68. Autobiography of John Adams, part 1, through 1776, sheet 1 of 53. “Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive,” Massachusetts Historical Society. http:// www.masshist.org/digitaladams/; accessed 4/24/2009.
69. Adams, The Works of John Adams, vol. 2, p. 67.
70. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 584, quoting a note to the “Printers of the Boston Newspapers,” December 22, 1774.
71. Ibid., p. 585.
72. Lucius R. Paige, History of Hardwick Massachusetts with a Genealogical Register (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1883), pp. 73, 83.
73. Ibid., pp. 74–76, quoting Boston Evening Post, December 26, 1774.
74. Winsor, History of the Town of Duxbury, p. 128.
75. New Hampshire Historical Society exhibit, based on Charles Lathrop Parsons, The Capture of Fort William and Mary, December 14 and 15, 1774 (Durham: Published by the society, 1903; reprint, paper delivered at the seventy-seventh annual meeting of the New Hampshire Historical Society, Durham, March 1974).
76. Brian C. Cuthbertson, The Loyalist Governor (Halifax, NS: Petheric Press, 1983), pp. 21–22.
77. “Revolutionary War in Georgia,” New Georgia Encyclopedia. http://www .georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id = h-2709; accessed 4/26/2009.
78. Evangeline Walker Andrews, ed., The Journal of a Lady of Quality (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921), p. 149. The journal was written by a woman from Scotland who was visiting in North Carolina in 1775.
79. http://www.history.org/Almanack/people/bios/biohen.cfm; accessed 4/27/2009.
80. http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/uel/uel2.html; accessed 4/27/2009.
CHAPTER 3: FLEE OR FIGHT
1. Letter from Copley to Pelham, August 6, 1775, Letters & Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham, 1739—1776 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1914), p. 348. Copley, who had left Boston in 1774, was writing from Italy in response to a letter from his half-brother Henry Pelham, who was still in Boston.
2. John Trumbull, M’Fingal, A Modern Epic Poem. (Boston: John G. Scobie, 1826), canto 1, p. 31. The first canto of M’Fingal appeared in 1776; the first publication of the entire poem was in 1782.
3. George Atkinson Ward, ed., Journal and Letters of Samuel Curwen, an American in England, from 1775 to 1783 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1864), p. 26.
4. Ibid., p. 34.
5. Adams, Letters & Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham, pp. 318, 322; A plan of Boston in New England with its environs… . With the military works constructed in those places in the years 1775 and 1777 (London: Henry Pelham, 1777). Included on a corner of the map is a rendering of the pass issued to Pelham so he could visit British fortifications. Pelham sent his drawn map to London, where Francis Jukes engraved it using aquatint, a new medium.
6. Norton, The British-Americans, p. 36.
7. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” p. 111.
8. Edward Livingston Taylor, “Refugees to and from Canada and the Refugee Tract,” Ohio Archaeology and Historical Society Publications 12 (1903), p. 222; Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, pp. 43–44.
9. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, pp. 343–346.
10. Samuel Francis Batchelder, The Life and Surprising Adventures of John Nutting, Cambridge Loyalist (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Historical Society, 1912), p. 55. Biographical details come from the same source, pp. 55–63.
11. Ibid., pp. 65, 66.
12. “The Diary of Lieutenant John Barker,” Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [London] 7 (1928), p. 84.
13. Boston Gazette, December 12, 1774.
14. John R. Galvin, The Minute Men (Dulles, VA: Brassey’s, 1996), p. 73.
15. John Bakeless, Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1959), p. 28.
16. Frank J. Rafalko, A Counterintelligence Reader, chap. 1, National Counterintel-ligence Center, http://fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci1/ch1a.htm; accessed 4/25/2009.
17. Eric W. Barnes, “All the King’s Horses … and All the King’s Men,” American Heritage Magazine 11, no. 6 (October 1960).
18. Charles M. Endicott, Account of Leslie’s Retreat at the North Bridge, on Sunday, Feb’ry 26, 1775 (Salem: William Ives and George W. Pease, printers. 1856), p. 16. The actual date, by the modern calendar, is February 27.
19. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 58.
20. Ibid. Fischer credits the “lest” quote to a letter, dated March 1 and signed by Revere and several other Boston Sons of Liberty, to the Sons of Liberty in New York. The letter promises to send weekly reports of “the Earliest and most authentic intelligence” from Boston.
21. Endicott, Account of Leslie’s Retreat at the North Bridge, p. 20.
22. Galvin, The Minute Men, p. 79.
23. The events in Salem are based on Endicott, Account of Leslie’s Retreat at the North Bridge; Galvin, The Minute Men; Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, and Ralph D. Paine, The Ships and Sailors of Old Salem (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1912), pp. 154–158. Endicott and Paine use recollections of witnesses. Also, “Regiment of Troops Under the Command of Colonel Leslie,” American Archives 4, vol. 1, p. 1268. http://dig.lib.niu.edu/amarch/; accessed 4/24/2009. Documents held by the Essex Institute Historical Collection, whose Revolutionary War material encompasses Essex County, where Salem is located.
24. Sabine, The American Loyalists, vol. 2, pp. 265–266.
25. Paine, The Ships and Sailors of Old Salem, p. 155.
26. The words come from a reconstruction of the Leslie-Barnard encounter in “The Memorial services at the centennial anniversary of Leslie’s expedition to Salem, Sunday, February 26, 1775, on Friday, February 26, 1875,” digitized at http://www.archive.org/stream/memorialservices00sale/memorialservices00 sale_djvu.txt; accessed 4/25/2009.
27. Gage to Dartmouth, August 27, 1774, quoted by Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 80–81.
28. “Instructions of General Gage to Captain Brown and Ensign D’berniere,” American Archives 4, vol. 1, p. 1263. http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?/var/lib/philologic/databases/amarch/.1579; accessed 3/30/2010.
29. Description of the mission: “Narrative of Ensign D’berniere,” American Archives, ibid.
30. The tavern still stands on the Old Post Road in Weston. Information from the Golden Ball Tavern Museum, housed in the tavern. http://www.goldenball tavern.org; accessed 4/25/2009.
31. The Narrative of General Gage’s Spies, March, 1775, with Notes by Jerome Carter Hosmer (Boston: Reprinted from the Bostonian Society’s Publications, 1912), pp. 30–31.
32. Rafalko, A Counterintelligence Reader.
33. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 159.
34. Collections of the Worcester Society of Antiquity (Worcester, MA: 1892). Vol. 13, p. 204.
35. D. Michael Ryan. “Times and Tribulations for Concord’s Tories,” Concord Magazine, August-September 1999.
36. Ibid., Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 205–206; George Tolman, “John Jack, the Slave, and Daniel Bliss, the Tory,” Collections of the Worcester Society of Antiquity (1892), Vol. 13, pp. 251–256.
37. Tolman, p. 254.
38. D. Michael Ryan, Concord and the Dawn of Revolution (Salem, MA: History Press, 2007), p. 33.
39. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 170.
40. The Earl of Dartmouth to Gov. Thomas Gage January 27, 1775, Secret Documents on the American Revolution, Peter King, Department of History, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. http://http-server.carleton.ca/~pking/; accessed 5/4/2009.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. The Manuscripts of the Earl of Dartmouth, vol. 2, American Papers, pp. 256, 275 London: Historical Manuscripts Commission, Fourteenth Report, Appendix, Part X. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1895.
44. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 80.
45. Arthur B. Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord: The Beginning of the War of the American Revolution (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1959), p. 87.<
br />
46. “Journal of Dr. Belknap,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society (Selected from the Records, 1858–1860) (Boston: 1860), p. 85. (Dr. Jeremy Belknap was a Patriot and clergyman who served as a chaplain in the Revolution.)
47. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 97.
48. King John 3:1. Fischer builds a strong case (pp. 96–97; 386–387). He points to “her husband’s decision to send her away after the battles, and the failure of their marriage” (p. 387).
CHAPTER 4: “TO SUBDUE THE BAD”
1. John Thomas Scharf, History of Westchester County (Philadelphia: L. E. Preston & Co., 1886), p. 257. Circular letter to all New York counties issued by the Committee of Observation, New York Provincial Legislature, April 28, 1775.
2. Fischer, in his exhaustive analysis of the force sent to Concord (Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 313–315), says the total number of troops was somewhere between eight hundred and nine hundred. He also mentions an unknown number of “Loyalist volunteers.”
3. Ibid., p. 240.
4. Ibid., pp. 114, 315; Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord, p. 114.
5. “George Leonard,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography. [http://www.biographi .ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=37088; accessed 7/5/2009.
6. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 153.
7. “A Fragment of the Diary of Lieutenant Enos Stevens, Tory, 1777–1778,” New England Quarterly 2, no. 2 (June 1938), p. 377. Stevens, of Charlestown, New Hampshire, traveled to New York in 1777 to volunteer for service for the king. He wrote that he saw Beaman on Staten Island in May 1777.
8. Henry & Sarah Ballinger Chiles Family, http://www.henrychiles.com/i97.html; accessed 11/24/2009. Joseph Beaman’s name appears on Lancaster militia rolls.
9. Daniel Murray appears as the captain, and his brothers as members, on the muster roll of a company of Governor Wentworth’s Volunteers taken at Flushing on Long Island on October 16, 1777. http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/Musters/govwent/gwvmurr1.htm.
10. “George Leonard,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography. http://www.biographi .ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=37088; accessed 7/5/2009.
11. Ann Gorman Condon, “The Mind in Exile: Loyalty in the Winslow Papers;” lecture, November 18, 1998 at Archives and Special Collections, Harriet Irving Library, University of New Brunswick, Canada. http://www.lib.unb.ca/win slow/mind.html; accessed 10/14/2008.
12. From a report written by Lieutenant William Sutherland of the 38th Regiment to General Gage, April 26, 1775. http://www.revolutionarywararchives .org/lexington.html; accessed 7/5/2009. Also, Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 127, where Murray is identified as the guide.
13. Galvin, The Minute Men, p. 100. Orders from General Thomas Gage to Lieut. Colonel Smith, 10th Regiment of Foot, Boston, April 18, 1775.
14. Letter from Rachel Revere to Paul Revere, undated; the Clements Library, University of Michigan. http://www2.si.umich.edu/spies/letter-1775apr.html; accessed 3/25/2010.
15. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 174–183, recounts the riders’ hasty visit to Adams and Hancock. They kept on the move, avoiding Boston and finally reappearing in Philadelphia to attend the Continental Congress in May. Dorothy and Aunt Lydia soon left for safety in Fairfield, CT. On August 28 Hancock and Dorothy Quincy were married in Fairfield’s First Congregational Church.
16. Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord (p. 20), puts the number at thirty-eight; Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride (p. 189), says others were falling into the line, putting the total at “no more than sixty or seventy militia … perhaps less.”
17. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 127, 200.
18. “Depositions Concerning Lexington and Concord, April 1775,” [Affidavit] No. 4, Lexington, April 25, 1775, Journals of the Continental Congress, Library of Congress, http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/amrev/shots/concern .html; accessed 4/29/2009.
19. Major Pitcairn to General Gage, April 26, 1775, excerpted in Lillian B. Miller, “The Dye Is Now Cast” (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1975), p. 74.
20. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 191; Affidavit of Elias Phinney, History of the Battle at Lexington (Boston: Phelps & Farnham, 1825), p. 38.
21. Elizabeth Ellery Dana, ed., The British in Boston: Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King’s Own Regiment from November 15, 1774 to May 31, 1776 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1924), April 19, 1775, p. 32.
22. The account of the Concord battle is based on Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 203–232; Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord, pp. 159–174; Don Higgin-botham, The War of American Independence (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1983), pp. 60–64; and Craig L. Symonds and William J. Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution (Mount Pleasant, SC: Nautical & Aviation Publishing, 1986), pp. 14–15.
23. Barrett’s inventory was on a document found among his papers, according to Richard Frothingham, Jr., History of the Siege of Boston, and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill (Boston: Little, Brown, 1872), p. 102.
24. Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings 56, p. 89, quoted by Miller, The Dye Is Now Cast, p. 77. Emerson’s grandson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, wrote the “Concord Hymn” ‘s enduring words, “Here once the embattled farmers stood; And fired the shot heard round the world.”
25. “For many years,” Fischer writes (Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 406), “the town of Concord threw a shroud of silence ‘round this event.” He mentions several suspects.
26. British Statement on the battle, Whitehall, June 10, 1775, as published in Albert Bushnell Hart, ed., American History Told by Contemporaries (New York: Macmillan & Co., 1901), vol. 2, p. 549.
27. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 320–324.
28. Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord, p. 174.
29. Charles Knowles Bolton, ed. Letters of Hugh, Earl Percy, from Boston and New York, 1774–1776 (Boston: Charles E. Goodspeed, 1902), p. 31.
30. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 240. Winslow himself is the source of the horse incident: Winslow Papers, http://atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca/acva/en/winslow/family/biography.php; accessed 4/29/2009.
31. General Order, quoted in Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 482.
32. James H. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts and the Other Side of the American Revolution (Boston: J. H. Stark, 1910), p. 228.
33. Allen French, General Gage’s Informers: New Material Upon Lexington and Concord, Benjamin Thompson as Loyalist and the Treachery of Benjamin Church, Jr. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1932), pp. 57–58.
34. Frank Warren Coburn, The Battle of April 19, 1775 (Lexington, MA: Published by author, 1912), p. 116.
35. Frederick Mackenzie’s journal, published as A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston, edited by Allen French (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926), cited in Mark Urban, Fusiliers (New York: Walker & Co., 2007).
36. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 241.
37. Charles Stedman, history of the origin, progress, and termination of the American War, vol. 1, p. 118, as quoted by Lossing, Signers of the Declaration of Independence, p. 529. Stedman was an officer with Percy.
38. Urban, Fusiliers, p. 27.
39. Mackenzie journal, A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston, April 18–21, 1775, as quoted in John H. Rhodehamel, ed., The American Revolution: Writings from the War of Independence (New York: Penguin Putnam, Library of America, 2001), p. 9.
40. Coburn, The Battle of April 19, 1775, p. 156.
41. Percy to Lieutenant General Edward Harvey, April 20, 1775, Bolton, Letters of Hugh, Earl Percy, p. 52.
42. Oliver Ayer Roberts, History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts (Boston: Alfred Mudge & Son, Printers, 1898), vol. 3, p. 79.
43. Evidence in the claim of Samuel Gilbert, October 13, 1786, transcript of the Manuscript Books and Papers of the Commission of Enquiry into the Losses and Services of the American Loyalists, vol. 17, pp. 37–38.
44. Freetown Historic Districts Database
, http://www.assonetriver.com/preservation/dist_period.asp?P= FED; accessed 4/29/2009.
45. Sabine, The American Loyalists, pp. 322–323; Freetown Historic Districts Database.
46. Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord, p. 236, quoting the Warren letter in Historical Collection of the Essex Institute, vol. 36, p. 19.
47. Paine, The Old Merchant Marine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921), pp. 52–53.
48. Srodes, Franklin, pp. 257, 259.
49. Paine, The Ships and Sailors of Old Salem (Chicago: McClurg, 1912), p. 165.
50. Artemas Ward, “Memoir of Major General A. Ward,” New England Historical & Genealogical Register 5, no. 3 (July 1851), p. 272.
51. Charles Martyn, The Life of Artemas Ward (New York: Artemas Ward [the general’s great-grandson], 1921), p. 40.
52. Connecticut Society of the Sons of Liberty. http://www.connecticutsar.org/patriots/israel_bissell.htm; accessed 4/29/2009.
53. The exact figure is not known. Sources give estimates ranging from 15,000 to 20,000. In The Continental Army (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1983), p. 18, Robert K. Wright, Jr., writes, “The Massachusetts Provincial Congress had set the minimum force needed to meet the British threat at some 30,000 men. By July a substantial portion of that total had assembled around Boston.”
54. Thomas Weston, History of the Town of Middleboro, Massachusetts (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), p. 239. In the hospital Sturtevant became infected with smallpox and died on August 18.
55. Martyn, The Life of Artemas Ward, p. 168.
56. http://www.ushistory.org/libertyBell/timeline.html; accessed 4/29/2009.
57. Willard Sterne Randall, Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2003), pp. 78, 83. Reprint, William Morrow, 1990.
58. Miller. “The Dye Is Now Cast” (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1975, pp. 106–107.
59. “The Diary of Lieutenant John Barker,” Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 7 (1928), p. 103.
60. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 114.
Tories Page 39