51. White and Manis, Birmingham Revolutionaries, 34.
52. Andersen and Thomas, Living Art, 145.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. White and Manis, Birmingham Revolutionaries, 34
57. Jenkins and Hines, Black Titan, 172.
58. White and Manis, Birmingham Revolutionaries, 35.
59. Ibid., 36.
60. Ibid., 37.
61. Ibid.
62. Jenkins and Hines, Black Titan, 184.
63. Ibid., 172.
64. White and Manis, Birmingham Revolutionaries, 38.
65. Ibid., 43.
CHAPTER 4
66. Jones, oral history, 20.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. Jenkins and Hines, Black Titan, 176–77.
70. Ibid., 176.
71. Ibid., 188.
72. Ibid., 188.
73. Ibid., 189.
74. Ibid., 190.
75. Andersen and Thomas, Living Art, 80.
CHAPTER 5
76. King, Why We Can’t Wait, 15.
77. “George Wallace’s 1963 Inaugural Address,” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace’s_1963_Inaugural_Address.
78. Birmingham World, February 20, 1963.
79. Bham Wiki, “Birmingham Campaign,” www.bhamwiki.com/w/Birmingham_Campaign.
80. Abernathy, And the Walls, 238.
81. White and Manis, Birmingham Revolutionaries, 42.
82. King, Why We Can’t Wait, 122.
83. Abernathy, And the Walls, 240
84. White and Manis, Birmingham Revolutionaries, 44.
85. Abernathy, And the Walls, 240.
CHAPTER 6
86. White and Manis, Birmingham Revolutionaries, 44.
87. Jenkins and Hines, Black Titan, 199.
88. Abernathy, And the Walls, 247.
89. Ibid.
90. “Letter to Martin Luther King,” teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/letter-to-martin-luther-king.
91. Abernathy, And the Walls, 248.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid., 249.
94. King, Why We Can’t Wait, 79.
95. Ibid., 80–81.
96. Abernathy, And the Walls, 249.
97. Ibid.
98. King, Why We Can’t Wait, 83.
99. Ibid.
100. Eskew, But for Birmingham, 222.
101. “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html.
CHAPTER 7
102. Jenkins and Hines, Black Titan, xii.
103. Young, Easy Burden, 229.
104. Ibid., 230.
105. Ibid.
106. Birmingham World.
107. Young, Easy Burden, 230.
108. Ibid., 231.
109. Ibid., 233.
110. Ibid.
111. Ibid., 234.
112. Gray, “Birmingham Arrests.”
CHAPTER 8
113. King, Why We Can’t Wait, 127.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid., 127–28.
116. Ibid., 128.
117. Ibid.
118. Ibid.
119. Ibid., 128–29.
120. Ibid., 130.
CHAPTER 9
121. Birmingham World.
122. Birmingham News, November 1, 1982.
CHAPTER 10
123. Jenkins and Hines, Black Titan, 246.
124. Ibid., 163.
125. Bryant, “A.G. Gaston Motel.”
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abernathy, Ralph David. And the Walls Came Tumbling Down. New York: Harper & Row, 1989.
Andersen, Margaret L., and Neil F. Thomas. Living Art: The Life of Paul of Jones, African American Art Collector. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2009.
Arnold, Taschereau. “Young Baptists Invade B’ham for Full Week of Studying.” Birmingham World, June 22, 1954.
Birmingham News. “Nation’s Finest All-Negro Motel Opened.” June 30, 1954.
———. “Negro Baptist Congress Hears ‘Right to Work’ Plea.” June 23, 1954.
———. “Negro Church Workers Convene Here.” June 22, 1954.
Birmingham World. “Named to Tuskegee Institute Board of Director by Retiring Gov. Patterson.” January 16, 1963.
Bryant, Joseph G. “A.G. Gaston Motel: Civil Rights Era Landmark a Deteriorating Relic Overlooked in 50th Anniversary Fanfare.” May 30, 2013. blog.al.com/spotnews/2013/05/post_935.html.
Eskew, Glenn T. But for Birmingham: The Local and National Movements in the Civil Rights Struggle. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
———. “‘The Classes and the Masses’: Fred Shuttlesworth’s Movement and Birmingham’s Black Middle Class.” In Birmingham Revolutionaries: The Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, edited by Marjorie L. White and Andrew M. Manis. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2000.
Fallin, Wilson. The African American Church in Birmingham, 1815–1963: A Shelter in the Storm. New York: Routledge, 1997.
Fazio, Michael W. Landscape of Transformation: Architecture and Birmingham Alabama. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2010.
Gaston, A.G. Green Power: The Successful Way of A.G. Gaston. AL: Big City Brands LLC, 2013.
Gray, Jeremy. “Birmingham Arrests Reached 1,500; Joan Baez Performed at Miles College (May 5, 1963).” May 5, 2013. AL.com. blog.al.com/birmingham-news-stories/2013/05/birmingham_arrests_reached_150.html.
Huntley, Horace, and John W. McKerley, eds. Foot Soldiers for Democracy: The Men, Women and Children of the Birmingham Civil Rights Movement. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2009.
Jackson, Emory O. “Nat’l SS, BTU Congress Opens 49th Session in City Today.” Birmingham World, June 22, 1954.
Jackson, Richard A. “Baptists Re-elect Doctor Jernagin During SS, BTU Congress.” Birmingham World, June 22, 1954.
Jenkins, Carol, and Elizabeth Gardner Hines. Black Titan A.G. Gaston and the Making of a Black American Millionaire. New York: One World Ballantine Books, 2004.
Jones, Paul R. Oral history, Birmingham Civil Rights Institute.
Kincey, Robert W. “Kiddieland, Avondale Park Concert Turn Meccas for 32,000 Persons.” Birmingham News, June 1948.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. Why We Can’t Wait. New York: Penguin Group, Inc., 1963.
McWhorter, Diane. Carry Me Home Birmingham, Alabama: The Climatic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2010.
Patrick Dorsey, Mignette Y. Speak Truth to Power: The Story of Charles Patrick, a Civil Rights Pioneer. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010.
Smith, Suzanne. To Serve the Living: Funeral Directors and the African American Way of Death. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010.
White, Marjorie L., and Andrew M. Manis, eds. Birmingham Revolutionaries: The Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2000.
Young, Andrew. An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights and the Transformation of America. New York: HarperCollins, 1996.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Marie A. Sutton is an award-winning freelance writer with a passion for immortalizing the African American experience. She has worked as a journalist, communications professional, radio talk show host and blogger. She is currently the director of student media at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. She lives in Birmingham, Alabama, with her devoted husband, James, and two beautiful children, Simone and Stephen.
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