42. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, pp. 256–260; Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse, pp. 83–85.
43. Samuel Cole Williams, Tennessee During the Revolutionary War (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1944), p. 140.
44. Ibid., p. 141.
45. Clark, Loyalists in the Southern Campaign, p. xviii.
46. Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse, pp. 206, 212–213.
47. Gilchrist, Patrick Ferguson, pp. 65–66.
48. Ibid., p. 66.
49. Estimate of Ferguson force: Buchanan, p. 229. Terrain: Author’s notes and National Park Service Guide to King’s Mountain National Military Park.
50. Gilchrist, Patrick Ferguson, p. 70. In 1845 an excavated grave yielded a female skeleton, believed to have been the remains of a young, red-haired woman reportedly shot during the battles (pp. 69–70).
51. Buchanan, quoting a Rebel witness, The Road to Guilford Courthouse, p. 234.
52. Isaac Shelby, one of the Rebel leaders, said there were “some who had heard that at Buford’s death, the British had refused quarters… were willing to follow that bad example… .” (Ibid., p. 233)
53. Ibid., p. 236.
54. Ibid., pp. 238, 240; letter from Lieutenant Anthony Allaire, quoted in The Royal Gazette (New York), February 24, 1781, http://www.royalprovincial .com/history/battles/kingslet.shtml; accessed 3/22/2009.
55. George C. Mackenzie, Kings Mountain National Military Park South Carolina. Washington, DC: National Park Service, Historical Handbook Series No. 22, 1955. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/hh/22/hh22c.htm; accessed 11/20/2009.
CHAPTER 16: DESPAIR BEFORE THE DAWN
1. Bartlett, ed., Records of the Colony of Rhode Island, vol. 9, pp. 247—251. Circular letter, October 18, 1780, written at Washington’s headquarters near Passaic, New Jersey. The circular letter is also addressed to New York governor George Clinton and is dated November 5, 1780. Headquarters, Preakness, New Jersey (Sparks, The Writings of George Washington, vol. 7, p. 282).
2. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 456.
3. Allen, George Washington, Spymaster, p. 113.
4. Winthrop Sargent, ed., The Loyal Verses of Joseph Stansbury and Doctor Jonathan Odell; Relating to the American Revolution (Albany: J. Munsell, 1860), p. 22.
5. Ibid., p. 24.
6. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 456.
7. Sabine, Biographical Sketches of Loyalists, vol. 1, p. 177.
8. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 428–429, 440–442.
9. Ibid., p. 462.
10. Many of the letters can be seen at http://www.si.umich.edu/SPIES/, from the collection of the Clements Library at the University of Michigan.
11. John André to Joseph Stansbury, May 10, 1779, http://www.si.umich.edu/spies/letter-1779may10–4.html; accessed 3/1/2009.
12. Clare Brandt, The Man in the Mirror (New York: Random House, 1994), p. 184.
13. Sparks, The Writings of George Washington, vol. 7, p. 533, letter to George Washington from Arnold, on the Vulture, September 25, 1780.
14. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 500–501, quoting an undated letter written by Robinson sometime in early 1779.
15. Because the plot to take West Point failed, Arnold received only £6,000, plus £350 in expenses. Randall, Benedict Arnold, estimates that the paymentequaled about $200,000 in 1990 U.S. purchasing power. As a brigadier general he would be paid £650 a year plus a lifelong pension of £220 annually (p. 574).
16. Sargent, The Loyal Verses, p. 58.
17. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 457–458, 464.
18. J. E. Morpurgo, Treason at West Point (New York: Mason/Charter, 1975), p. 117.
19. Smith, tried by a military court for aiding André, was acquitted because of lack of evidence. He was later arrested by civilian authorities and imprisoned. Slipping into a woman’s dress, he escaped and fled to New York City as a Tory refugee. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 570.
20. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 553; Benson John Lossing, Our Country (New York: Amies Publishing Co., 1888), p. 1055.
21. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 570, quoting an 1817 letter from Tallmadge to Timothy Pickering, veteran of the Revolutionary War and President Washington’s Cabinet.
22. Ibid., p. 567, quoting a letter from Arnold to Washington, October 1, 1780.
23. Ibid., p. 570.
CHAPTER 17: BLOODY DAYS OF RECKONING
1. Continental Journal (Boston), July 13, 1780, as cited by Philip Davidson, Propaganda and the American Revolution 1763—1783 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1941), p. 369.
2. Thomas Fleming, The Battle of Springfield (Trenton: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1975), p. 6.
3. Sheila L. Skemp, William Franklin (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 4–11.
4. Ibid., pp. 192, 219; “William Franklin Papers,” American Philosophical Society, http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/f/franklin/franklinw.xml; accessed 11/21/2008.
5. Skemp, Wiliam Franklin, p. 171, quoting from the proceedings of the New Jersey General Assembly.
6. Ibid., pp. 38–39.
7. Srodes, Franklin, p. 259.
8. “The Loyalist Opposition,” New Jersey State Library Digital Collection, http:// www.njstatelib.org/NJ_Information/Digital_Collections/NJInTheAmerican Revolution1763–1783/8.7.pdf; accessed 3/4/2009.
9. His name does not appear on prison lists in Richard H. Phelps, Newgate of Connecticut (1876; reprint, Camden, ME: Picton Press, 1996). Nor does his name appear in any prison record found by present-day researchers at the prison site, a National Historic Landmark and State Archaeological Preserve.
10. Edward W. Cooch, The Battle of Cooch’s Bridge Delaware September 3, 1777 (Wilmington, DE: William N. Cann, 1940).
11. Skemp, William Franklin, p. 234; Rivington’s Royal Gazette, May 25, 1779.
12. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 153.
13. Francis Bazley Lee, ed., New Jersey as a Colony and as a State: One of the Original Thirteen (New York: Publishing Society of New Jersey, 1903).
14. Clinton Proclamation, June 3, 1780.
15. Thomas J. Farnham, Fairfield (West Kennebunk, ME: Phoenix Publishing [for Fairfield Historical Society], 1988), p. 88.
16. Loyalist Institute: “A History of the King’s American Regiment,” part 2 of 8, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/kar/kar2hist.htm; accessed 3/4/2009.
17. Judith Ann Schiff, “Naphtali Daggett: Pastor, Yale President, Sniper,” Yale Alumni Magazine, July/August 2006. http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_07/old_yale.html.
18. James Shepard, “The Tories of Connecticut,” Connecticut Quarterly 1, no. 3 (1895); Stephen Eric Davidson, The Burdens of Loyalty: Refugee Tales from the First American Civil War (Saint John, NB: Trinity Enterprise, 2007); electronic book. The Daggett incident is described in R. D. French, The Memorial Quadrangle: A Book About Yale (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1929), pp. 36—37, as cited in “Resources on Yale’s History,” http://www.library.yale.edu/mssa/YHO/Daggett_bio.html; accessed 11/21/2009.
19. Schiff, “Naphtali Daggett: Pastor, Yale President, Sniper.”
20. Shepard, “The Tories of Connecticut,” Connecticut Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 3 (1895).
21. Rita Papazian, Remembering Fairfield Connecticut (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007), pp. 13–14; Farnham, Fairfield, pp. 88–89.
22. Farnham, Fairfield, p. 92.
23. “Testimony of Eunice Burr, wife of Thaddeus Burr,” a deposition taken three weeks after the raid, Royal R. Hinman’s Historical Collection, Fairfield Museum and History Center. Her account, like all the others, describes the raiders as British and Hessians, making no mention of the King’s American Regiment.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Personal correspondence from Raymond Longden of Fairfield, 3/24/2010.
27. “The Burning of Fairfield during the American Revolution,” Fairfield Museum and History Center exhibit (2009); Farnham, Fair
field, pp. 92–93.
28. Compilation of Fairfield Museum and History Center.
29. Samuel Richards Weed, Norwalk After Two Hundred and Fifty Years (South Norwalk, CT: C. A. Freeman, 1902), pp. 289, 297.
30. Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, pp. 170–172.
31. Ibid., p. 168.
32. Ibid., p. 171; “The Battle of Stoney Point,” http://www.myrevolutionarywar .com/battles/790716.htm; accessed 11/21/2009.
33. Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, p. 169.
34. Ibid., p. 172, quoting a letter from Tryon to Clinton, July 20, 1779.
35. Ibid.; Skemp, William Franklin, p. 235, quoting from William Smith’s Historical Memoirs, 1778–83.
36. Ruth M. Keesey, “Loyalism in Bergen County, New Jersey,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 18, no. 4 (October 1961), p. 559.
37. Dennis P. Ryan, New Jersey’s Loyalists (Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1975), p. 6.
38. Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, p. 168. Between the creation of the six-battalion Volunteers and its disbanding in 1783, a total of 2,450 men actively served.
39. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerebocker Rebels, p. 229.
40. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, vol. 2, p. 482.
41. Ibid.
42. Jeffery P. Lucas, “Cooling by Degrees: Reintegraton of Loyalists in North Carolina, 1776–1790” (M.A. thesis, North Carolina State University, 2007), p. 12; Robert DeMond, Loyalists in North Carolina During the Revolution (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1940), p. 49.
43. Sabine, American Loyalists, p. 432.
44. Skemp, William Franlin, p. 239; “Loyal Associated Refugees Letters,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/loyaref/lareflet2.htm; accessed 3/13/2009.
45. Johann Conrad Dohla, A Hessian Diary of the American Revolution, translated by Bruce E. Burgoyne (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), p. 121.
46. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, pp. 239–244.
47. Martin, A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier (New York: Signet Classics, 2001), pp. 151–154.
48. New Jersey Gazette, February 3, 1779.
49. Harry M. Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society (Florence, KY: Routledge, 2003), p. 73.
50. Barbara J. Mitnick, ed., New Jersey in the American Revolution (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), pp. 57–58.
51. Fleming, The Battle of Springfield (Trenton: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1975), p. 6.
52. Martin, A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier, p. 148.
53. Fleming, The Battle of Springfield, p. 9.
54. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 18, pp. 106, 107. Communications with Major General Robert Howe and Johann von Robaii, Baron de Kalb, March to June 1780.
55. Fleming, The Battle of Springfield, p. 12.
56. New-Jersey Journal, June 14, 1780.
57. Marian Meisner, A History of Millburn Township, electronic book jointly published by the Millburn/Short Hills Historical Society and the Millburn Free Public Library, 2002; chap. VIII. http://www.millburn.lib.nj.us/ebook/eBook .pdf; accessed 3/15/2009.
58. Ibid.
59. One of the executed men was the father-in-law of Barbara Frietschie, heroine of John Greenleaf Whittier’s Civil War poem, “Barbara Frietchie.” “Early History of the Frederick County Jail,” http://www.frederickcountymd .gov/documents/Sheriff%27s%20Office/Adult%20Detention%20Center/Early%20History.pdf; accessed 3/30/2010. Also, Bernard C. Steiner, “Western Maryland in the Revolution,” Historical and Political Science (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1902), pp. 54–56.
60. “The Conviction and Penalty of Seagoe Potter for Treason in Delaware 1780. Delaware Archives (Wilmington, 1919), vol. 3, pp. 1302–1304, as published in Borden and Borden, The American Tory, pp. 89–90. Little is known about Potter beyond his grisly sentence, recorded in Delaware’s extensive treason archives. As frequently happens, there is no record that the entire sentence was carried out. Drawing and quartering was customary in Britain for high treason and became part of the common law accepted in American colonies. But judges and legislatures considered simple hanging an acceptable form of execution.
61. His age and height come from his master’s newspapers advertisement offering £3 for his capture. See http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h1b.html; accessed 3/10/2009.
62. Schama, Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution (London: BBC Books, 2006), pp. 135, 138–140.
63. Robert Dallison, “A Case of Justifiable Homicide,” The Officers’ Quarters 23, no. 1 (2005), pp. 5–8.
64. “Revolution Day by Day,” National Park Service, http://www.nps.gov/revwar/revolution_day_by_day/1780_main.html; accessed 3/17/2009.
65. Gary D. Saretzky, “The Joshua Huddy Era,” exhibition catalog, Monmouth County Library, Manalapan, NJ, 2004. (Facsimiles of documents from the David Library of the American Revolution, Library of Congress, Monmouth County Archives, Monmouth County Historical Association, New Jersey Historical Society, New Jersey State Archives, Alexander Library at Rutgers University, and Salem County Historical Society.)
66. Ibid.
67. Gary D. Saretzky, “Documents of the American Revolution,” exhibition at Monmouth County Library, Manalapan, New Jersey, October 2002. (Facsmiles of Revolutionary War Era documents from the Monmouth County Archives, New Jersey Historical Society, New Jersey State Archives, and Special Collections of Rutgers University at Alexander Library.) http://www.co.monmouth .nj.us/page.aspx?Id = 1681; accessed 3/17/2009.
68. McCormick, New Jersey from Colony to State (Princeton, NJ: VanNostrand, 1964), p. 152.
69. Information about Huddy, his hanging, and the events that followed come from William Scudder Stryker, The Capture of the Block House at Toms River (Trenton, NJ: Naar, Day & Naar, 1888), pp. 4–14, 20–22; and “Proceedings of a General Court Martial held at the City Hall in New York in the Province of New York, from Friday the 3d May to Saturday the 22d June 1782 for the Tryal of Captain Richard Lippincott.” http://personal.nbnet.nb.ca/halew/Lippincott .html; accessed 3/29/2010. Also, the Saretzky sources above.
70. Stryker, The Capture of the Block House at Toms River, pp. 23–27.
71. Ibid., p. 25, from the memoir of one of the officers.
72. Proceedings of a General Court Martial held at the City Hall in New York in the Province of New York, from Friday the 3d May to Saturday the 22d June 1782 for the Tryal of Captain Richard Lippincott. http://personal.nbnet.nb.ca/halew/Lippincott.html; accessed 3/29/2010.
73. Letter to Major General Benjamin Lincoln, June 5, 1784, Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/objects/2007october.cfm; accessed 3/19/2009.
74. Ibid.
75. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 577–578.
76. “Battle of Groton Heights,” http://www.fortgriswold.org/id5.html, quoting from “Brigadier General Benedict Arnold To General Henry Clinton,” September 8, 1781, in Diary of Frederick Mackenzie (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1930), vol. 2, pp. 623–627).
77. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 589; “Stephen Hempsted’s Account,” http://www .fortgriswold.org/id5.html; accessed 3/20/2009.
78. Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, p. 269. Thirteen on the list were “tried and acquitted;” seventy-one “surrendered and were discharged.” The fate of the rest is not known, but the reasonable assumption is that they exiled themselves.
79. Ibid., p. 271; Some minutes of meetings of the New York (State) Commissioners for Detecting and Defeating Conspiracies were published in 1924 by the New York Historical Society. See http://www.archive.org/details/minutesof committ571newy; accessed 3/20/2009.
80. “Treason Files,” Delaware State Archives, pp. 1281–1312. The man hanged was Cheney Clow, leader of a Loyalist force declared to be in rebellion a
gainst the state of Delaware.
81. Willett, A Narrative of the Military Actions of Colonel Marinus Willett (New York: G. & C. & H Carvill, 1831), p. 89.
CHAPTER 18: AND THEY BEGAN THE WORLD ANEW
1. “Songs of Rebels and Redcoats,” American Adventure Recording, National Geographic Society, 1976; courtesy of John M. Lavery, director. By tradition, “The World Turned Upside Down” was played by the British military band at the surrender of General Cornwallis at Yorktown. The words and mournful music fit the occasion. But there is no direct evidence that this was the tune played. The articles of capitulation specified that the surrendering soldiers, marching out of the redoubt as prisoners of war with colors cased and arms grounded, had to play a German or British march. This was Washington’s retribution for a similar article in the surrender agreement imposed on Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln when he surrendered at Charleston in 1780. At Yorktown, Lincoln was given the honor of accepting Cornwallis’s sword.
2. Articles of Capitulation, “Done in the trenches before York Town in Virginia October 19, 1781.” Jerome A. Greene, The Guns of Independence (New York: Savas Beatie, 2005), pp. 351–355.
3. Greene, The Guns of Independence, pp. 352–355, “The Articles of Capitulation.”
4. Thomas H. Raddall, “Tarleton’s Legion,” Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, electonic version created by the Mersey Heritage Society in 2001 with the permission of Dalhousie University. http://www.mersey.ca/tarletonslegion.html; accessed 3/29/2010.
5. Josiah Atkins, The Diary of Josiah Atkins, edited by Steven E. Kagle (New York: Arno, 1975), p. 32. As quoted in Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), p. 129.
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