Habeas Data
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In 2012, the 11th US Circuit Court: In re: Grand Jury Subpoena, 11-12268 (11th Cir., 2012). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4052254-opiniondoe22312-1.html#document/p22/a376015.
In 2013, a federal judge: 13-M-449 (Dist. Ct. E. Wisc., 2013). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4052255-Encryption-Case.html.
There is a crucial exception: John Villasenor, “Can the Government Force Suspects to Decrypt Incriminating Files?” Slate, March 2012. Available at: http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2012/03/encrypted_files_child_pornography_and_the_fifth_amendment_.html.
Indeed, on the same day: Cyrus Farivar, “Massachusetts High Court Orders Suspect to Decrypt His Computers,” Ars Technica, June 25, 2014. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/06/massachusetts-high-court-orders-suspect-to-decrypt-his-computers/
In early August 2017: United States v. Apple MacPro Computer, etc., Opinion, 15-3537 (3rd Circ., 2017). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4052265-Document-35.html#document/p18/a376016.
According to court records: Cyrus Farivar, “Miami Sextortion Case Asks If a Suspect Can Be Forced to Decrypt an iPhone,” Ars Technica, April 28, 2017. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/04/miami-sextortion-case-asks-if-a-suspect-be-forced-to-decrypt-an-iphone/.
While Voigt only used an iPhone 6: Florida v. Voigt, F16015256 (11th Circ.). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3679649-Voigt-Motion-to-Compel.html#document/p2/a350984.
Hours later, Victor asked: Complaint/Arrest Warrant. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3679198-Redacted-a-Form-1.html#document/p2/a351074.
By May 2017, a Florida: Cyrus Farivar, “Sextortion Suspect Must Unlock Her Seized iPhone,” Judge Rules Ars Technica, May 3, 2017. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/05/judge-miami-reality-tv-star-must-unlock-her-iphone-in-extortion-case/.
In the Voigt case, according: David Ovalle, “FBI, Tech Company Help Cops Hack iPhone in Miami Reality TV Star’s ‘Sextortion’ Case,” Miami Herald, July 28, 2017. Available at: http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/crime/article164246532.html.
Caballero’s federal public defender: Cyrus Farivar, “Judge: If Feds Find Drugs in Your Car, Pics of Cash on Your Phone, You’re Suspicious,” Ars Technica, April 19, 2016. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/04/judge-if-feds-find-drugs-on-your-car-pics-of-cash-on-your-phone-youre-suspicious/.
“In [fiscal year 2016], CBP”: CBP Statement regarding electronic devices, March 14, 2017. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3517374-Ars-Technica-Mail-Re-URGENT-Media-Inquiry-Ars.html.
Under the Trump administration: “American Citizens: U.S. Border Agents Can Search Your Cellphone,” NBC News, March 13, 2017. Available at: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/american-citizens-u-s-border-agents-can-search-your-cellphone-n732746.
In early 2017, there: Cyrus Farivar, “Man: Border Agents Threatened to ‘Be Dicks’ Take My Phone if I Didn’t Unlock It.” Ars Technica, May 7, 2017. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/05/man-border-agents-threatened-to-be-dicks-take-my-phone-if-i-didnt-unlock-it/.
“The border doctrine”: Cyrus Farivar, “Remember the Artist Whose iPhone Was Searched at Border? He’s Suing the Feds,” Ars Technica, September 13, 2017. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/09/remember-the-artist-who-had-his-iphone-searched-at-the-border-hes-now-suing/.
The most recent public: “Privacy Impact Assessment for the Border Searches of Electronic Devices,” US Department of Homeland Security, August 25, 2009. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3461785-Privacy-Pia-Cbp-Laptop.html#document/p7/a338498.
But as Orin Kerr: Orin Kerr, “No case,” Twitter, February 14, 2017. Available at: https://twitter.com/OrinKerr/status/831716834529439745.
Just as a stingray can: “Endpoint Surveillance Tools (CIPAV),” Electronic Frontier Foundation, April 2011. Available at: https://www.eff.org/foia/foia-endpoint-surveillance-tools-cipav.
Finally, in December 2012: In the matter of the search of NIT for email address texan.slayer@yahoo.com, Third Amended Application for a Search Warrant, 1:12-sw-05685 (Dist Co., 2012). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4053665-Nit-Email-Search.html.
The judge signed off on it: Warrant Return, 12-SW-05685-KMT, USDC Colorado, February 20, 2013. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4053672-Gov-Uscourts-Cod-136124-9-0.html.
News of the NIT: Craig Timberg and Ellen Nakashima, “FBI’s Search for ‘Mo,’ Suspect in Bomb Threats, Highlights Use of Malware for Surveillance,” The Washington Post, 2013. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/2013/12/06/352ba174-5397-11e3-9e2c-e1d01116fd98_story.html.
“The Government does not seek”: In re Warrant to Search a Target Computer at Premises Unknown, Memorandum and Order, 4:13-mj-00234 (Dist. Ct. S. Tx., 2013). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4053644-Order-Denying-Warrant-MJ-Smith-042213.html#document/p2/a376181.
At the time Judge Smith: M. Rumold, “The Playpen Story: Rule 41 and Global Hacking Warrants,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2016. Available at: https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/08/illegal-playpen-story-rule-41-and-global-hacking-warrants.
It was around this time: Mythili Raman, letter, September 18, 2013. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4053758-214950421-AAAG-Raman-Letter-to-Judge-Raggi-Re.html.
Playpen’s founder, David Lynn Browning: United States v. Browning, Criminal Complaint, 3:15MJ279 (Dist. Ct. W. NC., 2015). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3284781-Browning.html#document/p12/a334577.
Eventually, the FBI: In the Matter of an application…Brooklyn, NY 11211, Affidavit, 1:15-mj-00534 (Dist. Ct. E NY, 2015). Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2166606-ferrell-warrant-1.html#document/p12/a227161.
While most of the cases: Cyrus Farivar, “Judge Invalidates Warrant That Let Feds Hack Tor—Using Child Porn Suspect,” Ars Technica, April 20, 2016. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/04/judge-invalidates-warrant-that-let-feds-hack-tor-using-child-porn-suspect/.
For future cases, the government: “Wiretap Reports,” United States Court, 2017. Available at: http://www.uscourts.gov/statistics-reports/analysis-reports/wiretap-reports.
Chapter Ten
“But I’m like every nine”: Author’s interview with Brian Hofer, August 31, 2017.
“The connection between”: Author’s interview with Deirdre Mulligan, June 5, 2017.
“It felt like a prerequisite”: Author’s interview with Reem Suleiman, June 2, 2017.
“I was a kid in the Second World War”: Author’s interview with Lou Katz, May 29, 2017.
“This committee has taken on”: Author’s interview with Raymundo Jacquez, June 6, 2017.
Rounding out: “Saied Karamooz for Mayor,” https://everyonesmayor.org/.
“It might be a lost cause”: Author’s interview with Saied Karamooz, June 2, 2017.
Earlier that day, the OPD: Anne Kirkpatrick, Chief’s Message, May 9, 2017. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3765425-oak063906.html.
As of late 2017, the PAC’s: “Cellular Site Simulator Usage and Privacy,” February 2017. Available at: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4062097-oak062903.html#document/p5/a378185.
Chapter Eleven
However, in between the two: Jeffrey Toobin, “Comeback,” New Yorker, March 26, 2007. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/03/26/comeback-8.
Amsterdam spoke in the waning days: Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard
M. Nixon, 1972. Available at: https://books.google.com/books?id=DcHcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA590&lpg=PA590&dq=nixon+police+peace+forces&source=bl&ots=EpJSTvEfT8&sig=kzeN2vT-JY3SJwLxDGyz8g75gDsc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjc2MKn4sPWAh-WqrVQKHbItCvoQ6AEISTAJ#v=onepage&q=nixon%20police%20peace%20forces&f=false.
While Amsterdam has since: Anthony Amsterdam declined the author’s request for an interview.
“Right now, we kind”: Author’s interview with Raymond Shih Ray Ku, September 6, 2017.
“Technology, honestly”: Author’s interview with Kathryn Werdegar, September 22, 2017.
“Rather than simply”: Barry Friedman, Unwarranted (Macmillan, 2017), p. 316.
“Right now, I will tell”: Author’s interview with Michael Hayden, June 5, 2017.
At the federal level, the only: Cyrus Farivar, “Surveillance Watchdog Concludes Metadata Program Is Illegal, ‘Should End,’ ” Ars Technica, January 22, 2014. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/01/surveillance-watchdog-concludes-metadata-program-is-illegal-should-end/.
Notably, in January 2014: “Statement By the President on the Section 215 Bulk Metadata Program,” White House, 2017. Available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/03/27/statement-president-section-215-bulk-metadata-program.
Worse still, by the time: T. Johnson, “Watchdog Board That Keeps Eye on U.S. Intelligence Agencies Barely Functions,” McClatchy DC, March 7, 2017. Available at: http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/national-security/article136960048.html.
Back in Oakland: Author’s interview with Saied Karamooz, June 2, 2017.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
There are an incredible number of extraordinary individuals who have been very generous with their time and have entertained—perhaps, at times, inane—legal questions from this humble reporter. Not so many years ago, I hardly knew anything of the intricacies of our often-confounding judicial system.
These people, among others, have all influenced my thinking in some way, and have helped me. In many cases, they have also (often on deadline) responded to my questions for articles that laid the foundation for this book.
In no order, they include:
Judge Harvey Schneider (Ret.), Joseph Gunn, Catherine Crump, Nathan Freed Wessler, Ted Boutrous, Marcus Thomas, Rep. Ted Lieu, Sen. Ron Wyden, Cmdr. Sid Heal (Ret.), Susan Hennessey, Benjamin Wittes, Paul Rosenzweig, Stephen Sachs, Howard Cardin, Stewart Baker, Stephanie Pell, Louis Cohen, US Tax Court Judge Albert Lauber, US Magistrate Judge Stephen Smith, Larry Tribe, Marc Zwillinger, Alan Butler, Daniel Solove, Babak Siavoshy, Linda Lye, Christopher Soghoian, Christopher Slobogin, Tom McMillan, Ben Wizner, Jennifer Valentino-DeVries, Kade Crockford, Mike Katz-Lacabe, Freddy Martinez, Mark Peterson, Andrew Frey, Dan Haas, Ken Lerner, Lewis Katz, Tracey Maclin, David Sklansky, David Bitkower, John Martin, Robert Thomson, Ryan Calo, Fred Cate, Stephen Henderson, Elizabeth Joh, Woodrow Hartzog, Kathryn Haun, Brad Heath, Ladar Levison, Jesse Binnall, Marcia Hofmann, Stephen Leckar, James Lyons, Ashkan Soltani, Michael Hayden, Paul Ohm, Raymond Shih Ray Ku, Barry Friedman, Daniel Rigmaiden, Eric King, Kristin Paget, Jennifer Granick, Lee Tien, Brian Owsley, Sup. Joe Simitian, Nate Cardozo, Cindy Cohn, Mark Rumold, Andrew Crocker, Kurt Opsahl, Jennifer Lynch, Alvaro Bedoya, Justice Kathryn Werdegar (Ret.), Pat Ford, Jeffrey Fisher, David Ovalle, Colin Fieman, Hanny Fakhoury, Susan Freiwald, Ahmed Ghappour, Peter Bribing, Nicole Ozer, and Orin Kerr.
In Oakland, I am grateful to Brian Hofer, Deirdre Mulligan, Robert Oliver, Reem Suleiman, Lou Katz, Raymundo Jacquez, Saied Karamooz, Timothy Birch, and Joe DeVries for their dedication to crafting sensible surveillance policies here at home.
During my 2017 reporting trip to Washington, DC, Brian Fung and Elizabeth Lamme welcomed me into their home, and Carolyn Agis was kind enough to entrust me with the key to her apartment while she was out of town. Thank you all!
At Ars Technica, big ups to Nate Anderson, Eric Bangeman, Lee Hutchinson, and Ken Fisher for letting me take time off to get this book done. Six years ago, I started from zero and learned everything I know about legal journalism from David Kravets and Joe Mullin.
This book began to take shape in Spring 2016, with the encouragement and support of my mentor, Samuel G. Freedman. He led me to Dennis Johnson and the incredible team at Melville House. They all believed in this book and helped it come to fruition.
My father Mehrdad, and my brother, Alex, have always constantly provided helpful guidance, even if I’m not always smart enough to realize it at the time. Also, I’m thrilled that Nena, Alan, Kiran, Martin, Stephanie, and Heidi are all here to stay.
And finally, thank you to the love of my life, Rebecca Farivar, for being the wisest of sounding boards, and patiently letting me blather on about about license plate readers.