Cruise O'Brien, Passion and Cunning, London 1988 (1965); but Elizabeth Cullingford's answer in Yeats, Ireland and Fascism, London 1981, is decisive.
6. W. B. Yeats, "Divorce", The Senate Speeches of W. B. Yeats, ed. Donald R. Pearce, Indiana 1960, 157.
7. Ibid., 104–5.
8. Yeats, Uncollected Prose 1, 462–3.
9. Yeats, Autobiographies, 333.
10. Yeats, Uncollected Prose 1, 462–3.
11. On this see C. L. Innes, Women and Nation in Irish Literature and Society 1880–1935, Athens, Georgia 1993, 9–62.
12. Francis Sheehy Skeffington, 1916 The Easter Rising, 151.
TWENTY: ELIZABETH BOWEN – THE DANDY IN REVOLT
1. Elizabeth Bowen, The Shelbourne, London 1951, 128.
2. Elizabeth Bowen, The Last September, Harmondsworth 1987, 46.
3. Elizabeth Bowen, Bowen's Court, London 1942, 22.
4. Ibid., 97.
5. Quoted by Victoria Glendinning, Elizabeth Bowen: Portrait of a Writer, Harmondsworth 1985, 12.
6. Quoted by Edwin J. Kenney, Elizabeth Bowen, Lewisburg 1975, 23.
7. Ibid., 92–3.
8. Quoted Glendinning, 120–1.
9. Ibid., 164–5.
10. Ibid., 117.
11. Elizabeth Bowen, Pictures and Conversations, London 1975, 23.
12. Bowen's Court, 15.
13. The Last September, 89.
14. Quoted Kenney, 38.
15. The Last September, 131.
16. Ibid., 32–3.
17. The Last September, 98.
18. Ibid., 34.
19. Ibid., 60.
20. Ibid., 46.
21. Ibid., 134.
22. Ibid., 44.
23. Ibid., 49.
24. Ibid., 49.
25. Glendinning, 206.
26. Quoted Glendinning, 160.
27. The Last September, 44.
28. Ibid., 58.
29. Walter Benjamin, Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism, tr. Harry Zohn, London 1983, 74.
30. The Last September, 98.
31. Benjamin, 75.
32. The Last September, 187.
33. Ibid., 161.
34. Ibid., 82.
35. Benjamin, 95–6.
36. Bowen's Court, 194.
37. Elizabeth Bowen, The House in Paris, London 1935, 94.
38. Elizabeth Bowen, Collected Impressions, London 1950, 161.
39. Ibid., 198.
40. Bowen's Court, 338.
41. Quoted Kenney, 18.
42. Quoted Kenney, 23–4.
43. Quoted Glendinning, 139.
44. Quoted Ibid., 139.
TWENTY-ONE: FATHERS AND SONS
1. Albert Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized, tr. Howard Greenfeld, Boston 1967, 95–100.
2. Ibid., 101.
3. Patrick Kavanagh, "The Great Hunger", Collected Poems, London 1972, 36.
4. Sean O'Casey, Three Plays, 71.
5. Joyce, A Portrait, 262.
6. Joyce, Ulysses, 798.
7. Ibid., 266.
8. Ibid., 33.
9. Synge, Plays 2, 97.
10. Ibid., 151.
11. Ibid., 85.
12. Ibid., 149.
13. Matthew Bruccoli, As Ever, Scott-Fitz, London 1973, 184.
14. Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, tr. Haakon Chevalier, Harmondsworth 1970, 81.
15. Ibid., 83, 85.
16. Ibid., 86.
17. B. C. Rosset, Shaw of Dublin: The Formative Years, Pennsylvania 1964, 55, 102.
18. The phrase was used by Michael Holroyd, lecture, Carlow, 11 May 1992.
19. Dublin Evening Mail, 21 September 1923, 4.
20. Stanley Weintraub ed., Shaw: An Autobiography 1856–98, London 1969, 52.
21. Ibid., 24.
22. Salman Rushdie, Midnight's Children, London 1981, 108.
23. Ibid., 111.
24. Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, 82.
25. Ibid., 83.
26. Letters of W. B. Yeats, 589.
27. Yeats, Autobiographies, 28.
28. Ibid., 66.
29. Letters of W. B. Yeats, 583.
30. Joyce, Portrait, 3.
31. Ibid., 89.
32. Hannah Arendt, Between Past and Future: Six Exercises in Political Thought, London 1961,
33. Deleuze and Guattari, Kafka, 10.
34. Quoted by Takeo Doi, The Anatomy of Dependence, Tokyo 1986, 157.
35. Joyce, Portrait, 3.
36. Ibid., 5.
37. Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siécle Vienna: Politics and Culture, New York 1981, 191–7.
38. Yeats, Collected Poems, 105.
39. Peter Gay, Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider, New York 1970, 141.
40. Ibid., 142.
41. Robin Skynner and John Cleese, Families and How to Survive Them, London 1983, 189 ff.
42. Virginia Woolf, "Mr. Bennett and Mr. Brown", The Captain's Death Bed, 110.
43. Erich Fromm, The Fear of Freedom, London 1984, 148–9.
44. Ibid., 142.
45. Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 135.
46. Norman O. Brown, Life against Death: The Psychoanalytical Meaning of History, Middletown, Connecticut, 1959, 92.
47. This is Wohl's summary of the ideas of Karl Mannheim, The Generation of 1914, 77.
48. Cited Wohl, 196.
49. Ibid., 196.
50. David Fitzpatrick, Irish Emigration 1801–1921, Dundalk 1984, 41.
TWENTY-TWO: MOTHERS AND DAUGHTERS
1. Carol Coulter, The Hidden Tradition: Feminism, Women and Nationalism in Ireland, Cork 1993, 12.
2. See Margaret Ward, Unmanageable Revolutionaries: Women and Irish Nationalism, London 1983, 4–39.
3. Joseph J. Lee, "Women and the Church since the Famine", Women in Irish Society: The Historical Dimension, 41.
4. Rosemary Cullen Owens, Smashing Times: A History of the Irish Women's Suffrage Movement 1889–1922, Dublin 1984, 31–5.
5. Quoted Margaret MacCurtain, "Women, the Vote and Revolution", Women in Irish Society, 49.
6. Mary Colum, Life and the Dream, New York 1947, 174.
7. Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, quoted by Leah Levenson and Jerry H. Narterstad, Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington: Irish Feminist, Syracuse 1986, 29.
8. Rosemary Cullen Owens, 63.
9. Ibid., 42.
10. Constance Markievicz, Bean na hÉireann, Vol. 1, No. 4, February 1909, 2.
11. Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, ibid., Vol. 2, No. 13, November 1909, 5–6.
12. D. P. Moran, The Leader, 19 March 1910.
13. 'Maca", Bean na hÉireann, July 1909; cited Owens 104.
14. Editorial, The Irish Citizen, 2 May 1914.
15. Ward, 91.
16. Cited by Levenson-Natterstad, 75.
17. MacCurtain, Women in Irish Society, 55.
18. Cullen Owens, 85.
19. Quoted C. L Innes, Woman and Nation, 143.
20. Ward, 111.
21. An Phoblacht, 16 July 1932.
22. Ward, 109.
23. Ibid., 111–17.
24. Coulter, The Hidden Tradition, 18.
25. Levenson and Natterstad, 116.
26. Cited Ward, 123.
27. Irish Citizen, October 1916.
28. Ward, 145.
29. Quoted Levenson and Natterstad, 135.
30. "Reprisals Condemned", Freeman's Journal, 19 February 1921, 5.
31. Levenson and Natterstad, 135.
32. Ward, 167; also Levenson and Natterstad, 139 ff.
33. Ward, 176.
34. Ibid., 178.
35. Quotations in Levenson and Natterstad, 112.
36. Cullen Owens, 130–1.
37. Ward, 179 ff
38. Ibid., 193.
39. Ibid., 192.
40. Mary Robinson, "Women and the New Irish State", Women in Irish Society 63.
41. Levenson and Natterstad, 161.
42. Statement by Sean Lemass, Daily Express, 7 May 1930.
43. Cited Ward 244.
44. Quoted Tim Pat Coogan, De Valeria: Long Fellow, Long Shadow, 497.
45. Maurice Manning, "Women in Irish National and Local Politics 1922-72", Women in Irish Society 95–6.
46. Quoted by Coogan, 497.
47. Helena Molony, "James Connolly and Women", Dublin Labour Year Book, 1930.
48. Carol Coulter, "Ireland: Between First and Third Worlds", A Dozen Lips, Dublin 1994, 111.
49. Quoted by Coogan, De Valera, 497.
50. Quoted by Jeffares, A Commentary on the Poems of W. B. Yeats, 370.
51. C. L. Innes, Woman and Nation, 35.
52. Andrew Parker, Mary Russo, Doris Sommer and Patricia Yaeger, introduction, Nationalisms and Sexualities, London 1992, 5.
53. Ann McClintock, quote ibid., 6.
54. Geraldine Heng and Ganadas Devan, "State Fatherhood: the Politics of Nationalism, Sexuality and Race in Singapore", Nationalisms and Sexua-lities, 343.
55. Ibid., 343.
56. Basil Davidson, "On Revolutionary Nationalism: The Legacy of Cabral", Race and Class, 27, No. 3, Winter 1986, 43.
57. Adele Dalsimer, Kate O'Brien: A Critical Study, Dublin 1990, xiv.
58. See Dalsimer, 59–72; and Eibhear Walshe ed., Ordinary People Dancing, Cork 1993.
59. See Seamus Deane, "Mary Lavin", The Irish Short Story, eds. Patrick Rafroidi and Terence Brown, Lille 1978, 237–48; and A.A. Kelly, Mary Lavin: Quiet Rebel, Dublin 1980.
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