women, 305–7
Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (1815–61), 223, 224, 226, 228, 273
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1808–1861), 221, 223–5, 229, 240, 264–6, 272, 273
Knight, William, 211–12
knights, 140, 167
Koch, Pietro, 337, 341, 347, 350
Kodak, 299
von Kotzebue, August, 240
Lachin, Maurice, 305, 307
Lake Bolsena, 81, 86
Lake Bracciano, 167
Lake Maggiore, 228
Lambert of Hersfeld, 114
Lampadius, 35, 40, 45, 66
Lanciani, Rodolfo, 284
Landsknechte, 162, 164–5, 177, 199, 201–3, 205–8, 211–13, 239
de Lannoy, Charles, 164, 165
Largo Argentina, 292
Last Judgement (Michelangelo), 155–6, 216
Lateran Basilica and Palace baths, 108
Byzantine Empire era (553–754), 108
Capture of Rome (1870), 274
construction of (c. 312), 49
Henry IV’s siege (1083–4), 143
Italian Republic era (1946–), 355
Norman sacking (1084), 146, 148, 149
Ostrogothic sacking (546), 104
Papal States era (754–1870), 125, 136, 143, 152, 173, 175
pilgrims, 152
relics, 152, 169
Lateran Treaties (1929), 292
Latin, 7, 8, 11, 15, 90, 136, 189
Latina Gate, see Porta Latina
Laurentius, Antipope, 94
Laureolus, 42
Lawrence, Saint, 51, 52, 93
Lazio, S.S, 125, 356
League of Cognac, 162, 166, 167, 192–3, 196, 207, 213
League of Nations, 296, 314
Lear, Edward, 236
Lebanon, 12
Leggi, Ruggeri, 309
Lent, 137, 160, 170, 251, 254, 298
Leo III, Pope, 130
Leo IV, Pope, 131
Leo IX, Pope, 121, 129
Leo X, Pope, 157–60, 166, 170, 174, 177, 179–81, 186, 189–90
Leo XII, Pope, 245, 253
Leonine City, 124, 136, 142, 163, 167, 174, 194
Leonine Wall, 131, 231
leprosy, 134
de Lesseps, Ferdinand, 264–5
Levi, Renzo, 327
Leviticus, 238
Liber Ponficalis, 77, 146, 147
Liberal era (1870–1915), 284–5, 287–8, 290–91, 298, 312, 316
Libya, 355
lice, 6, 37, 72, 89, 134
Lippi, Filippino, 176
Lisbon, Portugal, 240
littering, 240–41
Little Ice Age, 249
Littorio Hospital, 346
Livy, 8, 12, 13, 18–25, 27, 79, 244, 268
Lombards, Lombardy, 97, 109, 110, 121–2, 136, 170, 261, 266, 267, 273
London, England, 227, 241–2, 273, 286, 317
Longinus, 239
Lorenzo the Magnificent, Lord of Florence, 159
Lothair I, emperor of the Romans, 131
lottery tickets, 274
Louis Napoleon, see Napoleon III
Lucas, John, 339–40
Lucca, Tuscany, 249
Ludovisi family, 304
Luke, Saint, 153
Lupercalia, 64
Luther, Martin; Lutheranism, 161, 162, 163, 177–8, 180, 212, 215
Luzzatti, Luigi, 286
Macao Barracks, 349
Macedonia, 25
Maestri di Strade e degli Edifici, 151
Mafia Capitale, 359
Maggiore Gate, see Porta Maggiore
Magliana Bridge, 322
Maguire, John Francis, 220
Major Litany, 125
Majorian, Western Roman emperor, 90–91
malaria
Roman Republic era (509–27 BC), 11
Roman Empire era (27 BC–285 AD), 58
Western Roman Empire era (285–476), 58, 78
Ostrogothic Kingdom era (493–553), 92, 104
Papal States era (754–1870), 104, 126, 129, 134, 140, 143, 144, 213, 235, 236, 252, 253
Kingdom of Italy era (1870–1946), 296, 300
Malfatti, Franco, 341–2
Mälzer, Kurt, 338, 344, 347, 350
Manlius, Marcus, 19–20, 21
Mantua, Lombardy, 158
Mantua, marquesa of, see Isabella d’Este
Marble Stadium, 294
marble, 38, 46, 91, 238, 284, 294
Marcella (ascetic), 65, 77–8
Marcellinus, Ammianus, 53
March on Rome (1922), 281, 289, 294, 296, 298
Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor, 125, 189
Marinella, Lucrezia, 186
Mark, Saint, 177
de Marmont, Auguste, 245
Marozia, 132, 186, 355
‘Marseillaise’, 267
Marseilles, France, 182, 214, 227
Marsicanus, Leo, 146
Martana, Lake Bolsena, 81, 86
Mastai family, 222
Mater Magna, cult of, 40, 47–8
Matilda of Tuscany, 113–14, 115, 121, 138, 141, 186
Matteotti Brigade, 343–4
Maurienne, France, 128
Maximilian I, Holy Roman emperor, 159, 183
Mazzini Bridge, 337
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 226–31, 259, 261, 264–6, 268, 269, 272, 273, 286
mazzolatura, 245
measles, 58, 134, 183
de’ Medici, Alessandro, 179, 190, 208, 212, 213, 214
de’ Medici, Catherine, 208, 214–15
de’ Medici, Cosimo, 214
de’ Medici, Francesco Armellino, 198
de’ Medici, Giacomo, 261, 267
de’ Medici, Giuliano, 159, 179, 193
de’ Medici, Giuliano (father of Clement VII), 173
de’ Medici, Giulio, see Clement VII
de’ Medici, Ippolito, 190, 208, 212, 213, 214
de’ Medici, Lorenzo, 159
de’ Medici, Margaret, 214
medicine, 59, 183, 253
Meier, Richard, 356
Melania the Younger, 65–6, 67, 72, 77
von Metternich, Klemens, 228
Michelangelo, 155–6, 159, 170, 176, 214, 216, 233, 242, 250
middle class, 137, 301, 304
Milan, duke of, see Francesco II Sforza
Milan, Lombardy, 40, 63, 64, 162, 164, 170, 222, 223, 224, 350
Milvian Bridge, battle of (312), 48
mines, 167
Ministry of Africa, 293, 355
Ministry of Corporations, 293, 343
Ministry of Trade and Industry, 321
Ministry of War, 319, 320, 321
Mithras, cult of, 48, 358
Modena, Emilia-Romagna, 208
Möllhausen, Eitel Friedrich, 329–30, 334, 344
moneylenders, 137
Monophysites, 94, 95, 100
Monte Caprino, 168
Monte Cassino, Lazio, 141, 335, 339, 347
Monte Mario, 167, 193, 203, 293
Monte Testaccio, 137, 256, 267
Monterotondo, 323, 324
Monteverde, 346
Montevideo, Uruguay, 228, 262
di Montezemolo, Giuseppe Cordero Lanza, 341, 344
Morgan, Sydney, 240, 255
Morocco, 65, 320
Morosini, Emilio, 285
Mosse, George, 308–9
Mostra della Rivoluzione Fascista, 294, 295, 298, 317
Mother and Child Day, 306
MSVN (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale), 303, 307, 311–12, 314, 323, 332, 336–7, 343, 350
mumps, 58
Münster, Germany, 234
Murray, John, 236, 237, 242
Museum of Modern Art, 295, 317
Mussolini, Benito, 1, 172, 288–9, 308, 289, 297, 352
Bolshevism, 281, 289, 302
campaigns, 296, 299, 301, 304, 312
cult of, 296
death (1945), 350
deposition (1943), 279–82, 318,
321, 327
exhibitions, 294–5, 317, 322
exiles, 310
GIL (Gioventù Italiana del Littorio), 293–4
media, 302
mockery of, 309, 314
Operation Oak (1943), 325, 326
and papacy, 292, 298
Rome, redevelopment of, 289–93, 298, 303, 305, 355–6
Second World War (1940–45), 279–82, 315–18, 321, 325, 326
Social Italian Republic (1943–5), 325, 326
speeches, 172, 314
on women, 306
Mussolini, Rachele, 280
Naples
Kingdom of Odovacar (476–93), 84
Gothic War (535–54), 87, 88, 96, 100–101
Kingdom of Naples (1282–1808), 163, 164, 165, 183, 213, 215
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1808–1861), 223–5, 229, 240, 264–6, 272, 273
Second World War (1940–43), 335, 336, 347
Napoleon I, emperor of the French, 221, 235, 238, 245, 248, 251, 285, 292
Napoleon, Louis, 230, 259, 265, 272–3, 274
Narbonne, France, 78
Narses, 107
Nasica, P., 26–7
Nathan, Ernesto, 284, 286
National Guard, 219–21, 222, 225, 260, 261
Nazi Germany (1933–45), 1, 303
Allied invasion of Italy (1943), 318–20
Anschluss (1948), 315
Axis formed (1936), 302
Bolzano, annexation of (1943), 343
Cosenza, archaeological expedition to (1937), 29–30, 79
Hitler’s visit to Rome (1938), 314–15, 324
Holocaust, 309, 327–35, 336, 338, 344, 346, 348, 351, 352
North Africa Campaign (1940–43), 316
Operation Oak (1943), 325, 326
Rome, invasion of (1943), 283, 321–53
Russian Campaign (1941–44), 316
Wahnsee Conference (1942), 328
Nero, Roman emperor, 42, 52, 128
Netherlands, 161
Nettuno Division, 350
Neveia, Tuscany, 68
Nice, France, 226, 268
Nicholas II, Pope, 126
Nobility and Excellence of Women, The (Pozzo & Marinella), 186
Normans, 116, 121–3, 126, 140, 141, 142, 144–9
army, 144–5
Byzantine Empire, invasion of (1081–5), 123, 141, 142, 145
Civitate, battle of (1053), 122
origins, 121
Rome, sacking of (1084), 144–9
nosegays, 257
nouveau riche, 137
obelisks, 38, 197, 232, 293, 294, 356
October Festival, 256
Odovacar, king of Italy, 84
olive oil, 54
Olympic Games, 293
Olynthos, Greece, 14
Orange, prince of, see Philibert de Chalon
Orosius, 73–4, 76, 77, 80
orphanages, 191, 197, 243, 249
Orsini family, 157, 191, 213
Orsini, Felice, 273
Orsini, Franciotto, 158
Ortona, Abruzzo, 321
Osborne, D’Arcy, 334
Osiris, 47
L’Osservatore Romano, 301, 334
Ostia, 206, 317
Ostiense station, 315, 323
Ostrogoths, 81–108
Amalasuntha, execution of (535), 81, 86–7
army, 89, 96
Byzantine War (535–54), 87–9, 96–108
Christianity, 95
hierarchy, 89
horse races, 107, 108
Italy, conquest of (488–93), 83–4
origins, 83
Rome, governance of (493–553), 92–3
Rome, sacking of (546), 101–6, 145
Rome, siege of (537–8), 96–8
Taginae, battle of (552), 107
Otto I, Holy Roman emperor, 132
Ottoman Empire (1299–1922), 161, 170
Oudinot, Charles, 230, 231, 234, 259–68, 263, 273
Our Lady of Sion, 332
Pacelli, Eugenio, see Pius XII
Padua, Veneto, 207
paganism, 13–14, 16, 17, 19, 23, 25, 39, 47–9
Christianity, 48–9, 62–4, 69, 94, 109
festivals, 64
healing temples, 135
Jupiter’s prophecy, 64, 79
Mater Magna, cult of, 40, 47–8
Mithras, cult of, 48
monuments, 109
processions, 125
sieges, 68–9, 96–7
statues, 17, 63, 69, 97, 109
Paglia river, 166
Palatine Hill, 14, 16, 38, 284, 357
Imperial Palace, 39, 40, 41, 92, 109, 142, 143, 191
Romulus, 10, 11, 12
Septizonium, 133, 143, 147
Palazzo della Cancelleria, 172, 224
Palazzo Caprara, 319
Palazzo Cenci, 251
Palazzo delle Esposizione, 294
Palazzo San Marco, 172
Palazzo Valentini, 55
Palazzo Venezia, 172, 280, 291, 314
Palazzo Wedekind, 326
Palermo, Sicily, 223
Palmaria, 95
Pamphili family, 242
Pamphili Gardens, 264, 265, 266
pangiallo, 256
Pantera Nera, La, 338
Pantheon, 1
Western Roman Empire era (285–476), 45–6
Ostrogothic Kingdom era (493–553), 91
Byzantine Empire era (553–754), 109–10
Papal States era (754–1870), 124, 130, 131, 171, 176, 234, 238, 254
Kingdom of Italy era (1870–1946), 284
Italian Republic era (1946–), 357
Panzers, 324
papacy
Adrian VI, 158, 181, 190
Alexander II, 127
Alexander III, 135
Alexander VI, 170, 174, 179, 181, 189
Alexander VII, 233–5
Anacaletus II, 151
Avignon period (1309–77), 154, 169, 177, 178, 191
Benedict IX, 117, 126
Benedict VIII, 121
Benedict X, 126
Boniface VIII, 153–4
bribery, 127, 135
censorship, 221, 222, 224, 271
Clement III (antipope), 120, 140–41, 142, 149, 150, 151, 358
Clement V, 154
Clement VII, see Clement VII
Clement VIII, 285
Council of Trent, 233, 245
elections, 126, 135, 157–8
Fascist era (1922–45), 292, 298
feeding of Rome, 127
Formosus, 131–2
Gregory I, 109, 110, 251
Gregory VI, 117
Gregory VII, 114–21, 123, 126–7, 135, 137, 139–49, 150, 152, 178
Gregory XVI, 222, 241, 251, 271, 307
Holocaust, 327–9, 333–4
Honorius, 110
Index of prohibited books, 217, 271
indulgences, selling of, 177
infallibility, 274
Innocent II, 151
Innocent III, 153, 175
Innocent VIII, 172, 173, 179
John I, 95
John VIII, 132
Julius II, 173, 174, 175, 176, 181, 183, 190, 191, 202
Lateran Treaties (1929), 292
Laurentian schism (498–506), 94
Leo III, 130
Leo IV, 131
Leo IX, 121, 129
Leo X, 157–60, 166, 170, 174, 177, 179–81, 186, 189–90
Leo XII, 245, 253
Liberal era (1870–1915), 284–5
lottery tickets, 274
Nazi Germany, relations with, 327–8, 333–4, 337, 348, 350
Nicholas II, 126
Paschal II, 150, 151, 358
Paul III, 215–16, 286
Paul IV, 217, 250
and pilgrims, 127–9, 152–4, 169
Pius IV, 233
Pius IX, 220, 222–5, 228–9, 246, 250, 255, 258–9, 267, 271–6, 287
Pius V, 233, 235
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br /> Pius VI, 221
Pius XI, 298
Pius XII, 52, 282, 317, 329, 333, 338, 348
police force, 179, 185, 224, 241, 246, 247, 257, 261
positions, selling of, 117, 160, 178–9
postal system, 178
processions, 126, 177, 191, 255–6
progeny, 179
Renaissance, 173–9
Sergius I, 153
Silverius, 95
Sixtus IV, 172, 173–4, 176
Stephen VI, 131–2
Sylvester III, 117
Symmachus, 94
Tusculum, 117
Urban II, 152
Vigilius, 95, 101–2
Papal States era (754–1870), 113–54, 155–217, 219–76
adultery, 244–7
antiquities, 125, 188–9, 191, 238
aqueducts, 130, 133, 182, 233, 253
architecture, 173, 233
aristocrats, 133, 136–7, 138–9, 242–3
artists, 155–6, 159, 170, 176, 190, 204, 235
beggars, 248–9, 254
bell towers, 171, 284
capture of Rome (1870), 275
censorship, 221, 222, 224, 255, 271
churches, 174–5
courtesans, 187
crime, 184–5, 241, 244–8
disease, 134–5, 183–4, 253
domes, 232
economy, 137, 242
English community, 236–7
executions, 245, 247–8, 271, 274
farming, 124, 133
festivals, 256–9
finance, 137
fireplaces, 134
floods, 181, 217, 250
food, 127, 136, 187–8, 190, 239, 243, 256
fortress towers, 133, 171
fountains, 232, 233
funerals, 254
gasworks, 271, 292, 295
Henry IV’s sieges (1081–4), 140–42
Holy Years, 154, 173, 174, 216, 245
housing, 124, 133–4, 171–2, 240
humanism, 188–90, 204, 217
hygiene, 182, 253
immigration, 170, 243–4
indulgences, selling of, 177
Jewish population, 135, 170, 186, 250–53, 258–9
littering, 240–41
lottery tickets, 274
medicine, 183–4, 245, 253
middle class, 137
Napoleonic occupation (1796–1814), 221, 235, 238, 245, 248, 251, 285, 292
National Guard, 219–21, 222, 225, 260, 261
Norman sacking (1084), 144–9
nouveau riche, 137
orphanages, 191, 197, 243, 249
parchment, 134
pilgrimage, 121, 127–9, 152–4, 169, 173, 245
police force, 179, 185, 224, 241, 246, 247, 257, 261
political prisoners, 222, 223, 250, 271
population, 124, 169–70, 241–2, 244
postal system, 178
poverty, 126, 134, 137, 183, 188, 190–91, 243, 248–9, 254
printing, 168, 188
processions, 125–6, 153, 177, 191, 255–6
prostitution, 165, 170, 180, 184, 186, 187, 190, 203, 246–7
racing, 170
Red Triumvirate, 270
reform movement, 116–22, 126–7, 128, 129, 132, 178, 216
Revolution (1848), 223–5
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