and rewiring of brain, 317, 318–19
Schuster on research potential of, 51
and second wave of research, 79, 333
and Spring Grove’s research, 218
and Stamets’s messenger theory, 124–25
and studies requested by FDA, 375–76
synthetic version of, 83–84, 113
as tryptamine, 291–92
See also mushrooms
“Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-Type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance” (Griffiths, Richards, McCann, Jesse), 10–11, 29–30
Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (Stamets), 86
Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered (Grinspoon and Bakalar), 194
The Psychedelic Explorer’s Guide (Fadiman), 229
psychedelic journeys of Pollan
and cardiac concerns, 235–37, 244–45, 245n
and language of mysticism, 285–87
with LSD, 237–54
and mystical experience survey, 282–84
with psilocybin, 254–72, 284
recaps and reflections on, 250–54, 269–72, 281–84
and search for a guide, 231–35
as “spiritual” experience, 288–90
with The Toad (5-MeO-DMT), 272–90
Psychedelic Psychiatry (Dyck), 146n
Psychedelic Science 2017, 397
psychedelic therapy
as “applied mysticism,” 207
and aspirations of proponents, 173
and betterment of well people, 45, 51, 78, 401, 404
and California Institute of Integral Studies, 233
and Cohen’s ambivalence about LSD, 158–59
criticisms and challenges faced by, 207–8
and ego dissolution, 389–90
emergence of paradigm, 160, 163–64, 169–71, 207
and established psychiatric field, 207
at frontier of spirituality and science, 334
future of, 400–405
growing recognition of, 399
and Hubbard, 160, 164, 169–70, 171, 207
key role of experience in, 149, 169
and low risks, 210
and previous theoretical models, 207
and priming patients, 169–70
protocols and agreements of, 215, 226–27
and “psychedelic-assisted therapy” term, 365, 399
range of disorders addressed by, 382–83
as reboot of system, 366, 384, 389
results of, 368–69
and return of symptoms, 380–81
revival of, 369
role of environment in, 163–64, 169–70, 207–8, 365
role of therapist in, 365–66, 368 (see also guides)
shamanism’s role in, 334
spiritual trappings of, 207
and suggestibility of psychedelics, 158–59, 170
visual imagery in, 365–66
See also addiction; cancer patient research; depression
“psychedelics” term, 18–19, 144–45, 160, 162–63
psychiatry field, 207–8, 211, 400
psychoanalysis, 149, 155, 207, 296–97, 311
psycholytic model, 154–57, 207
psychosis
and entropic brain theory, 313, 385
panic reactions mistaken for, 210
psychotic breaks, 3, 14, 209, 211
and psychotomimetic model, 145, 150–51, 154, 162
and risks associated with psychedelics, 14, 233
psychotherapy, 2–3, 186, 351, 369, 406
psychotomimetic model, 145–50
and CIA’s psychedelic research, 172
and Cohen, 153–54
and established psychiatric field, 207
and Osmond, 162, 169
and psychiatrists’ criticisms of psychedelic therapy, 208
and Saskatchewan Mental Hospital in Canada, 147–50
quantum mechanics, 413–14
Raichle, Marcus, 301, 303
Ram Dass, 203, 205, 360. See also Alpert, Richard
Rank, Otto, 155
rat park experiment, 372–73
Realms of the Human Unconscious (Grof), 297
recidivism at Concord State Prison experiment, 46, 190–91, 190n, 195
“recreational” drug use, 38, 228, 399, 400
religion
and drug use in religious practices, 27–28
fanaticism/fundamentalism in, 81
origins of religious belief, 55–56, 85, 106, 111–12
and suppression of psychoactive plants, 2, 109
See also spirituality
Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, 27
renaissance of psychedelics
and Griffiths’s landmark paper, 11, 29–30
and Hofmann’s 100th birthday celebration/symposium, 21–22, 26–27
and second wave of research, 3–4
and UDV court case, 27–28
research on psychedelics, first wave, 138–218
and aspirations of proponents, 173, 212–13
bad trips in, 152
challenges faced by, 144
congressional hearings on, 217
and counterculture, 215
end of, 59–60, 216–17
and expectancy effects, 143–44
and exuberance of researchers, 144, 212–13
federal monitoring of, 166
federal restrictions on, 197
federal support for, 57–58
funding for, 57
Good Friday (Marsh Chapel) Experiment, 45–46, 60, 80–81, 191–92
and guides, 200
hubs of research, 153
initiated by Sandoz’s Delysid distribution, 143
and International Foundation for Advanced Study, 43–44, 177–80, 198, 217, 228
Jesse’s interest in, 44–46
Leary’s impact on, 9, 185–86, 190, 198–99, 212, 219–20
and LSD therapy for alcoholism, 148–52
and methodological issues, 152, 208
and moral panic provoked by psychedelics, 185, 205
and psychedelics’ escape from the lab, 157–58, 197
and psycholytic model, 154–57
and psychotomimetic model, 145–50
researchers’ consumption of drugs, 146, 148, 189, 195, 208
reunion of figures in (1979), 218–20
at Saskatchewan Mental Hospital in Canada, 147–50
skepticism toward, 144
at Spring Grove facilities, 52, 56–58, 59, 218
structured approaches/protocols of, 214–15
suppression of, 44, 57–58, 60, 141–42, 332
and terminal patients, 338–40
volume and scope of, 44–45, 141–42
See also Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Harvard Psilocybin Project
research on psychedelics, second wave
absence of adverse events in, 14–15
and betterment of well people, 45, 51, 78, 401, 404
challenges faced by, 333–34
and counterculture of the sixties, 84
critics of, 76
and CSP website, 43
and discoveries of first-wave research, 332
and exuberance of researchers, 26–27, 381, 382
FDA protocols on, 48
federal sanctioning of, 48
and Hofmann’s 100th birthday celebration/symposium, 21–22, 26–27
Jesse’s role in, 34–35
and methodological issues, 333–34
and phase 3 trials for psychedelics, 397, 400
replication of
Good Friday experiment, 192
role of scientific outsiders in, 34–35
with synthetic psilocybin, 83–84
and underground therapists, 227
See also cancer patient research
Rheingold, Howard, 183
Richards, Bill
on authenticity questions, 347
as bridge between first/second eras, 52–53
flight instructions prepared by, 63, 72
and Jesse, 52, 53
and Pahnke, 53, 54–55
and psilocybin trials at Hopkins, 60–61
psychedelic experiences of, 53–55
at Spring Grove, 52, 56–58, 218
and terminal patients, 339
risky behaviors of people on psychedelics, 14
rite of passage, psychedelic trips as, 3, 216, 246
rituals for psychedelics, 404
Roberts, John G., 27
Roman Catholic Church, 2, 109
Romantic scientists, 126–28
Ross, Stephen
on alcoholism, 369–70
and new respectability of research, 350
on results with cancer patients, 336
and studies requested by FDA, 375–76
on suppression of research, 141–42, 332
rotating face mask test, 261–63, 267, 308
Rouiller, Ian, 379
rumination, 313, 329, 353, 377–78, 383
Russell, Bertrand, 355
Russula mushroom, 119
Sabina, María
in Pollan’s psychedelic journeys, 261, 317
and Wasson, 110, 112, 113–14, 114n
sacraments, psychedelic used as, 2, 27–28, 83, 93, 107–9, 112
Sahagún, Bernardino de, 108
Samorini, Giorgio, 123–24
Sandoz pharmaceutical firm
creation of LSD-25, 1–2, 22–23
distribution of LSD-25 (Delysid), 142–43, 148, 152, 176
and Hubbard, 167, 170
and psychotomimetic model, 145–46
withdrawal of Delysid, 143, 216–17
Saskatchewan Mental Hospital in Canada, 147–50. See also Hoffer, Abram; Osmond, Humphry
Savage, Charles, 177
schizophrenia
and emergence of neurochemistry field, 146–47
and LSD as trigger of psychotic breaks, 209–10
and psychotomimetic model, 145–46, 162
and rotating face mask test, 262
and Spring Grove’s research, 218
Schultes, Richard Evans, 107
Schuster, Charles “Bob,” 30, 34, 49–50
Schwartz, Peter, 181–82, 183
science
and Cohen’s ambivalence about LSD, 158–59
as a means to mystical experience, 77–78, 81
methodological standards in, 208
and mysticism-science paradox, 347–48
and nature’s mysteries, 12
and Romantic scientists, 126–28
and spirituality, 30–31, 73–74, 80, 174–75, 207, 334
and testimony of individuals, 42
and validation of mystical experiences, 347–48
The Secret Chief (Zeff), 225
senses and perceptions, 308–9
sensory deprivation, 306
serotonin, 24, 147, 292, 314n
set and setting, 14, 53, 151, 190, 207–8
shamanism, 84, 170, 214–15, 334, 348
’shrooms (term), 92
Shulgin, Ann, 44, 102
Shulgin, Sasha, 44, 102, 236, 237
side effects of psychedelics, 210
Silicon Valley, 44, 175–83
Skinner, B. F., 149
Slater, Toby, 330
Smith, Huston
and Council on Spiritual Practices, 49
and Good Friday (Marsh Chapel) Experiment, 45
on Griffiths’s landmark paper, 80–81
and Jesse, 44, 49
on spirituality, 136, 402
Smith, Robert Ellis, 196
smoking cessation, 78, 360–64
Smythies, John, 146
social media, 304
Sokel, Karin, 71
Solomon, Andrew, 383
Spanish suppression of psychoactive mushrooms, 59–60, 108
spirituality
and ego dissolution, 390
and Griffiths’s landmark paper, 10–11, 29–30
and modern medicine, 334
and Pollan’s psychedelic journeys, 288–90
and role of guides, 402
and science, 30–31, 73–74, 80, 174–75, 207, 334
state of, 136
sports, 306
Spring Grove hospital and research center, 52, 56–58, 59, 218
Stace, W. T., 282
Stamets, Paul
advocacy for fungi, 87–90
background of, 87, 98–100
on evolutionary function of psilocybin, 121
expertise in mycology, 86, 99, 127
field guides of, 86, 92
Fungi Perfecti operation of, 86n, 126
and Hofmann, 97, 103
home of, 96–97
honors accorded to, 91–92
on human evolution, 115–16
hunting for mushrooms, 117–21
and images of Psilocybes, 115
and McKenna, 116
and mushroom conferences, 102–3
on mushroom identification, 94–95
mushroom stone artifacts of, 114–15
Mycelium Running, 88, 90
mycological theories of, 124–26, 136
new species identified by, 86
and P. azurescens, 86, 92, 118, 120–21, 129
Psilocybe Mushrooms and Their Allies, 101
Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World, 86
as Romantic scientist, 126–28
and ’shrooms (term), 92
and Stoned Ape Theory, 97–98, 115–17
Stanford Research Institute (SRI), 180–82
Stanford University, 44, 180
Stanley, Owsley, III, 181n
Steindl-Rast, David, 49
stigmas of psychedelic drugs, 104
Stolaroff, Myron
background of, 175–76
career pivot of, 44, 177, 206n
and guides, 230
and Hubbard, 168, 177
and International Foundation for Advanced Study (IFAS), 177
and Jesse, 44, 46
and Leary, 198, 199, 200–201
psychedelic experiences of, 176
and psychedelics in Silicon Valley, 176–77
and reunion of first wave figures, 219
and underground therapists, 227
and Zeff, 225, 227
Stoned Ape Theory, 97–98, 115–17
Strassman, Rick, 48
subconscious, 155
subjectivity, 305–6, 413
suggestibility of psychedelics
and attributions of meaning, 354
and Cohen’s ambivalence about LSD, 158
and expectations of users, 25
and Hopkins’s psilocybin research, 64
and Hubbard, 170
and placebo effect, 347
suicides, 3, 210, 211, 335, 388
Summergrad, Paul, 398, 401, 403
synesthesia, 115–16, 145, 317
talking therapy, 155
technological advances, 183–84
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 287
teonanácatl (sacred mushroom of the Aztecs), 2, 107
terminal patients, 78–79, 338–40. See also cancer patie
nt research
thalidomide tragedy, 197, 208
time travel, mental faculty of, 387
Time-Life publications, 104
Toad. See 5-MeO-DMT (the Toad)
tolerance for psychedelics, 14, 299
“Tomorrow Never Knows” (Beatles), 143
toxicity of psychedelics, low levels of, 50
trances, 242–44
transiency of mystical experiences, 71–72
travel metaphors for psychedelic experiences, 15
trees and mycelial networks, 91, 91n, 118
trepanation, 298
True: The Man’s Magazine, 113
truths, revelations of, 70, 251, 305–6
tryptamines, 291–92
Turner, Brian, 65–66, 73–74
UDV court case, 27–28, 43, 49
University of California, Los Angeles, 8, 37, 152–53
University of New Mexico, 369
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
and approval of Strassman’s trial, 48
depression studies requested by, 375–76
and Hubbard’s clinical research, 167
and phase 3 trials approvals, 397
and potential rescheduling of psychedelics, 36, 397
and psilocybin trials at Hopkins, 60
regulation of experimental drugs, 146, 197
research approvals revoked by, 217–18
and thalidomide tragedy, 197
U.S. Supreme Court, 27–28
The Varieties of Religious Experience (James), 69
Vietnam War, 139, 206, 215–16
virtual reality, 183
visualizing thoughts, 365–66
Vogt, Walter, 22
Vollenweider, Franz, 293, 301, 320, 334, 384
Wallace, David Foster, 388
Wasson, R. Gordon
critics of, 112
field notebooks of, 110–11
and Hubbard, 170
Life magazine article of, 2, 103–9, 113
and mushroom conferences, 103
Mushrooms, Russia, and History, 114n
and mushrooms from southern Mexico, 2, 59, 101, 110–14, 114n
and origins of religious belief, 106, 111–12
preconceived theories of, 112
psychedelic experiences of, 110–12
Watts, Rosalind, 377, 379, 380, 381
Weathermen, 204
Weil, Andrew
on active placebos, 159
and dismissals of Leary and Alpert, 201–3
and mushroom conferences, 102
The Natural Mind, 159
and Schultes, 107
and Toad (5-MeO-DMT), 274
and treatment of bad trips, 210
well-being, improvements in, 74, 254, 285
Whitman, Walt, 194, 286
Whole Earth Network, 182, 183
Wilson, Bill, 141, 152–53, 369
Wilson, E. O., 80
How to Change Your Mind Page 48