43. Ibid., 30.
44. Ibid., 33, 39.
45. Ibid., 31.
46. Ibid., 79.
47. Ibid., 68.
48. Ibid., 91.
49. Mercier, Beckett/Beckett, 53.
50. Endgame, 12, 34.
51. Ibid., 39.
52. Ibid., 47.
53. Ibid., 30.
54. Ibid., 12.
55. Ibid., 13.
56. Ibid., 13–14.
57. Ibid., 30.
58. Ibid., 38.
59. Waiting for Godot, 64.
60. Erich Fromm, The Fear of Freedom, London 1984, 207.
61. Endgame, 45.
62. Fromm, The Fear of Freedom, 96.
63. Endgame, 51.
64. The text is reproduced in Eoin O'Brien, The Beckett Country, Dublin 1986, 337.
THIRTY-ONE: POST-COLONIAL IRELAND
1. Patrick Pearse, A Significant Irish Educationalist, 352.
2. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 120.
3. D. H. Akenson, A Mirror to Kathleen's Face, 76.
4. Paul Harrison, Inside the Third World, Harmondsworth 1981, 325 ff.
5. Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature, London 1986, 97, 100.
6. Chinua Achebe, Hopes and Impediments, 27–8.
7. Quoted by Vincent Buckley, Memory Ireland Victoria 1985, 175.
8. Achebe, Hopes and Impediments, 64.
9. Ngugi, Decolonizing the Mind, 89 ff.
10. Paul Harrison, Inside the Third World 317.
11. V. S. Naipaul, The Mimic-Men, Harmondsworth 1969, 146.
12. George Lamming, Caribbean Essays, ed. Andrew Salkey, London 1973, 11.
13. Achebe, Hopes and Impediments, 58, 84.
14. John Devitt, "English for the Irish", The Crane Bag, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1982, 106.
15. Daniel Corkery, Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature, Cork 1966, 14.
16. George Lamming, The Pleasures of Exile, 157.
17. Corkery, Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature, 15.
18. Gauri Viswanarhan, "The Empire Within", Voice Literary Supplement, New York, January-February 1989, 22.
19. Lionel Trilling, "On the Teaching of Modern Literature", Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning, Oxford 1980, 3–27.
20. Corkery, Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature, 12.
21. Quoted by Gareth Griffiths, A Double Exile: African and West Indian Writing Between Two Countries, London 1978, 91.
22. Corkety, Synge and Anglo-Irish literature, 11.
23. Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 180.
24. On this episode see Conor Cruise O'Brien, To Katanga and Back: A UN Case History, London 1965.
25. Conor Cruise O'Brien, Camus, London 1970, 85.
26. Achebe, Hopes and Impediments, 64.
27. V. S. Naipaul, India: A Wounded Civilization, Harmondsworth 1979, 148.
28. Conor Cruise O'Brien, Camus, 84.
29. Within these general constraints, O'Brien was sometimes capable of adopting a somewhat oedipal attitude to Ó Faoláin; see Donald Harman Akenson, Conor: A Biography, Montreal 1994, 120–3.
30. The phrase was used by Jorge Luis Borges, Labyrinths. See footnote 59, Chapter 2.
RECOVERY AND RENEWAL: INTERCHAPTER
1. An excellent source on which I have repeatedly drawn is Fergal Tobin, The Best of Decades: Ireland in the 1960s, Dublin 1984.
2. Ibid., 66.
3. The speaker was Brian Trevaskis, of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin in 1968.
4. On television see Lelia Doolan, Jack Dowling and Bob Quinn, Sit Down and Be Counted, Dublin 1969. For its effect on Irish language policy see Terence Brown, Ireland: A Social and Cultural History, 271 ff.
5. Tobin, 30.
6. On these developments, see Declan Kiberd, editorial, The Crane Bag: Irish Language and Culture – An tEagrán Gaelach, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1981; and passim.
7. Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh, historian; quoted by Brown, 269.
8. Report of the Committee on Irish Language Attitudes and Research, Dublin 1975, 24.
9. J. J. Lee, Ireland 1912–1985: Politics and Society, 658–74.
10. Jeremiah Newman, "Ireland in the Eighties" Our Responsibility", Chris-tus Rex, Vol. XXV, No. 3, 1971, 190.
11. On this, see Peadar Kirby, Ireland and Latin America: Link and Lessons, Dublin 1992; and Has Ireland a Future?, Cork 1988.
12. See Fintan O'Toole, A Mass for Jesse James, Dublin 1989.
13. Tobin, 196.
14. For a mordant southern viewpoint, see Conor Cruise O'Brien, States of Ireland, esp. 147–294.
15. His subsequent book was Richard Rose, Northern Ireland: A Time of Choice, London 1976.
16. On the Northern Ireland "Troubles" see Tim Pat Coogan, The IRA, London 1995; and J. J. Lee, Ireland 1912–1985, 411–57; and Dermot Keogh, Twentieth Century Ireland, Dublin 1994, 295–388.
17. Fionnuala O'Connor, In Search of a State, Belfast 1993.
18. Raymond Crotty, Ireland in Crisis, see back.
19. Michael O'Sullivan, Mary Robinson, Dublin 1993.
THIRTY-TWO: UNDER PRESSURE
1. Letter to Thomas MacGreevy, 31 January 1938.
2. Patrick Kavanagh, Collected Poems, 132.
3. John Montague, Selected Poems, Winston-Salem 1982, 62.
4. The phrase is Augustine Martin's; for the surrounding debate, see issue of Studies in the period 1965.
5. Brown, Ireland: A Social and Cultural History, 297.
6. Irving Howe, "The Idea of the Modern", Literary Modernism, ed. Howe, New York 1968, 13.
7. Thomas Kinsella, Downstream, Dublin 1962, 48.
8. Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, London 1979, esp. 33–174.
9. Thomas Kinsella, Nightwalker and Other Poems, Dublin 1968, 59.
10. Thomas Kinsella, "Another September", Field Day Anthology 3, 1341.
11. "Baggot Street Deserta", ibid., 1342.
12. John Montague, Selected Poems, 10.
13. Richard Murphy, "Casement's Funeral", Field Day Anthology 3, 1338.
14. Thomas Kinsella, The Irish Writer, MLA New York 1966, 58–9.
15. Michael Hartnett, A Farewell to English, Dublin 1978, 64.
16. Thomas Kinsella, "The Divided Mind", Irish Poets in English, 209.
17. Seán Ó Ríordáin, "A Ghaeilge im Pheannsa", Brosna, Dublin 1964, 9–10.
18. Seán Ó Ríordáin, ibid.
19. Corkeiv, Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature, 6, 14.
20. Seán Ó Ríordáin, "Do Dhomhnall Ó Corcora", Eireaball Spideoíge, Dublin 1952, 51.
21. Seamus Deane, "Unhappy and At Home: Interview with Seamus Hea-ney", The Crane Bag, 1, No. 1, Spring 1977, 64.
22. Anthony Heaney, "A Gift for Being in Touch", Quest, January-February 1978, Vol. 2, No. 1, 42.
23. Seamus Heaney, Death of a Naturalist, London 1966, 23.
24. Seamus Heaney, North, London 1975, 51.
25. David Lloyd, who first made this connection, discusses it in a very critical essay, "Pap for the Dispossessed: Seamus Heaney and the Poetics of Identity", Anomalous States: Irish Writing and the Post-Colonial Moment, Dublin 1993, 13–40.
26. Seamus Heaney, North, 37–8.
27. Denis Donoghue, "Now and in Ireland: the Literature of Trouble", Hibernia (Dublin), 11 May 1978, 17.
28. Heaney, North, 73.
29. Seamus Heaney, Station Island, London 1984, 83.
30. Ibid., 98.
31. Ibid.. 102.
32. Ibid., 93.
33. Seamus Heaney, Seeing Things, London 1991, 62.
34. Ibid., 21.
35. Ibid., 8
36. Vincent Buckley, Memory Ireland, 105–6.
37. Derek Mahon, Poems 1962–78, Oxford 1979, 69.
38. Ibid., 4.
39. Ibid., 58.
40. Field Day Anthology 3, 1384.
41. Ciaran Carson, Field Day Anthology 3, 1406.
42
. Máire Mhac an tSaoi, An Cion go dtí Seo, Dublin 1987, 81. Translation by the poet.
43. Ibid., 20. Translation by Declan Kiberd
44. Nuala ní Dhomhnaill, Pharaoh's Daughter, Oldcastle 1990, 36, 38.
45. Ibid., 130, 131.
46. Ibid., 142, 143.
47. Ibid., 154, 155.
48. Eavan Boland, Field Day Anthology 3, 1395–6.
49. Eavan Boland, "A Kind of Scan The Woman Poet in a National Tradition", A Dozen Lips, Dublin 1994, 80–1.
50. Ibid., 89, 91.
51. Edna Longley, "From Cathleen to Anorexia: The Breakdown of Irelands", A Dozen Lips, 177, 180.
52. Ibid., 178.
53. Eavan Boland, "Mise Éire", A Dozen Lips, 72.
54. Eavan Boland, "The Emigrant Irish", Field Day Anthology 3, 1397–8.
55. The Selected Paul Durcan, Belfast 1985, 26.
56. Dermot Bolger, The Journey Home, London 1990, 7–8; The Woman's Daughter, London 1991.
57. In the wake of the 75th anniversary of the 1916 Rising, Dermot Bolger wrote articles in The Sunday Press strongly promoting this line.
58. Roddy Doyle, The Barrytown Trilogy, Secker and Warburg, London 1992, 13.
59. Paul Muldoon, Field Day Anthology 3, 1414–15.
THIRTY-THREE: FRIEL TRANSLATING
1. See Benedict Kiely, Poor Scholar, London 1947, 47.
2. For such a critique see Fintan O'Toole, "Island of Saints and Silicon", Cultural Contexts and Literary Idiom in Contemporary Irish Literature, ed. Michael Kenneally, Gerrards Cross 1988, 15–18.
3. P. J. Dowling, The Hedge Schools of Ireland Cork 1968.
4. Michel Foucault, "The Order of Discourse", Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader, London 1981, 53.
5. On this see Maureen Wall, "The Decline of the Irish Language", A View of the Irish Language, 81–90.
6. Report of the Committee on Irish Language Attitudes and Research, 293-305.
7. Programme note to Translations, Field Day 1980.
8. Seamus Heaney, Wintering Out, London 1972, 48.
9. Brian Friel, Translations, London 1981, 51–2.
10. John Montague, Selected Poems, 108.
11. Friel, Translations, 42.
12. Ibid., 67.
13. Ibid., 66–7.
14. Station Island, 66.
15. Translations, 43.
16. On this see Walter Benjamin, Illuminations, 81 ff.
17. John Dryden, "On Translation", Theories of Translation, eds. R. Schutte and J. Biguenet, Chicago 1992, 28.
18. Edward Said, Orientalism, 67.
19. Ibid., 93, 272.
20. Translations, 40.
21. Ibid., 43.
22. Ibid., 66.
23. Ibid., 42.
24. Ibid., 42.
25. See especially some of the essays collected in Celtic Revivals.
THIRTY-FOUR: TRANSLATING TRADITION
1. Octavio Paz, "Translation: Literature and Letters", Theories of Translation, 160.
2. Jacques Derrida, "Des Tours de Babel", Theories of Translation, 219.
3. Macaulay, Prose and Poetry, 722.
4. Charles Trevelyan, On the Education of the People of India, London 1838, Chapter 2.
5. William Jones, A Grammar of the Persian Language, London 1771, vii.
6. Friedrich Nietzsche, "On the Problem of Translation", Theories of Translation, 69–70.
7. George Steiner, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation, London 1975, 321.
8. On this see Declan Kiberd, Synge and the Irish Language, 54–94.
9. Renato Poggioli, "The Added Artificer", On Translation, ed. Reuben A. Brower, Harvard 1959, 142.
10. See Dedan Kiberd, "George Moore agus an Ghaeilgr", Idir Dhá Chultúr, Dublin 1993, 129–30.
11. Walter Benjamin, Illuminations, 80.
12. Godfrey Lienhardt, "Modes of Thought", The Institutions of Primitive Society Oxford 1961, 97.
13. The image is from Benjamin's essay on translation.
14. Marcel Proust, Remembrance of Things Past, Book 3, 903.
15. Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life, Trans. I. Ellis, Carbondale 1984, 35.
16. Benjamin, Illuminations, 257.
17. Ibid., 259.
18. Ibid., 70.
19. See David Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country, Cambridge 1985, 250.
20. See Declan Kiberd, "Brian Friel's Faith Healer", Irish Writers and Society at Large, Gerrards Cross 1985, 106–21.
21. Brian Friel, Making History, London 1989, 9.
22. Ibid., 65.
23. John Banville, with Ronan Sheehan and Francis Stuart, "Novelists on the Novel", The Crane Bag, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1979, 84.
24. John Banville, Doctor Copernicus: A Novel, London 1976, 94.
25. Banville, "Novelists on the Novel", 79–80.
26. In conversation with the present writer, October 1985.
27. Friedrich Schleiermacher, "On the Different Methods of Translating", Theories of Translation, 46–7.
28. Derrida, Theories of Translation, 218–27.
29. Banville, Doctor Copernicus, 27.
THIRTY-FIVE: IMAGINING IRISH STUDIES
1. Erasmus to Leo X, 1 February 1516, letter 384, Correspondence, 3, 221–2.
2. Said, Orientalism, 328.
3. Synge, Prose, 60.
4. R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland 1600–1972, London 1988, 453, 453.
5. See, for instance, the strictures of Brendan Bradshaw, "Nationalism and Historical Scholarship in Modern Ireland", Interpreting Irish History: The Debate on Historical Revisionism, Dublin 1994, 191–216.
6. See Kevin O'Neill, "Revisionist Milestone", Interpreting Irish History, 217–21.
7. Ronan Fanning (quoting Bernard Lewis), "The Great Enchantment: Uses and Abuses of Modern Irish History", Interpreting Irish History, 156.
8. J. J. Lee, Ireland Politics and Society 1912–86, 390 ff.
9. Crotty, Ireland in Crisis, Dingle 1986.
10. Some hopeful trends are recorded by Alvin Jackson, "Unionist History", Interpreting Irish History, 253–68.
11. See Seamus Deane, "Remembering the Irish Future", The Crane Bag Vol. 8, No. 2, 1984, 81–92.
12. Pádraig Ó Riagáin, Micheál Ó Gliasáin, National Survey on Languages 1993: Preliminary Report, Dublin 1994, esp. 5–15.
13. Seán de Fréine, The Great Silence, esp. 61–74.
14. Ibid., 144–6.
15. Ibid., 188–90.
16. A poll in Sunday Independent in late 1993 showed that almost 80% of the Republic's citizens had no wish to coerce unionists into a united Ireland.
17. Translations, 67.
INDEX
Abbey Theatre (Irish National Theatre Company)
Achebe, Chinua
Things Fall Apart
Adams, Gerry
Adorno, Theodor
aesthetic movement
Africa
Ahmed, Aijaz
Aisling (vision poem)
Alexandria
Algeria
Allgood, Molly
Allingham, William
Amritsar
Anabaptists
anarchists
L'Anarchie
Anderson, Benedict
Andrews, C.S.
androgyny
Anglicization
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Anglo-Irish aristocracy
Anglo-Irish relations
Anglo-Irish Treaty
Anglophobia
paucity of in 1916 writing
Anglo-Saxon
amma, animus
Annam
Anthropophagus (Brazilian movement)
Aosdána
Aran Islands
Archaeological Society
Arendt, Hannah
Argentina
Aristotle
Arnold, Matthew
Arts Council (Ireland)
Asia
Asquith, H. H.
At
kinson, Robert
Auden, W. H.
Austen, Jane
Emma
Mansfield Park
Balcombe, Florence
Balfour, Arthur
Balzac, Honoré de
Bande Mataran
Banville, John
Doctor Copernicus
Kepler
Beardsley, Aubrey
Beckett, J. C.
Beckett, Samuel
on O'Casey
removal of silences from Godot
compared with Bowen
and with Yeats
and A. A. Luce
and religious art
and Shaw
on suffering
on art as stain
and Protestant contradictions
and eastern religion
puritan approach to drama
stage directions
art as prayer
on MacGreevy
and Coffey
Devlin
mocks Clarke
prefers wartime France to Ireland
on Irish neutrality
and Kavanagh
on Victorian Gael
compared with Behan
and Easter Rising
youthful character of
and censorship
Murphy on emigration
source of comedy
writing in French
and Gaelic tradition
orality
fragmentary art
compared with T. S. Eliot
and Ó Rathaille
on postcolonial amnesia
on lack of tradition in Ireland
on subject peoples and an
on master-slave paradigm
role versus self
on idiocy of desire
Godot on impossibility of selfhood
compared to O'Casey
and hope
on sado-masochism
as republican
and Europe
on Irish nation
as last of moderns
and Kinsella on fragmentation
and tradition
More Pricks than Kicks
Murphy
First Love
Molloy
Malone Dies
The Unnamable
Waiting for Godot
Endgame
Happy Days
Krapp's Last Tape
Beckett, William
Beethoven, Ludwig van
Behan, Brendan
birth
as republican
and Alan Simpson
and prison system
and Beckett
and socialism
compared to Rushdie
Inventing Ireland Page 85