Eigenmann, J.E. 1987. Insulin-like growth factor 1 in dogs. Frontiers of Hormone Research 17: 161–72
Eigenmann, J.E. et al. 1988. Insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in proportionate dogs, chondrodystrophic dogs and in giant dogs. Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen) 118: 105–8
Eigenmann, J.E. et. al. 1984. Body size parallels insulin-like growth factor 1 levels but not growth hormone secretory capacity. Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen) 106: 448–53
Emery, A.E.H. 1996. Genetic disorders in portraits. American Journal of Medical Genetics 66: 334–9
Epstein, C.J. et al. 1987. Transgenic mice with increased Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase activity: animal model of dosage effects in Down syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 84: 8044–8
Eyre-Walker, A. and P.D. Keightley. 1999. High genomic deleterious mutation rates in hominids. Nature 397: 334–47
Farrell, H.B. 1984. The two-toed Wadoma – familial ectrodactyly in Zimbabwe. South African Journal of Medicine 65: 531–3
Fãsseler, P.E. and K. Sander. 1996. Hilde Mangold (1898–1924) and Spemann’s organiser: Achievement and Tragedy. Wilhelm Roux Archives of Developmental Biology 205: 323–32
Felgenhauer, W.–R. 1969. Hypertrichosis lagnuinosa universalis. Journal de Génétique humaine 17: 1–44
Ferretti, P. and C. Tickle. 1997. The limbs, in P. Thorogood (ed.) Embryos, genes and birth defects. John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.
Figuera, L.E. 1995. Mapping of the congenital generalised hypertrichosis locus to chromosome Xq24-q27. 1. Nature Genetics 10: 202–6
Finch, C.E. 1990. Longevity, senescence and the genome. Chicago University Press
Finch, C.E. and G. Ruvkun. 2001. The genetics of ageing. Annual Reviews of Genomics and Human Genetics 2: 435–62
Fischer, J.L. 1972. Le concept experimental dans l’oeuvre tératologique d’Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Revue d’histoire des sciences 25: 347–62
Fischer, J.L. 1991. Monstres: histoire du corps et de ses défauts. Syros, Paris
Flanagan, N. et al. 2000. Pleiotropic effects of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene on human pigmentation. Human Molecular Genetics. 9: 2531–7
Flatt, A.E. 1994. The care of congenital hand anomalies. Quality Medical Publishing. St Louis. Mo.
Fleischer, R. 1984. Artemis Ephesia. text pp.755–63; plates pp.564–73 in Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae II: 1 (text); 2 (plates)
Flurkey, K. et al. 2001. Lifespan extension and delayed immune and collagen aging in mutant mice with defects in growth hormone production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98: 6736–41
Forbes, L.S. 1997. The evolutionary biology of spontaneous abortion in humans. Trends in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 12: 446–50
Frank, L.G. 1997. Evolution of genital masculinisation: why do female hyenas have such a large ‘penis’? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12:58–62
Frankcom, G. and J.H. Musgrave. 1976. The Irish giant. Duckworth, UK
Fraser, G. 1877. Wigtown and Whithorn: historical and descriptive sketches, stories and anecdotes, illustrative of the racy wit and pawky humour of the district. Gordon Fraser, Wigtown
Fraumeni, J.F 1967. Stature and malignant tumors of bone in childhood and adolesence. Cancer 20: 967–73
Freire-Maia, A. 1975. Genetics of acheiropodia (the handless and footless families of Brazil). VI. Formal genetic analysis. American Journal of Human Genetics 27: 521–7
Freire-Maia, A. 1981. Historical note: The extraordinary handless and footless families of Brazil – 50 years of acheiropodia. American Journal of Human Genetics 9: 31–41
Frey, J. 1994. Toulouse-Lautrec: a life. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London
Frey, J. 1995a. What dwarfed Toulouse-Lautrec? Nature Genetics 10: 128–30
Frey, J. 1995b. Toulouse-Lautrec’s diagnosis – reply. Nature Genetics 11: 363
Friedman, J.B. 1981. The monstrous races in medieval thought and art. Harvard, Cambridge, Mass.
Fromental-Ramain, C. et al. 1996. Hoxa-13 and Hoxd-13 play a crucial role in the patterning of the autopod. Development 122: 2997–3011
Fullerton, S.M. et al. 2000. Apolipoprotein E variation at the sequence haplotype level: implications for the origin and maintenance of a major human polymorphism. American Journal of Human Genetics 67: 881–900
Galis, F. 1999. Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes, and Cancer. Journal of Experimental Zoology 285: 19–26
Galis, F. 2001. Why five fingers? Evolutionary constraints on digit number. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 16: 637–46
Garcia-Cruz D. et al. 2002. Inherited hypertrichoses. Clinical Genetics 61: 321–9
Gat, U. et al. 1998. De novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated Beta-catenin in skin. Cell 95: 605–14
Gates, R.R. 1961. The Melanesian dwarf tribe of Aiome, New Guinea. Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellogiae. 10: 277–311
Geffner, M.E. et al. 1995. Insulin-like growth factor 1 resistance in immortalised T cell lines from African Efe pygmies. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 80: 3732–8
Geffner, M.E. et al. 1996. IGF-1 does not mediate T lymphoblast colony formation in response to estradiol, testosterone, 1,25(OH)2, Vitamin D3 and triiodothyronine; studies in control and pygmy lines Biochemical and Molecular Medicine 59: 72–9
Gegenbauer, C. 1880. Critical remarks on polydactlyly as atavism. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 6: 584–96
Gehring, W. and K. Ikeo. 1999. Pax 6: mastering eye morphogenesis and eye evolution. Trends in Genetics 15: 371–7
Geissler, W. et al. 1994. Male pseudohermaphroditism caused by mutations of testicular 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3. Nature Genetics 7: 35–9
Gelb, D. et al. 1996. Pycnodysostosis, a lysosomal disease caused by Cathepsin K deficiency. Science 273: 1236–9
Gelfland, M., C.J. Roberts, and R.S. Roberts. 1974. A two-toed man from the Doma people of the Zambezi Valley. Rhodesian History 5: 92–5
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. 1822. Philosophic anatomique des monstruosités humaines. Deville-Cavellin, Paris
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. 1829. Rapport sur le monstre bicéphale Ritta-Christina. Gazette de Santé (No. 270)
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. 1838. Notions synthétiques, historiques et physi-ologiques de Philosophic Naturelle. Dénain, Paris
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. 1832–37. Histoire générale et particuliére des anomalies de l’organisation chez I’homme et les animaux. J. B. Balliére, Paris
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. 1847. Vie, travaux et doctrine scientifique d’Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. La Société Géologique de France, Paris
Gerhart, J. 2000. Inversion of the chordate body axis: Are their alternatives? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97: 4445–8
Gertz, O. 1948. Artemis och hinden frontispisplanschen Linnes Fauna Svecica. Svenska Linne-Sallskapets Arsskrift 31: 13–37
Gilbert, S.F. 2000. Developmental biology (6th edition). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass.
Glass, B. 1947. Maupertuis and the beginning of genetics. Quarterly Review of Biology 22: 196–210
Glickman, S.E. et al. 1992. Hormonal correlates of ‘masculinisation’ in female spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). 1. Infancy to sexual maturity. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 95: 451–62
Goding, C.R. 2000. Mitf from neural crest to melanoma: signal transduction and transcription in the melanocyte lineage. Genes and Development 14: 1712–28
Gong, Y. et al. 1999. Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding noggin affect human morphogenesis. Nature Genetics 21: 302–4
Goto, N. et al. 1987. The mexican hairless dog, its morphology and inheritance. Experimental Animals (Tokyo) 36: 87–90
Goujon, E. 1869. Étude d’un cas d’hermaphrodisme bisexuel imparfait chez l’homme. Journal de I’anatomie et de la physiologie normales et pathologiques de l’homme et des animaux 6: 599–616
Gould, G.M. and W. L. Pyle. 1897. Anomalies and curiosities of medicine. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia
Gould, S.J. 1981. The mismeasure of man. W.W. Norton, N.Y.
Gould, S.J. 1983. Hen’s teeth and horse’s toes. W.W. Norton, N.Y.
Graves, J.A. 1998. Interactions between SRY and SOX genes in mammalian sex determination. Bioessays 20: 264–9
Gravlee, C.G. et al. 2003. Heredity, environment and cranial form: a reanalysis of Boas’s Immigrant data. American Anthropologist 105: 125–38
Gruber, G.B. 1955. Historisches und aktuelles über das Sirenen-problem in der medizin. Nova Acta Leopoldina 17: 89–122
Gruman, G.J. 1966. A history of ideas about the prolongation of life. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 56: 1–102
Gubbay, J. et al. 1990. A gene mapping to the sex-determining region of the mouse Y chromosome is a member of a novel family of embryonically expressed genes. Nature 346: 245–50
Guichard, C. et al. 2001. Axonemal dynein intermediate-chain gene (DNAI1) mutations result in situs inversus and primary ciliary dyskinesia (Kartagener syndrome). American Journal of Human Genetics 68: 1030–5
Günther, T. and T. Schinke. 2000. Mouse genetics have uncovered new paradigms in bone biology. Trends in Metabolism. 11: 189–93
Guyda, H.J. 1998. Growth hormone therapy for non-growth hormone-deficient children with short stature. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 10: 416–21
Haldane, J.B.S. 1941. New paths in genetics. George Allen & Unwin, London
Hale, F. 1933. Pigs born without eyeballs. Journal of Heredity 24: 105–6
Haliburton, R.G. 1891. The dwarfs of Mount Atlas. David Nutt, London
Haliburton, R.G. 1894. Survivals of dwarf races in the new world. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 14: 1–14
Hall, B.K. 1995. Atavisms and atavistic mutations. Nature Genetics 10: 126–7
Hamburger, V. 1947. Monsters in nature. Ciba Symposia 9: 666–83
Hamburger, V. 1988. The heritage of experimental embryology: Hans Spemann and the organiser. Oxford University Press
Hamilton, J.B. 1942. Male hormone stimulation is a prerequisite and an incitant in common baldness. American Journal of Anatomy 71: 451–80
Hanihara, T. 2000. Frontal and facial flatness of major human populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 111: 105–34
Haraguchi, R. et al. 2000. Molecular analysis of external genitalia formation: the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) genes during genital tubercle formation. Development 127: 2471–9
Harding, R.M. et al. 2000. Evidence for variable selective pressure at MC1R. American Journal of Human Genetics 66: 1351–61
Hardy, M.H. 1992. The secret life of the hair follicle. Trends in Genetics 8: 55–61
Harrison, R.G. 1924. Some unexpected results of the heteroplastic transplantation of limbs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 10: 69–74
Harvey, R.G. and D.R. Brothwell. 1969. Biosocial aspects of Ainu hirsuteness. Journal of Biological Sciences 1: 109–24
Harvey, W. 1965. The works of William Harvey. Willis, R. (ed., trans.) Sydenham Society, London
Haupt, H. et al. 1990. he bestiaire de Rodolphe II. (trans. L. Marcou) Citadelles, Paris
Hayashizaki, Y. ef al. 1989. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency caused by a single base substitution in the CAGYC region of the ?-subunit. EMBO Journal 8: 2291–6
Headon, D.J. and P.A. Overbeek. 1999. Involvement of a novel Tnf receptor homologue in hair follicle induction. Nature Genetics 22: 370–4
Healy, E. et al. 2001. Functional variation of MC1R alleles from red-haired individuals. Human Molecular Genetics. 10: 2397–2402
Heijmans, B.T. et al. 2000. Common gene variants, mortality and extreme longevity in humans. Experimental Gerontology 35: 865–77
Hennessy, R.J. and C.B. Stringer. 2002. Geometric morphometric study of the regional variation of modern human craniofacial form. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 117: 37–48
Herdt, G. 1994. Mistaken sex: culture, biology and the third sex in New Guinea. in G. Herdt (ed.) Third sex, third gender. Zone Books. Cambridge, Mass.
Heron, T.M. 1986. Boruwlaski, the little count. Durham, UK
Hertel, C. 2001. Hairy issues: Portraits of Petrus Gonsalus and his family in Archduke Ferdinand IPs Kunstkammer and their contexts. Journal of the History of Collections 13: 1–22
Hinchliffe, J.R. and D.R. Johnson. 1980. The development of the vertebrate limb. Claredon Press, Oxford
Holekamp, K.E. et al. 1996. Rank and reproduction in female spotted hyenas. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 108 229–37
Holliday, R. 1989. Food, reproduction and longevity: is the extended lifespan of calorie-restricted animals an evolutionary adaptation? Bioessays 10: 125–7
Holly, J.M.P. et al. 1999. Growth hormone, IGF-1 and cancer. Less intervention to avoid cancer? More intervention to prevent cancer? Journal of Endocrinology 162: 321–30
Horan, G.S. et al. 1994. Homeotic transformation of cervical vertebrae in Hoxa-4 mutant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 91: 12644–8
Horan, G.S. et al. 1995a. Compound mutants for the paralogous Hoxa-4, Hoxb-4, and Hoxc-4 genes show more complete homeotic transformations and a dose dependent increase in the number of vertebrae transformed. Genes and Development 9: 1667–77
Horan, G.S. et al. 1995b. Mutations in paralogous Hox genes result in overlapping homeotic transformations of the axial skeleton – evidence for unique and redundant function. Developmental Biology 169: 359–72
Houssay, F. 1937. De la nature, des causes, des differences des monstres. Editions Hippocrates, Paris
Hu, D. and J.A. Helms. 1999. The role of sonic hedgehog in normal and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis. Development 126: 4873–84
Huelsken, J. et al. 2001. Beta-catenin controls hair follicle morphogenesis and stem cell differentiation in the skin. Cell 105: 533–45
Hummel, K.P. 1958. The inheritance and expression of Disorganization, an unusual mutation in the mouse. Journal of Experimental Zoology 137:389–423
Hummel, K.P. 1959. Developmental anomalies in mice resulting from action of the gene Disorganization, a semi-dominant lethal. Pediatrics 23: 212–21
Ianakiev, P. et al. 2000. Acheiropodia is caused by a genomic deletion in C7orf2, the human orthologue of the Lmbr1 gene. American Journal of Human Genetics 68: 38–45
Imperato-McGinley, J. et al. 1974. Steroid 5-alpha-reductase deficiency in man: an inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism. Science 186: 1213–15
Imperato-McGinley, J. et al. 1991. A cluster of male pseudohermaphrodites with 5-Alpha-reductase deficiency in Papua New Guinea. Clinical Endocrinology 34: 293–8
Incardona, J.P. 1998. The teratogenic Veratrum alkaloid cyclopamine inhibits sonic hedgehog signal transduction. Development 125: 3553–62
International Sequencing Consortium. 2001. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409: 860–921
Irving, J. 1862. The drowned women of Wigton, a romance of the Covenant. Porteous and Hislop, Glasgow
Isaac, A. et al. 2000. FGF and genes encoding transcription factors in early limb specification. Mechanisms of Development 93: 41–8
Iwai, T. 1907. A statistical study on the polymastia of the Japanese. Lancet 2: 753–4
Jackson, I.J. 1997. Homologous pigmentation mutations in human, mouse and other model organisms. Human Molecular Genetics 6: 1613–24
Jackson, W.P.U. 951. Osteo-dental dysplasia (Cleidocranial dysostosis) ‘The Arnold Head’. Acta Medica Scandinavica 139: 293–5
Janin, J. 1829. (1998) Une femme à deux têtes. S. Pestel (ed.) La collection électronique de la Bibliotéque Municipale de Lisieux. http://ourworld.compuserve.com./homepages/bibhhlisieux/
Jarvik, G.P. et al. 1994. Non-mendelian transmission in a human developmental disorder: Split Hand/Split Foot. American Journal of Human Genetics 55: 710–13
Jeann
otte, L. et al. (1993) Specification of axial identity in the mouse: role of the Hoxa5 (Hox1. 3) gene. Genes and Development 7: 2085–96
Jenkins, P. 1998. Cancer in acromegaly. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 9: 360–6
Johanson, D. and B. Edgar. 1996. From Lucy to language. Orion, London
Joseph, R. and P. Godson. 1988. Peace at last for tragic Rita: white outcase in black skin. Sunday Times (Johannesburg). 28 August. p. 12
Jost, A. 1946–47. Recherches sur la différenciation sexuelle de l’embryon de lapin (Trbisiéme Partie). Archives d’anatomie microscopique et de morphologie expérimental 36: 271–315
Jung, H.-S. et al. 1998. Local inhibitory action of BMPs and their relationships with activators in feather formation: implications for periodic patterning. Developmental Biology 196: 11–23
Kappler, C. 1980. Monstres, démons et merveilles á la fin du Moyen age. Payot, Paris
Kaufman, M.H. and K.S. O’Shea. 1978. Induction of monozygotic twinning in the mouse. Nature 276: 707–8
Keith, A. 1911. An inquiry into the nature of the skeletal changes in acromegaly Lancet i: 993–1002
Kenyon, C. et al. 1993. A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type. Nature 366: 461–4
Kere, J. et al. 1996. X-linked anhidrotic (hypohidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia is caused by a mutation in a novel transmembrane protein. Nature Genetics 13: 409–16
Kingdon-Ward, F. 1924. From China to Hkamti Long. Edward Arnold, London
Kingdon-Ward, F. 1937. Plant hunter’s paradise. Jonathan Cape, London
Kirk, G.S. 1974. The nature of the Greek myths. Penguin, Harmondsworth, UK
Knussmann, R. et al. 1992. Relations between sex hormone level and characteristics of hair and skin in healthy young men. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 88: 59–67
Kobelt, G.L. 1844. The female sex organs in humans and some mammals (trans. H.F. Bernays) in Lowry, T.P. (1978) The classic clitoris, historical contributions to scientific sexuality. Nelson-Hall, Chicago
Kohn, M. 1995. The race gallery: the return of racial science. Jonathan Cape, London
Kollar, E.J. and C. Fisher. 1980. Tooth induction in chick epithelium: expression of quiescent genes for enamel synthesis. Science 207: 993–5
Mutants Page 33