in New York, 157–83, 185–87, 189, 190–208, 209–234, 247
in Pennsylvania, 235–51, 252–75, 322
Philadelphia retaken by, 248
prisoners of war, 136, 198
provisions, 82–83, 267, 306
smallpox inoculations, 122, 325
in southern colonies, 141–56, 276–90, 320
spies, 174–77, 181, 242, 243, 247, 307, 312
Sullivan-Clinton expedition, 263–72
at Valley Forge, 235, 241, 242–43, 246, 248–51, 291
Washington as commander of, 83–87, 92, 93, 94, 108–109, 153, 158–70, 184–90, 199–208, 217, 219, 248–51, 311–20
See also specific battles, colonies, officers, and regiments
Continental Congress, 51, 83, 84, 93, 94, 95, 98, 104, 107, 128, 131, 151, 160, 161, 162, 165, 166, 179, 206, 207, 211, 233, 234, 236, 237, 246, 290, 292, 300, 316, 327, 352n.15, 368n.58
Declaration of Independence adopted by, 166–67
First, 21–22, 26, 29, 31, 35–36, 236
Second, 37, 69, 75
Continental Navy, 192
Convention Army, 233
Cooper, James Fenimore, 196, 380n.96
The Spy, 196
Copley, John Singleton, 10, 15–16, 29, 39, 40, 76, 116, 176, 349n. 1
corn, 213, 253, 265
Cornwallis, Charles, 148, 151, 156, 184–85, 187, 199, 283
in southern colonies, 283–90
surrender at Yorktown, 319–24, 412n.1
Coulson, Thomas, 78, 79
Cox, Daniel, 309
Crafts, Thomas, Jr., 130–31
Crooked Billet raid, 244
Crosby, Enoch, 196–97
Cross Creek, 149
Crown Point, 69, 105, 221, 258 and n., 266
Cruger, John Harris, 166, 168
Crutzer, HMS, 144, 151
Crysler, Adam, 219, 258
currency, Continental, 104, 189, 194
Curwen, Samuel, 40
Cushing, Thomas, 22
Cushman, Elkanah, 11
Daggett, Napthali, 303
Danbury, Connecticut, xiii-xviii, 205–206, 306
Dartmouth, 16
Dartmouth, Lord, 20, 47, 50–52, 56, 87, 113, 144, 145
Davis, Isaac, 59
Dawes, William, 53, 55, 58
Deane, Silas, 128–29
De Berniere, Henry, 47–50, 60
Declaration of Independence, 96, 130–32, 139, 166, 190, 199, 209–210, 236, 361n.15
adoption of, 166–67
De Lancey, James, 200, 380n.96
De Lancey, Oliver, 52, 160, 166, 168–69, 173, 178, 181, 298–99
De Lancey, Stephen, 194, 200, 212, 277
De Lancey Brigade, 166, 168–69, 181, 298–99
De Lancey family, 135, 160, 166, 181, 194, 196, 212, 299, 380n.96
De Lancey’s Cow-boys, 200, 207–208, 296, 310
Delaware, 315, 322
Delaware River, 203, 244
Delaware tribe, 211, 253, 273, 275
DePeyster, Abraham, 289
Derby, Richard, 45–46
Derby, Richard, Jr., 65
deserters, 99, 136, 168, 170, 185, 186, 222, 243, 246, 253, 281, 325–26, 394n.37
Dibblee, Fyler, 329
Dickinson, John, 7
“Liberty Song,” 7, 10
Digby, Robert, 330
Dinwiddie, Robert, 210
disease, 92, 99, 168, 172, 265
in Continental Army, 168, 325
smallpox, 92, 122, 172, 324–25, 412n.7
Dohla, Johann Conrad, 309–310
drawing and quartering, 314, 410n.60
Duchess of Gordon, HMS, 157, 160, 163, 170, 193, 302
Dunbar, Jessie, 25–26
Dunbar, Moses, 205, 385n.86
Dunmore, Earl of, 37, 140, 145, 151, 152, 154–56, 159, 172, 195, 211, 315, 374n.62
Ethiopian Regiment, 155–56, 172, 195, 315
Dunmore’s War, 211
Durham boats, 203
Durkee, Robert, 257
Dutch Rebels, 197
Dutch Reformed Church, 197
Dutch Tories, 188, 190–91, 197
East Florida, 133, 140, 150, 277, 326, 413n.14
East Florida Rangers, 150, 278–79
East India Company, 15, 160
Eaton’s Neck, Long Island, 180, 329
Eddy, Jonathan, 106–108
Elizabeth, 112, 121, 123
Emerson, Reverend William, 49, 58, 353n.24
Emmerich, Andreas, 201
Emmerich’s Chasseurs, 201
English Neighborhood, 191
Episcopalians, xvii
Erving, George, 118
Esther, Queen, 259, 260
Ethiopian Regiment, 155–56, 172, 195, 315
exiles, Loyalist, xiii-xx, 4, 39–42, 76, 78, 79, 96, 113–28, 144, 165–66, 215–16, 233, 242, 247, 248, 324, 326–33
Acadian, 106–108
to Britain, xiii-xix, 40, 113–28, 144, 215–16, 328, 333
end of war and, 324, 326–33
Experiment, HMS, 154
Fairfield, Connecticut, 192, 303–306, 328, 386n.89
Falcon, HMS, 51
Falmouth, Maine, 78–79, 89–90
Fanning, Edmund, 163–64, 178, 179–80 204–205, 302
Fanning’s Corps, 302
fencible soldiers, 91 and n.
Fenn, Elizabeth A., Pax Americana, 325
Ferguson, Patrick, 281, 282, 287–90, 404n. 26
Ferguson breech-loading rifle, 282
flag, national, 225
Florida, xviii, 13, 140, 150, 278, 326, 327, 413n.14
food, 1, 77, 113, 157
army, 77, 88–89, 169, 182, 196, 232, 242–44, 267, 311
Howe’s foraging raids, 242–44
Indian, 212
price inflation, 171
shortages, 92, 171, 232, 242–43, 265, 267, 272, 311
Foot Guards, 159
Forman, David, 317
Fort Cumberland, 107, 108
Fort Dayton, 226, 228
Fort Detroit, 265, 272, 275
Fort Edward, 136, 224
Fort Forty, 256–58
Fort George, 43, 271
Fort Griswold, 321
Fort Herkimer, 260, 272
Fort Lee, 184, 185
Fort Miller, 218, 219
Fort Niagara, 213, 216, 275
Fort Paris, 269
Fort Pitt, 211, 263, 273
Fort Sackville, 274
Fort St. John’s, 94, 97–98
Fort Stanwix, 218, 223, 224–28, 264, 390n.61
siege, 225–28, 231
Fort Ticonderoga, 69, 94, 96, 97, 220, 221
Burgoyne’s attack on, 221
Fort Washington, 181, 182–83, 185
Fort William and Mary, 36, 43
Fort Wintermoot, 256
Foster, Robert, 44, 47
Fowey, HMS, 151, 154
Fraga, Lara, 163, 164
France, xix, xx, 159, 210, 213, 320
aid to Patriots, 128–29, 132, 210, 232, 244, 276, 321
Revolution, xix, xxi
war with Britain, 106
Franklin, Benjamin, 1, 22, 29, 44, 65, 104, 128, 236, 243, 247, 295, 298, 299–300, 320, 325
“Join or Die” drawing, 210, 387n.2
Franklin, Temple, 300
Franklin, William, 295, 297, 298–302, 307–320, 385n.86
Associated Loyalist raids, 307–320
Franks, David, 100
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, 132
Freetown, Massachusetts, 64, 127
French and Indian War, 5, 24, 35, 44, 46, 57, 66, 83, 86, 87, 96, 98, 99, 102, 134, 139, 143n., 173, 182, 210–11, 213, 267, 273, 413n.14
frontier raids, 252–75
in New York and Pennsylvania, 209- 234, 252–72
Frost, Sarah, xix
fur trade, 210
Gage, Margaret Kemble, 52–53
Gage, Thomas, 9, 10, 14, 20–38, 39–53, 69–74, 7
6, 87–88, 99, 101, 102, 114, 120, 136, 145, 221, 277
arming of Loyalists, 20–38
Boston blockade, 75–78
disarm-the-Rebels strategy, 43–49
at Lexington and Concord, 54–62
prewar tensions in Massachusetts, 20–38, 39–53
spies of, 43–53, 55, 60
war for Boston, 69–74, 87–92
Galloway, Joseph, 202, 236, 241–42, 244, 248, 292–293, 299, 300
Gallows Hill, Connecticut, xiii-xiv
Gansevoort, Peter, 225, 228
Gaspée, 14
Gates, Horatio, 158, 224, 231–34
Genesee, New York, 265
George I, King of England, 101
George II, King of England, 100, 138
George III, King of England, xix, xxiii, 3, 7, 10, 20, 91, 101, 131, 133, 160, 167, 176, 190, 194, 214, 218, 246, 287, 290, 404n. 26
Georgia, 37, 69, 147
British invasion of, 276–81
crackers, 280, 403n.18
end of war, 325–26
Loyalists, 276–80
Germain, Lord George, 145, 272, 273, 276, 283, 307, 309
German Flats, 260, 272
German immigrants, 233, 253, 269
Gerry, Elbridge, 127
Gilbert, Samuel, 64
Gilbert, Thomas, 34–38, 64–65, 89, 127, 134
Gilbert raid, 64–65
Girty, Simon, 273–74
Glasgow, 136
Gnadenhutten, Pennsylvania, 275
gold, 104
gorget, 216 and n.
Goshen, New York, 208
Grasse, François de, 321
Graves, Samuel, 71, 88, 89
Great Carrying Place, 224
Great Wagon Road, 147
Greene, Nathanael, xiv, 165–66, 185, 187, 235, 276, 285, 290
Greenleaf, Stephen, 130
Green Mountain Boys, 91, 97
Grey, Charles, 239–40
Gridley, Richard, 71
Grymes, John Randolph, 239
Guides & Pioneers, 184–85, 238n.
guerrilla warfare, 164, 172, 177, 196, 199–208, 302–307
refugee raids, 301–319
of Tryon, 200–208, 302–307
See also frontier raids; specific battles and colonies
gunpowder, 30–31, 36, 37
Powder Alarm, 30–31, 39, 43
Hackensack, New Jersey, 185, 187, 188
Haldimand, Frederick, 182, 267, 273
Hale, Nathan, 174–75, 303
death of, 175–77
as a spy, 174–77, 181
Hale, Samuel, 174, 175
half tories, 189–90
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 107, 108, 133, 171
Loyalist refugees, 113–28, 129–30
Hamilton, Alexander, xiv, 163, 164
Hamilton, Henry, 272–74
Hancock, John, 6–7, 9, 10, 20, 56, 70, 352n.15
Hare, Henry, 263–64
Harlem Heights, New York, 173, 181
Hartley, Thomas, 259–60
Harvard College, 2, 9, 29, 68, 86
Hayne, Isaac, 284
Henry, Patrick, 5, 22, 37–38, 154, 274, 342n.8
Herkimer, Nicholas, 225–29, 252
Hermitage, 236, 237
Hessians, 105, 131–32, 139, 148, 166, 169, 182, 199, 202, 203–204, 218, 233, 267, 276, 305, 309, 326
Hickey, Thomas, 164, 165
Highlanders, 100–101, 134–38, 363n.38, 370n.19
Loyalist, 135–40, 141–46, 148–51, 217–18
Hon Yost Schuyler, 228–29
Hopkins, Esek, 192
Hosmer, Joseph, 50, 59
Howe, Richard, 169
Howe, Robert, 143, 278, 279
Howe, William, 70–74, 90–92, 156, 166, 168, 184, 192, 198, 203, 234, 385n.69, 403n.7
Boston abandoned by, 110–28
Bunker Hill, 70–74
foraging raids, 242–44
guerrilla warfare, 199, 205
in New York, 166–83, 186–87, 204
occupation of Philadelphia, 235–42
Hoyt, George, 303–304, 305
Huddy, Joshua, 315–17, 318–20
hanging of, 318–20
Hudson River, 97, 106, 168, 173, 184, 196, 204, 205, 218, 224, 311
baronial estates and tenants, 96–97, 134–35, 173, 178–79, 200, 232
Burgoyne’s campaign in Hudson River Valley, 220–29, 232–34
Hull, Robert, 187
Hull, William, 174, 176
Hulton, Henry, 116
Hutchinson, Elisha, 15
Hutchinson, Foster, 116
Hutchinson, Thomas, 4, 8, 13–18, 19, 24–25, 39, 50, 66, 120
tea crisis, 14–18
Huzzars (Hussars), 191 and n.
Hyde, Tom, 329
Illinois, 253
immigration, 137–38, 146–47
Independent Company of Cadets, 8
India, 15
British, 128, 160
Indiana, 253
Indians, 87, 134, 147, 155, 177, 208, 209–234, 327, 398n.22
as British-Loyalist allies, 87, 94, 97, 152, 159, 209–234, 250, 252–75, 322
Butler’s Rangers raids, 252–75
first large-scale Continental attack on, 263–72
food, 212
Fort Stanwix siege, 225–29
French and Indian War, see French and Indian War
languages, 213, 252
Patriots and, 87, 209–234, 252–75, 322
refugees, 265
Revolutionary War role, 209–234, 252–72
scalping, 210, 213, 223–24, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 271, 273, 274
Six Nations, 211–13, 214, 216, 220, 223, 263
spies, 216
Sullivan-Clinton expedition against, 263–72
treaties, 211
warfare, 223–24, 227
See also specific tribes
Inglis, Reverend Charles, 194
intestine warfare, 283–87
Intolerable Acts, 17, 23
Ireland, 146
Iroquois tribe, 210–11, 256, 264, 265
Jacobites, 100 and n, 137, 138
Jägers, 314
Jamaica, xviii, 29, 326
James I, King of England, 146
James II, King of England, 100 and n.
Jarvis, Amelia, xv, xvii, xviii
Jarvis, Munson, xvi
Jarvis, Samuel, xv-xvii
Jarvis, Stephen Maples, xv-xviii, 239
Jay, John, 164, 196
Jefferson, Thomas, 22, 139, 274, 275, 373n.55
distrust of Scots, 139–40
slaves of, 154–55, 332
Jeremiah, Thomas, 152
Johnson, Guy, 159, 160, 214–16, 223
Johnson, John, 214, 217, 252, 256, 266–70
Johnson, Mary, 214, 215
Johnson, Samuel, 137
Johnson, William, 134, 212–17
Johnson Destructionists, 270
Johnson Hall, 212, 215, 217, 266
Johnson raid, 266–70
Johnstown, New York, 214, 215, 266
Johonnot, Peter, 110
Jones, David, 224
Jones, Edward, xiii-xiv
Jones, Ichabod, 79–80, 81–82
Jones, Isaac, 48
Jones, Thomas, 190, 192, 202
Kemble, Samuel, 52
Kemble, Stephen, 43, 52
Kentucky, 253, 275
Ketchum, Isaac, 164
Kettle Creek, Battle of, 280, 281
Key, Francis Scott, 238
Key, Philip Barton, 238
kidnappings, 199, 207
plot to kidnap Washington, 163–65, 207
King, Boston, 330–31, 333
King’s American Regiment, 179–80, 189, 192, 204, 289, 302, 305
King’s Chapel, Boston, 115
King’s Mountain, Battle of, 288–90
King’s Royal Regiment, 217, 219, 227, 256, 266–67, 388n.35
Kingston, New York, 232
Kirkland, Moses, 152
Kirkland, Reverend Samuel, 216
Knowlton, Thomas, 174, 181, 378n.67
Knox, Henry, 163
Knyphausen, Wilhelm von, 311–14, 377n.64
Lacey, John, 243–44
Lafayette, Marquis de, 239, 249
Lake Champlain, 91, 105, 106, 218, 220–24, 266
Lake Oneida, 218
Lake Ontario, 218
lead mines, 265
Lechmere, Richard, 116
Ledyard, William, 321
Lee, 123
Lee, Charles, 153, 159, 186–87, 249–50, 283, 396n.67
Leonard, Daniel, 27, 346n.33
Leonard, George, 55, 61–62, 84, 309
Leslie, Alexander, 44–47, 325, 350n.26
Lewis and Clark expedition, 275
Lexington, Massachusetts, 52, 56, 60, 72
Battle of, xv, 58, 60–62, 67, 75, 160, 222
Liberty, 6, 7, 105
Liberty Bell, 68
Liberty Boys, 18
Liberty Tree, 84–85, 131
Lillie, Theophilus, 12
Lincoln, Benjamin, 281, 286, 287, 412n.1
Lippincott, Richard, 318, 319
Lively, HMS, 71
livestock, 89, 147, 253, 255, 268, 269, 270, 310
Livingston, Margaret Beekman, 179
Livingston, Robert R., Jr., 96, 97, 179, 361n.15
Livingston, William, 197
Livingston family, 96–97, 134–35, 232, 299
Lloyd’s Neck, Long Island, 172, 180, 189, 329
London, 2, 40, 51, 65–66, 91, 213, 216, 246, 299–300
London Evening Post, 66
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 359n.43
Evangeline, 106
Long Island, New York, xvi, xix, 133, 160, 161, 165, 177, 179–80, 192, 205, 207–208, 306, 309, 311, 328
Patriot-Loyalist conflict, 165–66, 168, 169–70, 179–80
looting, 90–92, 112, 121, 199, 238, 258-59, 266, 271, 303, 310
Lords of Trade, 5, 213
Loring, Elizabeth, 171, 198, 241–42
Loring, Joshua, 171, 172, 198, 242
Lothrop, Isaac, 11
Lothrop, Thomas, 11
Louis XVI, King of France, 129
Lounsbury, William, 178, 181
Loyal American Association, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 67, 73, 77, 84–86, 92, 115
Loyal American Regiment, 185, 197, 289, 295
Loyal Associated Refugees, 309
Loyal Irish Volunteers, 86
Loyalist British Legion, 186
Loyalists, xiv-xxii
arming of, 19–38, 84–86, 134, 164, 165, 308
Associated Loyalist raids, 307–320
as auxiliary occupation force, 74
Battle of King’s Mountain, 288–90
black, xix, 152–56, 163–64, 172–73, 195–96, 302, 330–33
British evacuation of Boston and, 110–32, 134
Bunker Hill, 70–74, 75, 87
Burgoyne’s surrender at Saratoga, 232–34
Butler’s Rangers raids, 252–75
Canadian battles, 93–109
confiscated property of, 82–84, 90–92, 112, 121, 125, 144, 152, 199, 248, 266, 301, 328
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