GENERAL REFERENCES
Artières, Philippe. Le Livre des vies coupables: Autobiographies de criminels (1896–1909). Paris: Éditions Albin Michel, 2000.
Artières, Philippe, Gérard Corneloup, and Philippe Rassaert. Le Médecin et le criminel: Alexandre Lacassagne, 1843–1924, exposition de la Bibliothèque municipale de Lyon. Lyon: Bibliothèque municipale, 2004.
Becker, Peter, and Richard F. Wetzell, eds. Criminals and Their Scientists: The History of Criminology in International Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Bellanger, Claude et al. Histoire générale de la presse française, vol. 3. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1972.
Bergeron, Henri, et al. Médecine légale et jurisprudence médicale. Paris: A. Maloine, 1897.
Berlanstein, Lenard. The Working People of Paris, 1871–1914. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
Bernaldo de Quirós, C. Modern Theories of Criminality. Translated by A. de Salvo. Boston: Little, Brown, 1912.
Bernheim, Hippolyte. Suggestive Therapeutics: A Treatise on the Nature and Uses of Hypnotism. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1889.
Brouardel, Paul. Death and Sudden Death. New York: William Wood and Company, 1892.
Burdett, Henry C. Hospitals and Asylums of the World. London: J & A Churchill, 1891.
Burns, Chester R., ed. Legacies in Law and Medicine. New York: Science History Publications, 1977.
Cabanès, Augustin. Curious Bypaths of History. Paris: Charles Carrington, 1898.
Chapman, Henry C. A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1892.
Chauvaud, Frédéric. Les Experts du crime: La Médecine légale en France au XIXe siècle. Paris: Aubier, 2000.
Clark, Michael, and Catherine Crawford, eds. Legal Medicine in History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Cragin, Thomas. Murder in Parisian Streets: Manufacturing Crime and Justice in the Popular Press, 1830–1900. Lewisburg, Penn.: Bucknell University Press, 2006.
Darmon, Pierre. Médecins et assassins à la Belle Époque: La Médicalisation du crime. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1989.
Darnton, Robert. The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History. New York: Basic Books, 1984.
D’Avenel, Georges. Le Mécanisme de la vie moderne. Paris: Armand Colin, 1896.
Depastino, Todd. Citizen Hobo: How a Century of Homelessness Shaped America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Dowbiggin, Ian. Inheriting Madness: Professionalization and Psychiatric Knowledge in Nineteenth-Century France. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. Doyle, Arthur Conan. The Illustrated Sherlock Holmes Treasury. New York: Chatham River Press, 1986.
Draper, Fran Winthrop. A Text-Book of Legal Medicine. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1905.
Eldridge, Benjamin P. and William B. Watts. Our Rival, the Rascal: A Faithful Portrayal of the Conflict Between the Criminals of This Age and the Defenders of Society—the Police. Boston: Pemberton, 1893.
Ellis, Havelock. The Criminal. London: Walter Scott, 1892.
Ellis, Jack D. The Physician-Legislators of France: Medicine and Politics in the Early Third Republic, 1870–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Elmsley, Clive, and Haia Shpayer-Makov, eds. Police Detectives in History, 1750–1950. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2006.
Ferri, Enrico. Les Criminels dans l’art et la littérature. Paris: Alcan, 1897.
—–. Criminal Sociology. Translated by Joseph I. Kelly and John Lisle. Boston: Little, Brown, 1917.
Finkel, Norman J. Insanity on Trial. New York: Plenum Press, 1988.
Fosdick, Raymond B. European Police Systems. New York: Century, 1915.
Fourquet, Émile. Les Faux Témoins. Chalon-sur-Saône, France: Émile Bertrand, 1901.
—–. Les Vagabonds: Les Vagabonds criminels, le problème du vagabondage. Paris: Librairie Générale de Jurisprudence, 1908.
Gautier, Émile. L’Année scientifique et industrielle. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1900.
Gibson, Mary. Born to Crime: Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002.
Goldstein, Jan. Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Gould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W. W. Norton, 1981.
Granier, Camille. Essai de bibliographie charitable. Paris: Librairie Guillaumin, 1891.
Griffiths, Arthur. Mysteries of Police and Crime. London: Cassell, 1899.
—–. Fifty Years of Public Service. London: Cassell, 1904.
Gross, Hans. Criminal Investigation: A Practical Textbook for Magistrates, Police Officers and Lawyers: Translated and Adapted to Indian and Colonial Practice from the System der Kriminalistik. Madras: A. Krashnamachari, 1906.
—–. Criminal Investigation: A Practical Textbook for Magistrates, Police Officers and Lawyers: Adapted from the System der Kriminalistik. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1924.
Guilherment, Georges. Le Milieu criminel. Paris: Ancienne Librairie Schleicher, 1923.
Hamilton, Allan McLane and Lawrence Godkin. A System of Legal Medicine. New York: E. B. Treat, 1900.
Harris, Ruth. Murders and Madness: Medicine, Law, and Society in the Fin de Siècle. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
Hecht, Jennifer Michael. The End of the Soul: Scientific Modernity, Atheism, and Anthropology in France. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
Hesse, Raymond. Les Criminels peints par eux-měmes. Paris: Grasset, 1912.
Hofmann, Eduard von. Atlas of Legal Medicine. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1898.
Hopkins, Tighe. Wards of the State: An Unofficial View of Prison and the Prisoner. London: Herbert and Daniel, 1913.
Irving, Henry Brodribb. Studies of French Criminals of the Nineteenth Century. London: William Heinemann, 1901. Jones, David Arthur. History of Criminology: A Philosophical Perspective. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986.
Kalifa, Dominique. L’Encre et le sang: Récits de crimes et société a la Belle Époque. Paris: Fayard, 1995.
Kaluczynski, Martine. “La Criminologie en mouvement: Naissance et développement d’une science sociale en France à la fin du XIXe siècle.” Ph.D. diss., Université Paris Diderot, 1988.
Klepinger, Linda L. Fundamentals of Forensic Anthropology. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
Lacassagne, Alexandre. Précis de médecine judiciaire, deuxième édition. Paris: G. Masson, 1886.
—–. L’Affaire Gouffé. Lyon: A. Storck, 1891.
—–. Vade-mecum du médecin-expert. Lyon: A. Storck, 1892.
Lailler, Maurice, and Henri Vonoven. Les Erreurs judiciaires et leurs causes. Paris: A. Pedone, 1897.
Levin, Miriam R. When the Eiffel Tower Was New: French Visions of Progress at the Centennial of the Revolution. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989.
Locard, Edmond. La Malle sanglante de Millery. Paris: Gallimard, 1934.
—–. Les Grands Criminels lyonnais. Lyon: Albums du Crocodile, 1938.
Lombroso, Cesare. L’Homme criminel atlas. Paris: Ancienne Librairie Germer Baillière, 1887.
—–. Criminal Man. Translated by Mary Gibson and Nicole Hahn Rafter. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006.
Mannheim, Hermann, ed. Pioneers in Criminology. Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith, 1972.
Matsuda, Matt K. The Memory of the Modern. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Mohr, James C. Doctors and the Law: Medical Jurisprudence in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Mucchielli, Laurent. Histoire de la criminologie française. Paris: Éditions l’Harmattan, 1995.
National Research Council. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2009.
Nickell, Joe, and John C. Fischer. Crime Science: Methods of Forensic Detection. Le
xington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
Nye, Robert. Crime, Madness and Politics in Modern France: The Medical Concept of National Decline. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Osler, William, ed. Modern Medicine: Its Theory and Practice. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1914.
Price, Roger. A Social History of Nineteenth-Century France. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1987.
Rafter, Nicole Hahn. Creating Born Criminals. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
—–. The Criminal Brain: Understanding Biological Theories of Crime. New York: NYU Press, 2008.
Ramsland, Katherine M. Inside the Minds of Serial Killers. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2006.
Renneville, Marc. Crime et folie: Deux Siècles d’enquětes médicales et judiciaires. Paris: Fayard, 2003.
Rhodes, Henry T. F. Alphonse Bertillon, Father of Scientific Detection. London: Harrap, 1956. Robinson, Daniel N. Wild Beasts and Idle Humours: The Insanity Defense from Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996.
Romein, Jan. The Watershed of Two Eras: Europe in 1900. Translated by Arnold J. Pomerans. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1978.
Sachs, Jessica. Corpse: Nature, Forensics, and the Struggle to Pinpoint Time of Death. New York: Basic Books, 2001.
Schäfer, Edward, and George Thane, eds. Quain’s Elements of Anatomy. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1893.
Schiller, Francis. Paul Broca: Founder of French Anthropology, Explorer of the Brain. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
Schmitt, Aurore, et al., eds. Forensic Anthropology and Medicine: Complementary Sciences from Recovery to Cause of Death. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 2006.
Schwartz, Vanessa R. Spectacular Realities: Early Mass Culture in Fin-de-Siècle Paris. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
Shorter, Edward. A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
Stead, P. J. The Police of France. New York: Macmillan, 1983.
Taylor, Alfred Swaine. A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, 12th ed. New York: Lea Brothers, 1897.
Thorwald, Jürgen. The Century of the Detective. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965.
Tidy, Charles. Legal Medicine. New York: William Wood & Company, 1882.
Tilly, Charles, Louise Tilly, and Richard H. Tilly. The Rebellious Century: 1830–1930. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.
Vizetelly, Ernest Alfred. The Anarchists, Their Faith and Their Record. London: John Lane, 1911.
Weber, Eugen. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1976.
White, Peter, ed. Crime Scene to Court: The Essentials of Forensic Science. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2004.
Wilkins, Philip A. Behind The French CID.: Leaves from the Memoirs of Goron, Former Detective Chief. London: Hutchinson, 1940.
Wilson, Colin, and Damon Wilson. Written in Blood: A History of Forensic Detection. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2003.
Wines, Frederick H. Punishment and Reformation: A Historical Sketch of the Rise of the Penitentiary System. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1919.
Woodward, John, and Robert Jütte. Coping with Sickness: Medicine, Law and Human Rights—Historical Perspectives. Sheffield, England: European Association for the History of Medicine and Health Publications, 2000.
Wright, Gordon. Between the Guillotine and Liberty: Two Centuries of the Crime Problem in France. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
OTHER SOURCES
Criminocorpus (www.criminocorpus.cnrs.fr/). Directed by Marc Renneville, a researcher at the Alexandre Koyré Center for the history of science and technology in Paris, this Web site comprises an enormous body of work on the history of crime and punishment in France. In addition to scholarly papers and virtual exhibits, the site hosts a scanned collection of every edition of Lacassagne’s journal, Archives de l’anthropologie criminelle (Archives of Criminal Anthropology) from 1886 to 1914 (from 1893 onward it’s Archives d’anthropologie criminelle). The site also has links to scanned editions of the important criminological and psychological journals of the day, including Annales d’hygiène publique et de médecine légale (Annals of Public Hygiene and Legal Medicine) and Annales médico-psychologiques (Medico-Psychological Annals)
ILLUSTRATIONS CREDITS
Murder of Louise Marcel: Le Journal illustré, courtesy of Rémi Cuisinier
Vacher’s childhood home: author photo
Vacher and Louise Barant: from Émile Fourquet, Vacher: Le Plus Grand Criminel des temps modernes par son juge d’instruction (Besançon, France: Jacques et Demontrond, 1931)
Augustine Mortureux: from Émile Fourquet, Vacher
Crime scene in Bénonces: from Émile Fourquet, Vacher
Vacher’s handwriting lesson: La Dépěche, November 15, 1897
Lacassagne: courtesy of La Bibliothèque municipale de Lyon, Fonds Lacassagne
Gouffé affair: Le Petit Journal, supplément illustré, courtesy of Rémi Cuisinier
Gouffé’s autopsy: courtesy of La Bibliothèque municipale de Lyon, Fonds Lacassagne Lacassagne’s criminal museum: author photo
Floating morgue: courtesy of Dr. Daniel Malicier, Institut de Médecine Légale de Lyon Cast of hand: author photo, courtesy of Élisabeth Biot
Bertillon: author photo
Bertillon’s system: from Alphonse Bertillon (trans. anon.), Signaletic Instructions (Chicago, New York: The Werner Company, 1896)
Lombroso: courtesy of Francis S. Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Criminal features: from Cesare Lombroso, L’homme criminel atlas (Paris: Ancienne Libraire Germer Baillière, 1887)
Skulls: from Cesare Lombroso, L’homme criminel atlas (Paris: Ancienne Libraire Germer Baillière, 1887)
Gross: courtesy of Hans Gross Kriminalmuseum of the Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz, Austria
Fourquet: from Émile Fourquet, Vacher
Vacher’s confession: Archives départementales de l’Ain, Bourg-en-Bresse, France
Vacher’s spree: Le Petit Parisien, October 31, 1897, courtesy of Rémi Cuisinier
Vacher: courtesy of La Bibliothèque municipale de Lyon, Fonds Lacassagne
Vacher’s execution day: Le Petit Journal, January 15, 1899
Vacher’s head: from Émile Fourquet, Vacher
A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Douglas Starr is a professor of journalism and codirector of the graduate program in science journalism at Boston University. His book Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce was published in seven languages; it won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize (science category). In 2002, it was adapted by PBS as a four-part documentary series that aired on more than three hundred PBS stations nationwide and internationally. A former newspaper reporter and field biologist, Starr has written about medicine, public health, science, and the environment for The New Republic, Science, Smithsonian, PBS, NPR, Wired, the Los Angeles Times, the Christian Science Monitor, and the Boston Globe Sunday Magazine. He lives outside Boston with his wife and two sons.
Joseph Vacher’s childhood home in Beaufort, a little hill town southeast of Lyon. Neighbors reported that even as a boy he showed violent tendencies.
A tabloid portrayal of the murder of thirteen-year-old Louise Marcel, Vacher’s second confirmed victim. The dramatic illustration of crime was a favorite topic in the “penny press.”
Vacher and Louise Barant, whom he became obsessed with and tried to murder. Although the photo seems to depict Louise with dark hair, articles and court testimony describe it as blond.
Augustine Mortureux, Vacher’s third documented murder victim, and the crime-scene diagram. Vacher confessed to eleven killings, but was thought to have committed more than twenty-five.
Dr. Alexandre Lacassagne, circa 1901, on the occasion of his induction into the Legion of Honor
Vacher sometimes took shelter with unsuspecting f
amilies. This page depicts a lesson he gave a little girl, showing his fine penmanship and mathematical skills.
Lacassagne, an ardent book and art collector, also collected artifacts from crime scenes. This paperweight is a bronze casting of a female criminal’s hand. A duplicate served as a door knocker at his summer home.
A rural policeman at the Portalier crime scene, August 1895. More than fifty meters separate the initial attack (#3) and the final stabbing (#1).
A tabloid depiction of the Gouffé affair, the murder investigation that made Lacassagne internationally famous
Lacassagne’s autopsy of Gouffé, who was murdered in Paris and whose body was dumped south of Lyon. Lacassagne’s identification of the decomposed body helped solve the case.
Lacassagne’s criminal museum for the study of crime-scene and wound-pattern evidence, one of several such museums in the criminological capitals of Europe
The floating morgue of Lyon, a dank, leaky, unsanitary facility, where Lacassagne worked for nearly thirty years. Storms would sometimes wash bodies overboard.
Alphonse Bertillon developed a system of identification based on the measurements of certain body parts. It predated fingerprinting and presaged the modern use of biometrics.
Bertillon’s system, translated in an American police text. The combination of eleven critical measurements narrowed the odds of a misidentification to less than one in four million.
An ear-identification chart produced by Bertillon. He felt that ear shapes were as individual as fingerprints would later turn out to be.
Cesare Lombroso developed the “born criminal” theory, which stated that the tendency to commit crimes is genetic and is revealed in certain telltale body traits.
A diagram from a book of Lombroso’s showing criminal features which he referred to as “stigmata”
The skulls of “born criminals,” which portray their allegedly primitive characteristics
The Killer of Little Shepherds Page 36