by Vanda Krefft
237 five handsome Allied soldiers: Fox Film ad, 18 to 45, MPN, Sept. 21, 1918, 1792.
238 “People certainly do not want”: “Cut Out the Sobs, Exhibitors Say,” Motography, Mar. 2, 1918, 393.
238 Renowned Pictures Corporation: Jolo, review of The Kaiser, Variety, Mar. 15, 1918, 45.
238 terrorizing the world: The Kaiser, The Beast of Berlin review, Motography, Mar. 30, 1918, 628; Jolo, review of The Kaiser, 45.
238 “treated with dramatic license”: Jolo, review of The Kaiser, 45.
238 substantial purchases . . . and personally subscribing for $400,000: “Fox Invests $400,000 in Bonds,” MPW, Nov. 17, 1917, 1025.
238 “much to the annoyance of our patrons”: Transcript, 187.
238 in war zones: Grace Kingsley, “Our Films For Action,” LAT, July 8, 1917, III-1; “Many Fox Pictures at Front,” Motography, June 29, 1918, 1225.
238 messengers on motorcycles: “Trench Warriors See Fox Films,” MPN, June 29, 1918, 3900.
238 under the supervision of: “Many Fox Pictures at Front,” 1225.
238 far outnumbered: “Trench Warriors See Fox Films,” 3900.
238 four Home Guard companies: “Fox on War Footing,” LAT, Apr. 22, 1917, III-1.
238 uniforms from the Western Costume Company: J. C. Jessen, “In and Out of West Coast Studios,” May 5, 1917, 2852.
238 Every night . . . firing range: “Fox on War Footing,” III-1.
238 a fifty-one-foot boat: Ibid.
239 guaranteed . . . their jobs: “Fox Holds 400 Jobs Open,” MO, Dec. 10, 1918, 14.
239 “100 percent American” . . . thoroughly investigated: “William Fox Will Dismiss Pro-Germans,” MPW, June 29, 1918, 1859.
239 Biltmore Hotel in New York: “Fox Convention Brings All Managers,” MPN, June 22, 1918, 3681.
239 spoke German fluently: Transcript, 208; Angela Fox Dunn interview with the author.
239 began to fire German and Austrian workers: “Rush of Teutonic Applications For Citizenship Likely to Continue,” New York Herald, Feb. 12, 1917, 11.
239 apply for U.S. citizenship: Ibid.
239 Columbia University sacked two professors: “Columbia Refuses Pension to Cattell,” NYT, May 19, 1918, 27.
240 “happily completed in time”: The Spirit of ’76 ad, MPN, Mar. 24, 1917, 1877.
240 stabbing a baby . . . by the hair: G. P. Harleman, “Goldstein Is Found Guilty,” May 11, 1918, 865.
240 May 7, 1917: Jas. S. McQuade, “Chicago News Letter,” MPW, May 19, 1917, 1130.
240 banned after a few performances: Harleman, “Goldstein Is Found Guilty,” 865.
240 November 27, 1917: Ibid.
240 officials seized the film: “War-of-Revolution Film Seized By Government,” LAT, Nov. 30, 1917, II-1; “Spirit of ’76 Confiscated by Government,” MPW, Dec. 22, 1917, 1786.
240 arrested Goldstein . . . Los Angeles County Jail: Harleman, “Goldstein Is Found Guilty,” 865.
240 unable to make the $10,000 bail: Harleman, “Goldstein Is Sentenced to Ten Years,” MPW, May 25, 1918, 1145.
240 two counts of treason: Harleman, “Goldstein Is Found Guilty,” 865.
240 visibly shaking . . . ten years in prison: Harleman, “Goldstein Is Sentenced to Ten Years,” 1145.
240 wife divorced him: “Mrs. Goldstein Secures Divorce,” Variety, Aug. 2, 1918, 42.
240 nonessential industry: “Booming the Red Cross,” Wid’s Daily, May 17, 1918.
241 same chemicals . . . repair film projectors: “Entire Industry Declared Essential,” Wid’s Daily, Aug. 26, 1918, 1.
241 less than a month’s service . . . Wilson: Walsh, Each Man in His Time, 123.
241 “the proper move”: William Fox, “An Open Letter to Exhibitors” ad, MPN, June 30, 1917, 3987.
241 one cent on each ten cents: “U.S. Issues Order On Admission Signs,” Motography, May 18, 1918, 928.
241 producers and distributors . . . expected to pay: “Exhibitors Lining Up Forces Against 15-Cent Tax Levy,” Variety, Nov. 16, 1917, 57.
241 “War is hell”: Ibid.
241 classified as an essential industry: “Entire Industry Declared Essential,” 1.
241 August 23, 1918: “Industry Is Declared Essential,” MPW, Sept. 7, 1918, 1386.
241 to obtain raw materials: “Entire Industry Declared Essential,” 1.
241 industry had to promise: “Industry Is Declared Essential,” 1386.
241 Millions of dollars: “Fox to Increase Admissions This Fall,” MPW, Aug. 10, 1918, 847.
241 ample amounts to the average worker: Ibid.
242 “everybody jingles cash”: Ibid.
242 “the flower and the youth”: Transcript, 700.
242 “murdering and slaughtering”: Ibid.
242 “William Fox has no desire to forget”: Press release, “Just What William Fox’s Million Dollar Kellermann Picture Is,” May 27, 1916. “Exhibits” folder, FFC-HBFC.
242 to an amusement arcade . . . “can shoot”: “Actors! Never Quarrel With Mr. William Fox,” New York Morning Telegraph, May 12, 1916, 12.
242 Between 1916: “Ex-Alderman John J. White,” NYT, Jan. 16, 1920, 9.
242 “confidential man” . . . Sullivan: “John J. White Found Dead,” NYTR, Jan. 16, 1920, 6.
242 MacBride . . . Civil Service Commission: “J. E. MacBride Quits Civil Service Board,” NYTR, June 8, 1918, 11.
242 longtime close friend: “M’Bride Gets Out of Mayor’s Cabinet,” NYT, June 8, 1918, 8.
242 assistant to . . . Sheehan: “Fox Film—Personnel and Its Policy,” MPN, Aug. 10, 1918, 866.
242 1918 Democratic nomination for governor: “Bill’s Political Bug,” Wid’s Daily, May 13, 1918.
243 gave a dinner . . . subject of Albany: Ibid.
243 “put a spoke in the wheel”: Ibid.
243 “Out in Woodmere”: “He Forgets to Sleep; William Fox’s Nights Spent Viewing Films,” Salt Lake Telegram, Sept. 12, 1916, 15.,
243 “he will be as merry”: Ibid.
CHAPTER 17: “THE FINEST IN ENTERTAINMENT THE WORLD OVER”
244 France, which had led the field: Victoria de Grazia, “Mass Culture and Sovereignty: The American Challenge to European Cinemas, 1920–1960,” Journal of Modern History 61, no. 1 (Mar. 1989): 63.
244 stopped production immediately: W. Stephen Bush, “Opportunity,” MPW, Sept. 26, 1914, 1751.
244 resumed on only a limited basis in 1915: James Chapman, Cinemas of the World (London, England: Reaktion Books, 2003), 77.
244 Spain also shuttered: Bush, “Opportunity,” 1751.
244 Italy . . . surged briefly: Robert Sklar, Film, An International History of the Medium (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1993), 75.
244 severely curtailed production: Chapman, Cinemas of the World, 77.
244 50 to 60 percent of movies shown there were American: Kerry Segrave, American Films Abroad: Hollywood’s Domination of the World’s Movie Screens from the 1890s to the Present (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1997), 4.
244 increasing from fewer than 30 to 250 . . . 1919: Frederick W. Ott, The Great German Films (Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1986), 19.
245 shipping films through Spain: “American Films Kill German Propaganda,” MPW, June 29, 1918, 1822.
245 “the Japanese don’t know how”: Homer Croy, “Movie Fans in China,” Apr. 8, 1916, 23.
245 Mexico, South America, and Asia: Bush, “Opportunity,” 1751; “Moving Pictures Everywhere,” reprinted from Toledo, OH, Blade in Moving Picture News, Sept. 6, 1913, 31.
245 shuffled their feet and shouted: Croy, “Movie Fans in China,” 26.
245 upper-class women: “Chinese Like Pictures,” MPW, Feb. 6, 1915, 859.
245 estimated fifty million people worldwide: “Film-making Means Millions to Los Angeles,” LAT, Jan. 1, 1916, III-66.
245 in 1916 the State Department instructed U.S. consuls: Segrave, American Films Abroad, 9.
246 maintained some seventy branches: Burton I. Kau
fman, “United States Trade and Latin America: The Wilson Years,” The Journal of American History 58, no. 2 (Sept. 1971): 345.
246 prohibited from establishing: Ibid., 346.
246 registering trademarks: “Fox Ambassador Returns from Abroad,” MPW, Jan. 20, 1917, 347.
246 refused to guarantee: “Fox Gets Encouraging Reports,” MPW, Dec. 15, 1017, 1663.
246 “great heart interest”: Fox Film ad, “Fox Films,” MPW, Jan. 11, 1919, 168-169.
246 “the gospel of . . . other half lives”: “William Fox, Wonder Worker,” Exhibitor’s Bulletin, undated. (NYPL, New York Sun newspaper morgue files 1900–1950, William Fox clipping file.)
246 forty-three-year-old: “Joseph Darling, Adventurer, 85,” NYT, Sept. 7, 1957, 14.
246 “representative at large”: “Sun Never Sets on Fox Service,” MPN, Nov. 15, 1919, 3598.
246 Jamaican orange industry . . . South American oil fields: “Joseph Darling, Adventurer, 85,” 14.
247 “Federal Interstate Trade Commission”: Darling, Darling on Trusts, 19.
247 twenty-eight thousand miles: “Fox Ambassador Returns from Abroad,” 347.
247 1,200 to 1,500 movie theaters: “Film in South America,” Variety, Feb. 18, 1916, 24.
247 French, Italian: O. R. Geyer, “Winning Foreign Film Markets,” Scientific American, Aug. 20, 1921, 140.
247 told Darling to go home: “Fox Ambassador Returns from Abroad,” 347.
247 wasn’t a single theater: “Fox Now Enters South American Picture Market,” New York Morning Telegraph, Apr. 16, 1916, 13.
247 arcade down the center: Ibid.
247 separate projection room: Ibid.
247 three-day minimum: Ibid.
247 nine types of taxes: Ibid.
247 ran movies in restaurants: Ibid.
247 very few film: “Comment and Suggestion,” New York Dramatic Mirror, May 6, 1916, 23.
247 show them the movies: “Fox Ambassador Returns from Abroad,” 347.
247 first in Rio de Janeiro: “Fox Pushing Foreign Business,” MPW, Apr. 27, 1918, 547.
247 São Paulo and Buenos Aires: “Fox Now Enters,” 13; “Fox Ambassador Returns from Abroad,” 347.
247 Theda Bara’s movies especially popular: “Fox Gets Encouraging Reports,” 1663.
247 in every South American country: “William Fox Invades More South American Territory,” MPW, Feb. 22, 1919, 1055.
248 Sydney, Melbourne, and Wellington: Fox Film ad, “Fox Covers the World,” MPN, June 2, 1917, 3377.
248 Fiji Islands: “Fox Pictures Vogue World Wide,” MPW, June 2, 1917, 1476.
248 Samoa, Tahiti: “Fox Endeavors to Put Films All Over World,” MPN, Apr. 7, 1917, 2148.
248 post station of Alice Springs: “William Fox, Wonder Worker.”
248 early spring 1916: “William Fox Makes Entry into British Markets,” MPN, Apr. 1, 1916, 1880.
248 new money in their hands: “Fox Ambassador Returns from Abroad,” 347.
248 76 Old Compton Street: “‘Fox Organization Ready for World Market’—Sheehan,” MPN, Oct. 14, 1916, 2353.
248 seven other cities: Ibid., 2353.
248 “the lame, the halt”: Ibid.
248 Britain’s five thousand exhibitors: “Winnie Sheehan Comments,” Variety, Sept. 29, 1916, 21.
248 “In Germany and Austria”: Evan Strong, “War’s Black Mark,” MPW, Sept. 12, 1914, 1515.
248 Egypt, the Balkans, and North Africa: “‘Fox Organization Ready for World Market’—Sheehan,” 2354.
248 In Spain and Portugal: “Wide Distribution of Fox Pictures in Line with Ideals,” MPN, June 2, 1917, 3446.
248 Norway, Sweden, and Denmark: “W. R. Sheehan in Russia for Fox,” MPN, Aug. 19, 1916, 1081.
249 under its own corporate title: “Fox Pushing Foreign Business,” 547.
249 alliances with foreign companies: “Winnie Sheehan Comments,” 21.
249 “You must remember”: “Wide Distribution Cause of Fox Particularity,” MPN, June 16, 1917, 3757.
249 Moscow and . . . Petrograd: Fox Film Ad, “Fox Covers the World,” MPW, June 2, 1917, 1384–385.
249 Nicholas abdicated . . . corruption and incompetence: “Revolution in Russia; Czar Abdicates; Michael Made Regent; Empress in Hiding; Pro-German Ministers Reported Slain,” NYT, Mar. 16, 1917, 1.
249 last major European nation . . . to dismantle: “Democratic Russia As Our Ally,” Literary Digest, Mar. 31, 1917, 886.
249 deliver power to the masses: “Russian Revolution Democratic Triumph, Is Belief in Washington; Outcome of Vital Concern Here,” New York Herald, Mar. 16, 1917, 9; “Revolution Greeted as Blessing to the World by Observers Here,” New York Herald, Mar. 17, 1917, 12.
250 embraced the delusion: “Bankers Here See Big Gain to Russia by Change in Government,” New York Herald, Mar. 16, 1917, 12; “Changes in Russia Will Aid Business in America,” New York Herald, Mar. 17, 1917, 11.
250 170 million: “More Trade With Russia,” The World’s Work, Apr. 1916, 598.
250 102 million: U.S. Census, as of July 1, 1916.
250 vast, untapped natural resources: David R. Francis, Russia from the American Embassy (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921), 28–29.
250 International Harvester: George Thomas Marye, Nearing the End in Imperial Russia (Philadelphia: Dorrance and Company, 1929), 476.
250 factory in Podolsk: Mira Wilkins, The Maturing of Multinational Enterprise (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974), 40.
250 thirty-four thousand people . . . 80 percent: Marye, Nearing the End, 477.
250 Sheehan to Russia: Untitled item, New York Herald, Aug. 3, 1916.
250 three times the size: A. J. Sack, “Russia’s Undeveloped Riches,” The World’s Work, June 1917, 223.
250 Moscow, Petrograd: M. Kartoschinsky, “The Motion Picture in Russia,” MPW, Sept. 4, 1915, 1660.
250 almost every town: Ibid.
250 ten movie studios: Ibid.
250 usually preferred imports: Ibid.
250 “too long, lacked action”: Ibid.
250 watch army maneuvers: “W. R. Sheehan in Russia for Fox,” 1081.
250 cover the whole country: “‘Fox Organization Ready for World Market’—Sheehan,” 2354.
251 “Great democracy drama!”: Fox Film ad, The Firebrand, MPW, May 11, 1918, 802–803.
251 mid-January 1917: “Expelled from Four Lands,” NYT, Jan. 15, 1917, 2.
251 “saw him on the Lower East Side”: Angela Fox Dunn interview with the author.
251 “I wouldn’t give you $11”: Angela Fox Dunn to Arnold Rogoff, Jan. 30, 1975, 5, AFD.
251 receiving German money: Arthur Willert, The Road to Safety: A Study in Anglo-American Relations (London: Derek Verschoyle, 1952), 29.
251 electrician at Fox Film: Ibid.
251 Trotsky also appeared . . . identification card: Kingsley, “Christmas in the Colony,” LAT, Jan. 17, 1926, J5.
251 paid poorly: “What Trotzky Did When in New York,” NYT, Jan. 20, 1918, 10.
251 Russian-Jewish lunchroom: “Trotzky’s Old Janitor Says, ‘I Thought He Was Loose in His Head!’” Jonesboro Evening Sun (Jonesboro, AR), Feb. 1, 1918, 4.
251 Fox gave Trotsky money: Angela Fox Dunn interview with the author.
251 Kristianiafjord on March 27, 1917: “What Trotzky Did When in New York.”
251 given Trotsky $20 million: Cholly Knickerbocker [pseud.], “The Smart Set,” New York Journal American, Feb. 3, 1949, 16.
252 “swift and orderly transition” . . . complete: “Revolution in Russia; Czar Abdicates; Michael Made Regent; Empress in Hiding; Pro-German Ministers Reported Slain,” 1.
252 “most cheerful” . . . tremendous opportunities: “Changes in Russia Will Aid Business in America,” 11.
252 execution . . . on July 16–17, 1918: “Ex-Czar of Russia Killed By Order Of Ural Soviet,” NYT, July 21, 1918, 1; Helen Rappaport, The Last Days of the Romanovs: Tragedy at Ekaterinburg (New York: St. M
artin’s Griffin, 2010), ix.
252 “a tremendous field” Grace Kingsley, “Flashes,” LAT, Dec. 28, 1918, II-3.
252 branch offices in Russia: “Penny Arcade to Theatre Chain,” MPW, July 12, 1919, 233.
252 shut down by Bolshevik agents: Chester Beecroft, “Beecroft’s Enlightening Views,” Wid’s Year Book 1919–1920.
252 café in Paris . . . literacy rate: Angela Fox Dunn to Arnold Rogoff, Jan. 30, 1975, 5. AFD.
252 During the first fifteen months: “Exporters Receive New Ruling to Govern Foreign Film Trade,” Wid’s Daily, July 13, 1918, 1; “Fox Shows Government 500,000 Feet of Film,” MPW, July 13, 1918, 186.
252 imposed complicated new rules: “Exporters Receive New Ruling to Govern Foreign Film Trade,” 1.
252 Treasury Department began to censor: “Fox Shows Government 500,000 Feet of Film,” 186.
252 uncrate a ready-to-go shipment: Ibid.
252 and Cuba: “Fox Havana Exchange Reports Big Business,” MPN, Nov. 9, 1918, 2857.
253 accelerate their own industrial development: Simon Litman, “The Effects of the World War on Trade,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 127 (Sept. 1926): 25.
253 increased their disposable income: Ibid.
253 translators . . . rewrote intertitles: “Fox Seeks More Foreign Trade,” MPN, Apr. 27, 1918, 2530.
253 32 million feet: “Flashes from Movieland,” NYT, July 22, 1917, 66.
253 159 million feet: Ibid.
245 world’s leading movie manufacturer: “Our Motion-Picture Films Encircling the Earth,” Literary Digest, Sept. 28, 1918, 78.
253 would never regain: Gerben Bakker, “The Decline and Fall of the European Film Industry: Sunk Costs, Market Size, and Market Structure, 1890–1927,” The Economic History Review 58, no. 2 (May 2005): 313.
253 increased its international business 400 percent: “Sun Never Sets on Fox Service,” 3598.
253 seventy-six employees . . . take dictation: “Fox to Have Strong Foreign Policy,” MPW, Aug. 2, 1919, 671.
253 “The creation and up-building”: “Sun Never Sets on Fox Service,” 3598.
CHAPTER 18: “THE MAKING OF ME”
254 walked all over him: William Fox to Sol Wurtzel, Dec. 27, 1917, WF-SMW, 28.
254 “throw us into bankruptcy”: Ibid.
254 steal three hundred thousand feet . . . film printing company: Sol Wurtzel to William Fox, telegram, Nov. 18, 1917, WF-SMW, 15.