In April 2008, the second: Ibid.
“Representing myself”: Author’s correspondence with Daniel Rigmaiden, October 17, 2017.
While StingRay: United States v. Rigmaiden, Motion Hearing, 2:08-cr-00814 (2011). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3986240-Gov-Uscourts-Azd-396130-637-0.html#document/p36/a373440.
The Harris Corporation: “Harris Corporation AmberJack, StingRay, StingRay II, KingFish Wireless Surveillance Products Price List” Public Intelligence, 2017. Available at: https://publicintelligence.net/harris-corporation-amberjack-stingray-stingray-ii-kingfish-wireless-surveillance-products-price-list/.
The company’s 2017 annual: United States Securities and Exchange Commission Form 10-K for Fiscal Year Ended June 28, 2013. Available at: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/202058/000119312513346761/d578172d10k.htm.
“They had identified one”: Author’s correspondence with Daniel Rigmaiden, October 17, 2017.
When the FBI contacted Verizon: Author’s correspondence with Daniel Rigmaiden, October 23, 2017.
Battista continued: United States v. Rigmaiden, Status Conference, 2:08-cr-00814 (2011). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3986061-Gov-Uscourts-Azd-396130-451-0.html#document/p9/a373344.
“Some make requests to phones”: Author’s interview with Eric King, September 22, 2015.
King added that he’s taken photographs: Cyrus Farivar, “Moscow Metro Says New Tracking System Is to Find Stolen Phones; No One Believes Them,” Ars Technica, July 29, 2013. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/07/moscow-metro-says-new-tracking-system-is-to-find-stolen-phones-no-one-believes-them/.
In 2010, Kristin Paget: “DEFCON 18: Practical Cellphone Spying 1/4,” YouTube, 2010. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXVHPNhsOzo.
The Los Angeles Police Department: Jon Campbell, “LAPD Spied on 21 Using StingRay Anti-Terrorism Tool,” LA Weekly, January 24, 2013. Available at: http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-spied-on-21-using-stingray-anti-terrorism-tool-2612739.
The Czech police: Masha Volynsky, “Spy Games Turn Real as Eavesdropping Technology Spreads,” Radio Prague. August 16, 2012. Available at: http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/spy-games-turn-real-as-eavesdropping-technology-spreads
“The question is”: Author’s interview with Eric King, September 22, 2015.
“I had the Commodore 64”: Author’s correspondence with Daniel Rigmaiden, October 17, 2017.
“I remember thinking that it wasn’t fair”: Author’s interview with Daniel Rigmaiden, May 18, 2017.
“I was going to make a million”: Manoush Zomorodi, “When Your Conspiracy Theory Is True,” WNYC, June 18, 2015. Available at: http://www.wnyc.org/story/stingray-conspiracy-theory-daniel-rigmaiden-radiolab/.
Once he was representing himself: Russell Brandom, “How a Man Accused of Million-Dollar Fraud Uncovered a Never Before Seen, Secret Surveillance Device,” The Verge, January 13, 2017. Available at: https://www.theverge.com/2016/1/13/10758380/stingray-surveillance-device-daniel-rigmaiden-case.
In the penultimate box: Pivot, “Tech Genius Exposes Secret Government Surveillance,” Truth and Power, Episode 3 Clip, YouTube, 2016. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxUzqstdL30.
As 2010 rolled around: Michael Isikoff, “FBI Tracks Suspects’ Cell Phones Without a Warrant,” Newsweek, February 18, 2010. Available at: http://www.newsweek.com/fbi-tracks-suspects-cell-phones-without-warrant-75099.
Years earlier, as a first-year: Christopher Soghoian, “Facebook fun,” Paranoia.dubfire.net, September 6, 2006. Available at: http://paranoia.dubfire.net/2006/09/facebook-fun.html.
The next month, October 2006: Ryan Singel, “Make Your Own Fake Boarding Pass,” Wired, October 26, 2006. Available at: https://www.wired.com/2006/10/make_your_own_f/.
The net result was that Soghoian: Ryan Singel, “FBI Raids Boarding Pass Maker’s House, Seizes Computers,” Wired, October 28, 2006. Available at: https://www.wired.com/2006/10/fbi_raids_board/.
In 2009 and 2010, Soghoian: Kashmir Hill, “FTC Hires Hacker to Help With Privacy Issues. It Didn’t Last,” Forbes, December 6, 2010. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/1206/technology-chris-soghoian-federal-trade-commission-agent-provocateur.html.
“My reaction wasn’t”: Russell Brandom, “How a Man Accused of Million-Dollar Fraud Uncovered a Never Before Seen, Secret Surveillance Device,” The Verge, January 13, 2017. Available at: https://www.theverge.com/2016/1/13/10758380/stingray-surveillance-device-daniel-rigmaiden-case.
On September 22, 2011: Jennifer Valentino-DeVries, “ ‘Stingray’ Phone Tracker Fuels Constitutional Clash” The Wall Street Journal, September 22, 2011. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904194604576583112723197574.
Months later, sitting: Author’s interview with Stephanie Pell, May 23, 2017.
Stingrays aside, the two: Stephanie Pell and Christopher Soghoian, “Can You See Me Now? Toward Reasonable Standards for Law Enforcement Access to Location Data that Congress Could Enact,” Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 2012. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3986065-SSRN-id1845644.html.
“If courts don’t know”: Author’s interview with Stephanie Pell, May 23, 2017.
By the end of 2011 and into: Christopher Soghoian, “A Recruiter for Harris…” Twitter, November 10, 2011. Available at: https://twitter.com/csoghoian/status/134726658610573312.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement: FOIA Case Number 2012FOIA5235. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/479397-stingrayfoia.html
There was even something called: Ibid.
In the summer of 2012, Soghoian: Jeff Stein, ”New Eavesdropping Equipment Sucks All Data Off Your Phone,” Newsweek, June 22, 2014. Available at: http://www.newsweek.com/2014/07/04/your-phone-just-got-sucked-255790.html
Soghoian, meanwhile: Christopher Soghoian, “The Spies We Trust: Third Party Service Providers and Law Enforcement Surveillance,” 2012. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3986250-Csoghoian-Dissertation-Final-8-1-2012.html.
Other journalists began: Jon Campbell, ”LAPD Spy Device Taps Your Cell Phone,” LA Weekly, September 13, 2012. Available at: http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-spy-device-taps-your-cell-phone-2176376.
“What on Earth was this technology?”: Author’s interview with Linda Lye, August 23, 2017.
In October 2012, Lye: United States v. Rigmaiden, Brief Amici Curiae, 2:08-cr-00814. (2012). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3987272-Gov-Uscourts-Azd-396130-904-3.html#document/p8/a373729
“This case raises highly consequential”: United States v. Rigmaiden, Motion Hearing, 2:08-cr-00814 (2013). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3987267-Gov-Uscourts-Azd-396130-1004-0.html#document/p44/a373726.
Judge Campbell was not: Ibid.
Ultimately, however, in early May: United States v. Rigmaiden, Order, 2:08-cr-00814 (2013). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3987862-Gov-Uscourts-Azd-396129-1009-0.html#document/p8/a373741.
At the end of the year: John Kelly, “Cellphone Data Spying: It’s Not Just the NSA,” USA Today, December 8, 2013. Available at: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/12/08/cellphone-data-spying-nsa-police/3902809/.
The “defendant challenged virtually”: United States v. Rigmaiden, Government’s Memorandum, 2:08-cr-00814 (2014). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3987940-Gov-Uscourts-Azd-396129-1135-0.html#document/p11/a373766.
Soghoian continued to talk: John Turk, “Experts Question Transparency of Cell Phone Tracking Device Owned by Sheriff’s Office at Legislative Hearing,” The Oakland Press, 2014. Available at: http://www.theoaklandpress.com/general-n
ews/20140516/experts-question-transparency-of-cell-phone-tracking-device-owned-by-sheriffs-office-at-legislative-hearing.
The Republican from Rochester Hills: Author’s interview with Tom McMillin, September 6, 2017.
“I’ve been told”: Ibid.
As Jennifer Granick, now an: Cyrus Farivar, “American Spies: How We Got to Mass Surveillance Without Even Trying,” Ars Technica, February 12, 2017. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/02/american-spies-how-we-got-to-age-of-mass-surveillance-without-even-trying.
In an interview years later: Author’s interview with Tom McMillin, September 6, 2017.
The guide was blunt: Linda Lye, “Stingrays: The Most Common Surveillance Tool the Government Won’t Tell You About,” American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California, 2014. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3987508-Nw-Stingrays-Guide-for-Defense-Attorneys.html#document/p5/a373841.
“If they use it wisely”: Kate Martin, “Documents: Tacoma Police Using Surveillance Device to Sweep Up Cellphone Data,” News Tribune, August 26, 2014. Available at: http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article25878184.html.
Martin’s reporting quickly: Adam Lynn, “Tacoma Police Change How They Seek Permission to Use Cellphone Tracker,” News Tribune, November 15, 2014. Available at: http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/crime/article25894096.html.
Several months later, in April 2015: Cyrus Farivar, “FBI Would Rather Prosecutors Drop Cases than Disclose Stingray Details,” Ars Technica, April 7, 2015. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/04/fbi-would-rather-prosecutors-drop-cases-than-disclose-stingray-details/
“This knowledge could easily”: Bradley Morrison Affidavit, 2014. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1208337-state-foia-affidavit-signed-04112014.html.
In May 2015, the FBI: Cyrus Farivar, “FBI Now Claims Its Stingray NDA Means the Opposite of What It Says,” Ars Technica, May 15, 2015. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/05/fbi-now-claims-its-stingray-nda-means-the-opposite-of-what-it-says/.
Later that same month, Washington: Cyrus Farivar, “Cops Must Now Get a Warrant to Use Stingrays in Washington State,” Ars Technica, May 12, 2015. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/05/cops-must-now-get-a-warrant-to-use-stingrays-in-washington-state/.
Rigmaiden worked on the drafting: Kate Martin, “Stingray Snared Him, Now He Helps Write Rules for Surveillance Device,” News Tribune, March 23, 2015. Available at: http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/politics-government/article26270491.html.
While Washington was not: Certification of Enrollment Engrossed Substitute House Bill 1440, 64th Legislature 2015 Regular Session. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2077716-1440-s-pl.html#document/p5/a217266.
“Cell-site simulator technology”: “Justice Department Announces Enhanced Policy for Use of Cell-Site Simulators,” Department of Justice, 2015. Available at: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-enhanced-policy-use-cell-site-simulators.
“It was the most well-researched memo”: Manoush Zomorodi, “When Your Conspiracy Theory Is True,” WNYC, June 18, 2015. Available at: http://www.wnyc.org/story/stingray-conspiracy-theory-daniel-rigmaiden-radiolab/.
Now that lawyers know: Cyrus Farivar, “Appeals Court: No Stingrays Without a Warrant, Explanation to Judge,” Ars Technica, March 31, 2016. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/03/appeals-court-no-stingrays-without-a-warrant-explanation-to-judge/.
In June 2016, Santa Clara County: Ordinance No. NS-300.897, Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2854213-Attachment-149330.html.
“The ordinance doesn’t prohibit”: Author’s interview with Joe Simitian, June 7, 2016.
In August 2016, his case: Cyrus Farivar, “Baltimore Police Accused of Illegal Mobile Spectrum Use With Stingrays,” Ars Technica, August 16, 2016. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/08/baltimore-police-accused-of-illegal-mobile-spectrum-use-with-stingrays/.
Just three months later: Cyrus Farivar, “Appeals Court: It Doesn’t Matter How Wanted Man Was Found, Even if via Stingray. Ars Technica, November 24, 2016. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/11/appeals-court-it-doesnt-matter-how-wanted-man-was-found-even-if-via-stingray/.
Rigmaiden’s name was also: Cyrus Farivar, “Court: Locating Suspect via Stingray Definitely Requires a Warrant,” Ars Technica, August 26, 2017. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/08/court-locating-suspect-via-stingray-definitely-requires-a-warrant.
In September 2017: Cyrus Farivar, “Another Court Tells Police: Want to Use a Stingray? Get a Warrant,” Ars Technica, September 22, 2017. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/09/another-court-tells-police-want-to-use-a-stingray-get-a-warrant/.
Chapter Nine
This was where David Leon Riley: California v. Riley, Appellant’s Opening Brief, D059840 (Sup. Ct. Cal.). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4046687-Riley-Aob.html.
By this point, one of Dunnigan’s: Image. Available at: https://joshbegley.com/redlining/maps/San_Diego-hi.jpg.
Ruggiero began looking: Riley v. California, Brief in Opposition, 13-132. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4046710-RileyBrief-in-Opposition.html#document/p6/a375655.
The officers took Riley: California v. Riley (“Riley II”), Appellant’s Opening Brief, D059840 (Sup. Ct. Cal.). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4046689-RileyII-D059840-Aob.html#document/p7/a375920.
But after being read his Miranda: California v. Riley, Appellant’s Opening Brief, D059840 (Sup. Ct. Cal.) Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4046687-Riley-Aob.html.
“Get brackin’ Blood!”: Riley v. California, Brief for Respondent, 13-132. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4052238-13-132-Resp-Amcu-Authcheckdam.html#document/p15/a375983.
In People v. Diaz, the Golden State’s: People v. Diaz, Opinion, S166600 (Sup. Ct. Cal.). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4052223-S166600-1294077608.html.
“In my view, electronic communication”: Ibid.
The man who picked up the phone: Author’s correspondence with Pat Ford, October 16, 2017.
“He’s a charming and likeable guy”: Author’s interview with Pat Ford, September 14, 2017.
“Appellant does not seek”: California v. Riley, Appellant’s Opening Brief, D059840 (Sup. Ct. Cal.). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4046687-Riley-Aob.html.
By February 2013, the state appellate: California v. Riley, D059840 (Sup. Ct. Cal.). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4052229-D059840.html#document/p15/a375924.
“In our view, allowing law”: Smallwood v. Florida, Opinion, SC11-1130 (Sup. Ct. Fl.). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4317920-sc11-1130-1.html.
Weeks later, back in California: Author’s interview with Jeff Fisher, September 13, 2017.
By May 2013, Fisher: Joan Biskupic, Janet Roberts, and John Shiffman, “The Echo Chamber,” Reuters, December 8, 2014. Available at: http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/scotus/.
While the team was preparing: United States v. Wurie, Opinion, 11-1792 (1st Ct., 2013). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4052232-11-1792P-01A.html.
For Fisher, this solidified: Author’s interview with Jeff Fisher, September 13, 2017.
“Mr. Chief Justice, and may”: Riley v. California 134 S. Ct. 2473 (2014). Available at: https://www.oyez.org/cases/2013/13-132.
Arguing for the State of California: Chris Geidner, “Breaking Barriers,” Metro Weekly, April 16, 2010. Available at: ht
tp://www.metroweekly.com/2010/04/breaking-barriers/.
“Thank you”: Riley v. California 134 S. Ct. 2473 (2014). Available at: https://www.oyez.org/cases/2013/13-132.
“That is like saying”: Riley v. California 134 S. Ct. 2473 (2014) Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4046693-Riley-v-California-SCOTUS-decision.html#document/p21/a375994.
“It was somehow a true mind meld”: Author’s interview with Jeff Fisher, September 13, 2017.
As Marcia Hofmann: Marcia Hofmann, “Apple’s Fingerprint ID May Mean You Can’t ‘Take the Fifth,’ ” Wired, September 12, 2013. Available at: https://www.wired.com/2013/09/the-unexpected-result-of-fingerprint-authentication-that-you-cant-take-the-fifth.
In the Riley decision: Riley v. California, Opinion, 13-132. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4046693-Riley-v-California-SCOTUS-decision.html#document/p17/a375995.
“On devices running iOS 8”: Cyrus Farivar, “Apple Expands Data Encryption Under iOS 8, Making Handover to Cops Moot,” Ars Technica, September 17, 2014. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/09/apple-expands-data-encryption-under-ios-8-making-handover-to-cops-moot/.
As Ars Technica reported: Cyrus Farivar, “Here’s What a “Digital Miranda Warning” Might Look Like,” Ars Technica, December 29, 2016. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/12/should-the-miranda-warning-be-expanded-to-encompass-passcodes/.
Months later, federal: Cyrus Farivar, “To Beat Crypto, Feds Have Tried to Force Fingerprint Unlocking in 2 Cases,” Ars Technica, October 20, 2016. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/10/to-beat-crypto-feds-have-tried-to-force-fingerprint-unlocking-in-2-cases/.
It turns out that such cases: Dan Terzian, “The Fifth Amendment, Encryption, and the Forgotten State Interest,” UCLA Law Review (2014). Available at: https://www.uclalawreview.org/the-fifth-amendment-encryption-and-the-forgotten-state-interest/.
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