19. See Cameron Flint, “To Secure To Themselves And Their Countrymen An Agreeable And Happy Retreat …” (M.A. thesis by Cameron Flint, University of Akron, 2006), pp. 5–6:
Since the union of Scotland and England in 1707, Highland Scots in North America had prospered and the wealth created by the growing transatlantic trade guided Highland Scots to the realization that the United Kingdom, with its established mercantile empire, could allow them to continue to prosper. When the war began in 1775 the likelihood of an American victory against the world’s most dominant empire was small at best.
20. History of the Black Watch. http://www.theblackwatch.co.uk/index/raising-of-the-regiment; accessed 3/26/2010.
21. Flint. “To Secure To Themselves and Their Countrymen …,” p. 56.
22. Ibid., pp. 54, 58, 68, 76.
23. Andrews and Andrews, Journal of a Lady of Quality, p. 38.
24. Ferenc Morton Szasz, “Historians and the Scottish America Connection,” Scots in the North American West, 1790—1917 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000), pp. 5–6, as quoted in Flint, “To Secure To Themselves and Their Countrymen …,” (hereafter, Flint).
25. Kevin Phillips, The Cousins’ Wars: Religion, Politics, and the Triumph of AngloAmerica (New York: Basic Books, 1999), p. 265, as quoted by Flint. The full phrase appears in Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 2, 1776—1781, collected and edited by Paul Leicester Ford (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1893), p. 56.
26. Phillips, The Cousins’ Wars, p. 202.
27. Ibid., pp. 201–203.
28. Jon Kukla, “The Proclamation Against Patrick Henry,” Early American Review, vol. v, no. 2 (Summer/Fall 2004). http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2004_summer_fall/proclamation.htm; accessed 5/20/2009.
CHAPTER 9: “BROADSWORDS AND KING GEORGE!”
1. Moore, Diary of the American Revolution, vol. 1, p. 169. The verse appeared in the Middlesex (New Jersey) Journal, January 30, 1776.
2. “Provincial Corps, Southern Campaign, American Revolution,” British National Archives memo, September 1992. http://yourarchives.nationalarchives .gov.uk/index.php?title = British_Regiments%2C_Southern_Campaign%2C_American_Revolution; accessed 5/20/2009.
3. Marjoleine Kars, Breaking Loose Together: The Regulator Rebellion in PreRevolutionary North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), p. 207; William Edward Fitch, Some Neglected History of North Carolina: Being an Account of the Revolution of the Regulators and of the Battle of Alamance, the First Battle of the American Revolution (New York: Neale Publishing, 1905), p 110. Also, Paul David Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire: A Life in British Imperial Service (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), p. 134.
4. Wallace Brown, The King’s Friends (Providence, RI: Brown University Press, 1956), p. 206. Description of the oath comes in a letter from Martin to Dartmouth, November 12, 1775, in Colonial Records (of North Carolina), vol. x, p. 327.
5. Andrews, Journal of a Lady of Quality, pp. 149, 154.
6. Ibid., p. 317; Marshall De Lancey Haywood, Governor William Tryon, and His Administration in the Province of North Carolina, 1765–1771 (Raleigh, NC: E. M. Uzzell, 1903), p. 166.
7. Andrews, Journal of a Lady of Quality, p. 167.
8. Ibid., pp. 190–191.
9. Ibid., p. 187.
10. Ibid., p. 198.
11. Ibid., p. 320.
12. Ibid., p. 326; Norton. The British-Americans, p. 28.
13. “Janet Schaw,” Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, edited by William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979–1996). Also Andrews, Journal of a Lady of Quality, p. 212.
14. Andrews, Journal of a Lady of Quality, p. 211.
15. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, pp. 1–2, quoting from letter from Martin to Dartmouth, June 30, 1775, in K. G. Davies, ed., Documents of the American Revolution 1770–1783 (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1976), vol. 9, p. 213.
16. Hugh F. Rankin, “The Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge Campaign, 1776,” North Carolina Historical Review, vol. 30, no. 1, 1953.
17. “An Introduction to North Carolina Loyalist Units,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies. http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/ncindcoy/ncintro.htm; accessed 5/19/2009.
18. James G. Leyburn, The Scotch Irish (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), p. xvii.
19. Pennsylvania Gazette, November 20, 1729.
20. Edmund Burke, Account of the European Settlements in America (London: John Joseph Stockdalk, 1808). Vol. II, p. 250. Reprint of the 1757 edition. Also, Charles Augustus Hanna, The Scotch-Irish (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1902), vol. 1, p. 1.
21. Leyburn, The Scotch-Irish, p. 180. Other estimates go as high as 300,000.
22. Rev. Edward L. Parker, The History of Londonderry, Comprising the Towns of Derry and Londonderry, N. H. (Boston: Perkins and Whipple, 1851), p. 218.
23. Gottlieb Mittelberg’s Journey to Pennsylvania in the Year 1750 and Return to Germany in the Year 1754, translated from the German by Carl Theo. Eben (Philadelphia: John Jos. McVey, 1898), pp. 19–29, http://www.vlib.us/amdocs/texts/gottlieb_note.html; accessed 6/11/2009.
24. Leyburn, The Scotch-Irish, p. 181.
25. Christopher E. Hendricks and J. Edwin Hendricks, “Expanding to the West: Settlement of the Piedmont Region 1730 to 1775,” North Carolina Museum of History. (2005). http://www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/collateral/articles/s95 .expanding.west.pdf; accessed 3/26/2010.
26. Leyburn, The Scotch-Irish, p. 221.
27. Richard Hooker, ed., The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution: The Journal and Other Writings of Charles Woodmason, Anglican Itinerant (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), pp. xxv, xxvi.
28. David Caldwell, a Presbyterian minister quoted in Robert M. Calhoon, Religion and the American Revolution in North Carolina (Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1976), p. 9.
29. Leyburn, The Scotch-Irish, p. 301.
30. Captain Johann Heinrichs of the Hessian Jäger Corps to Herr H., January 18, 1778, quoted in J. C. D. Clark, The Language of Liberty, 1660—1832 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 362.
31. Duane Meyer, The Highland Scots of North Carolina (Raleigh: Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commission, 1963), chap. 4.
32. John Patterson MacLean, An Historical Account of the Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America Prior to the Peace of 1783, (Cleveland: Helman-Taylor, 1900), p. 117.
33. Henry Clinton, The American Rebellion: Sir Henry Clinton’s Narrative of His Campaign, 1775—1782, William B. Willcox, ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954), p. 23.
34. Rankin, The Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge Campaign, 1776, p. 21.
35. Ibid., pp. 30–32.
36. Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), pp. 4–5.
37. Moores Creek National Battlefield, Teachers Manual. http://www.nps.gov/archive/mocr/guide/covington.htm; accessed 6/16/2009.
38. Donald E. Graves, Guide to Canadian Sources Related to Southern Revolutionary War National Parks (Carleton Place, ON: Ensign Heritage Consulting [for National Park Service], 2001), p. 50.
39. Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse, pp. 4–6; Rankin, The Moore’s Creek Bridge Campaign, pp. 32–42, 45.
40. Wilson. The Southern Strategy, p. 31.
41. Ibid., pp. 36–37.
42. Walter Edgar, Partisans & Redcoats (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), pp. 35–36.
43. R. W. Gibbes, Documentary History of the American Revolution: 1764–1776 (New York: D. Appleton & Co, 1855), p. 164.
44. Graves, Guide to Canadian Sources, p. 47.
45. National Park Service research reports, Ninety-Six National Historic Site, Ninety-Six, SC. See http://www.nps.gov/nisi/index.htm; accessed 7/2/2009.
46. Edgar, p. 33.
47. David R. Chesnutt, ed. Papers of Henry Laurens (Columbia, SC
: University of South Carolina Press, 1968), vol. 11, pp. 51–52.
48. Robert M. Weir, Colonial South Carolina: A History (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), pp. 200–202; Robert Olwell, Masters, Slaves, & Subjects: The Culture of Power in the South Carolina Low Country, 1740–1790 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), p. 235, quoting from Campbell letter to Dartmouth, August 18, 1775.
49. Hugh F. Rankin, The North Carolina Continentals, 2nd ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), p. 71.
50. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 50.
51. Ibid., p. 52.
52. Adolphus Egerton Ryerson, The Loyalists of America and Their Times: From 1620 to 1816 (Toronto: William Briggs, 1880), vol. 1, pp. 465–466. Also, On This Day: Legislative Moments in Virginia History (Richmond: Virginia Historical Society, 2004), http://www.vahistorical.org/onthisday/42175.htm; accessed 6/10/2009.
53. Commager and Morris, The Spirit of ‘Seventy-Six, vol. 1, p. 106.
54. Ibid., p. 111.
55. Cassandra Pybus, “Jefferson’s Faulty Math: The Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution,” The William and Mary Quarterly, April 2005, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 243–264, as reprinted by www.historycooperative.org. In 1786, Jefferson estimated that Virginia had lost about 30,000 slaves, an impossible figure that was frequently cited until Professor Pybus’s research showed that her estimate of about 20,000 runaway slaves “can stand up against the documentary record.”
56. “Slavery and the Making of America,” Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 2004. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1773.html; accessed 6/11/2009.
57. Patrick Charles, Washington’s Decision (Charleston, SC: BookSurge, 2005), pp. 22–23, quoting from American Archives, vol. 2, Massachusetts Committee of Safety, July 8, 1775.
58. Gary B. Nash, The Unknown American Revolution (New York: Viking, 2006), pp. 228–229; Charles, Washington’s Decision, pp. 70–78, 136.
59. Sidney Kaplan and Emma Nogrady Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989), p. 76.
60. Richard Podruchny, “The Battle of Great Bridge; A New Beginning for the Old Dominion,” Military History on Line, http://www.militaryhistoryonline .com/18thcentury/articles/battleofgreatbridge.aspx; accessed 6/11/2009.
61. Robert A. Selig, “The Revolution’s Black Soldiers,” AmericanRevolution.org. http://www.americanrevolution.org/blk.html; accessed 6/11/2009.
62. Virginia Gazette, January 18, 1776. In September, Dunmore had sent a boatload of British soldiers and marines to Norfolk to seize the Gazette‘s press, type, ink, and paper. On board one of Dunmore’s ships, the paper published the deposed governor’s version of news, including a claim that Rebels had set Norfolk afire. (Harry M. Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society [Florence, KY: Routledge, 2003], p. 62.)
63. Colonial Williamsburg. http://research.history.org/pf/declaring/bio_dunmore .cfm; accessed 6/10/2009.
CHAPTER 10: WAR IN THE LOYAL PROVINCE
1. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, pp. 101–102.
2. General Gage in a letter to Cadwallander Colden, royal lieutenant governor of New York, on February 26, 1775. Military correspondence and headquarters papers of Lieutenant General Thomas Gage, Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. “Torytown”: Letter of March 21, 1776, from John Eustace to Charles Lee; Lee Papers (New York: New-York Historical Society, 1871), vol. 2, p. 362.
3. Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1948), p. 64.
4. Gage papers, Clements Library, August 14, 1775. Proof of the Tryon-Gage intelligence was not confirmed until the library purchased the papers in 1937. The plotting is described in John Campbell, Minutes of a Conspiracy against the Liberties of America (Philadelphia: John Campbell, 1865).
5. General Washington Proclamation, April 29, 1776. Ford, The Writings of George Washington, 1776, vol. 4, p. 25.
6. William Howard Adams, Gouverneur Morris (New Haven: Yale University Press. 2003), p. 48.
7. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, vol. 1, pp. 55–57; Ketchum, Divided Loyalties, p. 351.
8. Ford, The Writings of George Washington, pp. 498–499.
9. Paul David Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire: A Life in British Imperial Service (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), pp. 4, 8, 9.
10. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, pp. 53, 59.
11. Mark V. Kwasny, Washington’s Partisan War, 1775–1783 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1996), pp. 29–30.
12. Stefan Bielinski, An American Loyalist: The Ordeal of Frederick Philipse III (Albany: New York State Museum, 1976), p. 2.
13. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 66.
14. American Archives, series 4, vol. 5 (Correspondence, Miscellaneous Papers, Proceedings of Committees, &C.), New-York Committee of Safety, March 27, 1776. http://www.stanklos.net/?act=para&psname=&pid=8280; accessed 11/14/2008.
15. Henry Phelps Johnston, The Campaign of 1776 around New York and Brooklyn, part 2 (New York: S. W. Green, 1878), p. 108, quoting the diary for Thursday, June 13, 1776.
16. H. Morse Stephens, man. ed., American Historical Review 4, no. 1 (October 1898), p. 281.
17. I. W. Stuart, Life of Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of Connecticut (Boston: Crocker and Brewster, 1859), p. 220.
18. The Reverend Samuel Seabury, Letters of a Westchester Farmer (White Plains, NY: Westchester County Historical Society, 1930), November 16, 1774, p. 270.
19. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, pp. 64; Catherine Snell Crary, “The Tory and the Spy: The Double Life of James Rivington,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 16, no. 1 (January 1959), p. 67; Ketchum, Divided Loyalties, pp. 355–356.
20. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 65.
21. Bakeless. Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, p. 100.
22. Collection of the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, GLC02437 .00344: David Mason to Henry Knox, June 22, 1776. http://www.gilderlehrman .org/collection/docs_archive/docs_archive_mutiny.html; accessed 3/26/2010.
23. Thomas Jones and Edward Floyd De Lancey, eds. History of New York During the Revolutionary War, vol. 1, p. 121.
24. Bakeless, Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, p. 100.
25. William Edward Fitch, Some Neglected History of North Carolina (New York: Neale Pub. Co., 1905), p. 55.
26. Bakeless lays out the story of the conspiracy (Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, pp. 98–109); Matthews, in London after the war, gave some details of the plot. A spurious document, published in London, became the basis for John Campbell, Minutes of a Conspiracy Against the Liberties of America (Philadelphia: John Campbell, 1865). This mixture of truth and falsehood indicates that more than forty suspects were questioned and accused of participation in the plot.
27. Letter from Dr. William Eustis, an army surgeon in New York, to Dr. Townsend in Boston, June 28, 1776. Reprinted in Henry P. Johnston, The Campaign of 1776 around New York and Brooklyn (New York: S. W. Green, 1878), part 2, p. 129.
28. Benjamin F. Thompson, History of Long Island from Its Discovery and Settlement to the Present Time (New York: Robert H. Dodd, 1918), vol. 1, p. 329.
29. Johnston, The Campaign of 1776, part 2, p. 171, n. 250.
30. Ibid., p. 82, n. 52.
31. Jones and De Lancey, eds. History of New York During the Revolutionary War, p. 108.
32. On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial com/military/mems/ny/clmcrug.htm; accessed 3/3/2009.
33. Pauline Maier, American Scripture (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), p. 156.
34. King George’s Head,” SAR Magazine (Connecticut Sons of the Revolution), (Winter 1998). The exact count of bullets was 42,088, http://www.connecticut sar.org/articles/king_georges_head.htm; accessed 11/8/2008. The article notes
that pieces began to appear in the early nineteenth century; by 1997 about fourteen hundred pounds were still unaccounted for.
35. Leah Reddy, “1776: Trinity Church and the American Revolution,” Trinity News, July 3, 2008. http://www.trinitywallstreet.org/welcome/?article&id=996; accessed 12/1/2008.
36. Elias Boudinot, Journal of Events in the Revolution (New York: Arno Press, 1968), p. 3.
37. Letter from a Gentleman at Sandyhook, near New York, to his Friend in London, dated July 6, 1776. Lloyd ‘s Evening Post and British Chronicle, August 14–16, 1776, as published in Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 8 (1929), p. 132.
38. Barnet Schecter, The Battle for New York (New York: Walker, 2002), pp. 73, 80.
39. Henry Phelps Johnston, Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society: The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn (Brooklyn, NY: Published by the Society, 1878), p. 100.
40. Jones, p. 157.
41. Thompson, History of Long Island, vol. 1, p. 282.
42. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” p. 129.
43. Alden. A History of the American Revolution, p. 267.
44. Isaac Q. Leake, Memoir of the Life and Times of General John Lamb, an Officer of the Revolution (Albany, NY: Joel Munsall, 1857; reprint, Alcester, Warwickshire: Read Books, 2008), p. 361.
45. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefeld Atlas, p. 27.
46. Ibid.
47. “George Washington to the President of Congress,” September 2, 1776. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, http://rs5.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/amrev/contarmy/prestwo.html; accessed 11/13/2008.
48. Johnston, Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society, p. 264.
49. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, pp. 100–102.
50. On Shewkirk, see Johnston, Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society, p. 108. On the GR painting, see Schecter, The Battle for New York, p. 176.
51. William A. Polf, Garrison Town (Albany: New York State American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, 1976), p. 9.
52. Ibid., pp. 9–10.
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