62. David Broder, “Bush on the Comeback Trail?” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 16, 1980, 13A.
63. Charles B. Fancher Jr., “Thornburgh Booed; Reagan Cheered,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 17, 1980, 6A.
64. Ibid.
65. Robert R. Frump, “Kennedy Back Here, Buoyed,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 14, 1980, 3A.
66. Taylor, “How Pa. Stacks Up.”
67. David Zucchino, “Candidates Fine-Tune Penna. Ad Campaign,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 18, 1980, 1A.
68. Robert R. Frump, Ray Holton, and Bruce Keidan, “Bush, Reagan Get Some Help from Their Friends Outside Pa.,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 18, 1980, 8A.
69. “A Costly Vote Goes to Bush,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 18, 1980, 1D.
70. Lee Linder, Associated Press, April 21, 1980.
71. Dale Mezzacappa, “State GOP Takes a Right Turn to Reagan,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 20, 1980, 1B; Terence Hunt, “Reagan Wins Endorsement of Howard Baker, Ohio Governor Rhodes,” Associated Press, April 20, 1980.
72. Mezzacappa, “State GOP Takes a Right Turn to Reagan.”
73. Associated Press, “Ford Rejects Running on Ticket with Reagan,” Washington Star, April 17, 1980, A4.
74. Donald Kimelman, “Anderson to Begin His Run as Independent Next Week,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 19, 1980, 1A.
75. Ibid.
76. Advertisements, Philadelphia Inquirer, April 20, 1980, 9L.
77. Terence Hunt, “Reagan Wins Endorsement of Howard Baker, Ohio Governor Rhodes,” Associated Press, April 20, 1980.
78. Walter R. Mears, Associated Press, April 21, 1980.
79. Bill Peterson, “Baker Urges Unity, Endorses Reagan,” Washington Post, April 21, 1980, A1.
80. James R. Dickenson, “Baker Endorses Reagan in Move Keyed to Primary,” Washington Star, April 21, 1980, A1.
81. “Bush Scores Apparent Upset of Reagan in Pennsylvania; Democratic Race Tight,” Wall Street Journal, April 23, 1980, 6.
82. Paul Taylor, Ray Holton, Charles B. Fancher Jr., Donald Kimelman, and Joyce Gemperlein, “Penna.'s Jury of 5.1 Million Is Out on Fate of Politicians,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 22, 1980, 1A.
83. William Endicott, “Reagan, Donkey Bring Down House,” Los Angeles Times, April 22, 1980, B14.
84. Walter Mondale, World News Tonight, ABC News Transcripts, April 15, 1980.
85. Judy Wiessler, “Pennsylvania Primaries May Be Last Chance for Kennedy, Bush,” Houston Chronicle, April 20, 1980, 24.
86. David S. Broder, “Reagan Builds Delegate Total,” Washington Post, April 23, 1980, A1.
87. Edward Walsh, “David S. Broder, and T. R. Reid, Kennedy Gains Slim Pa. Victory,” Washington Post, April 24, 1980, A1.
88. Judy Wiessler, “Pennsylvania Primaries May Be Last Chance for Kennedy, Bush,” Houston Chronicle, April 20, 1980, 24.
89. David S. Broder, “Reagan Builds Delegate Total,” Washington Post, April 23, 1980, A1.
90. Remer Tyson and Rick Nichols, “GOP Race Is by No Means Finished,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 24, 1980, 7A.
91. Paul Taylor and Mary Walton, “Reagan Trailing Across the State,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 23, 1980, 1A.
92. Tom Masland, “Reagan Troops Temper Sadness with Hope for the Delegate Vote,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 23, 1980, 5A.
93. “Kennedy Edges Out Carter, Bush Beats Reagan by 54% to 45% in Pennsylvania,” Wall Street Journal, April 24, 1980, 7.
CHAPTER 17: WEST OF EDEN
1. David Hoffman, “Bush-Reagan 'debate' Is a Carter Grilling,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 24, 1980, 8A.
2. Ibid.
3. Howell Raines, “Reagan and Bush Debate in Texas but Disagree on Few Major Points,” New York Times, April 24, 1980, A25.
4. Norman Baxter and Cragg Hines, “Bush, Reagan Find Lots of Commons Ground in Forum,” Houston Chronicle, April 24, 1980, 1.
5. Carolyn Barta, “Chance of Reagan-Bush Ticket Slim,” Dallas Morning News, April 24, 1980, 14A.
6. Richard Bergholz, “Carter, Reagan Winning What Counts: Delegates,” Los Angeles Times, April 24, 1980, B1.
7. Douglas E. Kneeland, “Bush, Buoyed by Pennsylvania, Emphasizes His Determination,” New York Times, April 24, 1980, A24.
8. Bergholz, “Carter, Reagan Winning What Counts.”
9. “Reagan Raises $2.5 Million, Nears Ceiling,” Washington Star, April 25, 1980, A5.
10. Adam Clymer, “It's Bush vs. Reagan, Reagan vs. Complacency in Texas,” New York Times, May 2, 1980, B6.
11. “Carter, Bush Deserve Votes,” Austin (TX) American-Statesman, April 21, 1980, A8; “Primary Elections Endorsements,” Austin (TX) American-Statesman, May 3, 1980, A10.
12. Donald M. Rothberg, “Bush Campaign Rejuvenated by Victory in Pennsylvania,” Associated Press, April 23, 1980.
13. “Reagan Far Ahead in Texas GOP Poll,” Austin (TX) American-Statesman, April 28, 1980, B2.
14. “Carter, Reagan Victors in State Party Sessions,” Washington Star, April 21, 1980, A3.
15. Rick Shelby, in discussion with the author, September 12, 2006.
16. Norman Baxter, “Reagan's Texas,” Houston Chronicle, April 25, 1980.
17. James P. Sterba, “Democratic Vote Propels Reagan to Texas Sweep,” New York Times, May 3, 1976, 1.
18. Confidential interview with the author.
19. “Planes Collide; Carter Calls Off U. S. Mission,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 25, 1980, 1A; Associated Press, April 26, 1980; Lise Stone, “Sikorsky Officials Won't Discuss Helicopter's Failure,” Associated Press, April 29, 1980.
20. Bruce Langdon, in discussion with the author.
21. Peter Goldman, Eleanor Clift, Thomas M. DeFrank, Fred Coleman, and John J. Lindsay, “Another Rescue Mission,” Newsweek, May 12, 1980, 26.
22. Bruce Langdon, in discussion with the author.
23. Associated Press, “Poll Backs Action Taken in Iran,” Washington Star, April 26, 1980, A7; Jack W. Germond, “Political Damage to Carter Is Immediate and Obvious,” Washington Star, April 26, 1980, A3.
24. William Branigin, “Pledge to Return Corpses in Doubt,” Washington Post, April 28, 1980, A1.
25. Alan Ehrenhalt and Phil Gailey, “Carter Met Raid Team Secretly; Sets Press Conference for 9 P.M.,” Washington Star, April 29, 1980, A1.
26. Goldman et al., “Another Rescue Mission.”
27. Lou Cannon, “Reagan: Action to Rescue Hostages ‘Long Overdue,’” Washington Post, May 1, 1980, A3.
28. Doulas E. Kneeland, “Reagan Says Carter Acted Too Late with Iran Mission,” New York Times, May 1, 1980, B10.
29. Richard Burt, “Many Questions, Few Answers on Iran Mission,” New York Times, May 11, 1980, E3.
30. George F. Will, “Just What You'd Expect from This Administration,” Washington Post, May 1, 1980, A19.
31. U. S. News & World Report, May 5, 1980, 13.
32. Goldman et al., “Another Rescue Mission.”
33. Larry Daughtrey, “Mondale, Bush, Reagan Poised for State Push,” Nashville Tennessean, April 28, 1980, 1.
34. Larry Daughtrey, “Reagan Mum on Baker, Backs TVA,” Nashville Tennessean, May 2, 1980, 1.
35. Robert Sherborne, “Reagan Disdain Offends Backers,” Nashville Tennessean, May 2, 1980, 6.
36. Ronald J. Ostrow, “GOP's Anderson to Run for President as an Independent,” Los Angeles Times, April 25, 1980, B1.
37. David M. Alpern, Tony Fuller, Richard Manning, James Doyle, Susan Agrest, and Martin Kasindorf, “Campaign '80: The Third Man,” Newsweek, May 5, 1980, 46.
38. Ibid.
39. United Press International, “Cronkite Won't Enter Politics,” News and Observer (NC), April 30, 5.
40. Steven V. Roberts, “As Prices Rise, Carter's Rating in Poll Declines,” New York Times, April 28, 1980, D10.
41. Donald M. Rothberg, “Kennedy Bolstered by Twin Victories in Industrial States,” Associated Press, April 27, 1980.
42. Ibid.
43. Cragg Hines, “Bush Admits He's an Underdog, Vows to ‘Fight My Heart Out,’” Houston Chronicle, April 29, 1980, 8.
44. Joanne Herring, in discussion with the author.
45. Norman Baxter and Cragg Hines, “Bush, Reagan Find Lots of Commons Ground in Forum,” Houston Chronicle, April 24, 1980, 1.
46. Dave McNeely, “Reagan's Call for Strong America Pleases Supporters,” Austin (TX) American-Statesman, April 25, 1980, A1.
47. Lou Cannon, “Reagan Discounts Bush, Says Nomination Near,” Washington Post, April 23, 1980, A12.
48. Norman Baxter, “Clements Visits with Reagan, but Stays Neutral,” Houston Chronicle, April 25, 12.
49. Jim Baker, “He Still Draws 'Em,” Austin (TX) American-Statesman, April 25, 1980, A14.
50. Dan Balz, “Reagan Is Winner in Texas Race,” Washington Post, May 4, 1980, A1.
51. Larry Jolidon, “Bush Is Biggest Buyer,” Austin (TX) American-Statesman, April 25, 1980, B9.
52. Dick Stanley, “Bush Magnetic, but Less Effective before GOP Faithful,” Austin (TX) American-Statesman, April 30, 1980, B7.
53. Dennis A. Williams, Henry W. Hubbard, Jeff B. Copeland, Stryker McGuire, and Jerry Buckley, “Congress: GOP Fall Offensive,” Newsweek, April 21, 1980, 42.
54. Ibid.
55. Dick Stanley and Dave McNeely, “GOP Foes Bypassing Unity Vow,” Austin (TX) American-Statesman, May 2, 1980, B10; Dick Stanley, “Bush Chides Carter for Selecting ‘Soft-Liner’ Muskie,” Austin (TX) American-Statesman, May 1, 1980, B9.
56. Stanley and McNeely, “GOP Foes Bypassing Unity Vow.”
57. Lou Cannon, Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2003), 472.
58. Stanley and McNeely, “GOP Foes Bypassing Unity Vow.”
59. Ernie Angelo, in discussion with the author.
60. Adam Clymer, “It's Bush vs. Reagan, Reagan vs. Complacency in Texas,” New York Times, May 2, 1980, B6.
61. Associated Press, “Reagan, in Texas, Assails Bush Campaign Statements,” New York Times, May 3, 1980, 9.
62. Lou Cannon, Reagan (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1982), 263.
63. Dan Balz and Lou Cannon, “GOP Shootout in Texas: Survival or Quick Kill?” Washington Post, May 2, 1980, A3.
64. Associated Press, “Reagan Shows Impatience with Bush,” Indianapolis Star, May 3, 1980, 7.
65. Balz and Cannon, “GOP Shootout in Texas: Survival or Quick Kill?”
66. Adam Clymer, “Reagan Heads for Narrow Victory Over Bush in Texas Primary Vote; Carter Wins the Balloting While Kennedy Hopes for Share in Caucuses,” New York Times, May 4, 1980, 1.
67. Walter R. Mears, “Bush, Kennedy Taunts May Soon Be Moot,” Associated Press, May 5, 1980.
68. David McNeely and Andrew Mollison, “Mix-Up Gives Bush 3 Delegates,” Austin (TX) American-States-man, May 6, 1980, A1.
69. “GOP Officials in Texas Back Reagan in Survey,” Houston Chronicle, May 1, 1980, 12.
70. Walter R. Mears, Associated Press, “Reagan Has Razor-Thin Texas Lead,” News and Observer (NC), May 4, 1980, 1.
71. Norman Baxter, “Texans Rebuff Kennedy, but Keep Bush GOP Hopes Alive,” Houston Chronicle, May 4, 1980, 10.
72. McNeely and Mollison, “Mix-Up Gives Bush 3 Delegates.”
73. Dave McNeely, “Bush Buoyed by Texas Showing,” Austin (TX) American-Statesman, May 5, 1980, A1.
74. Walter R. Mears, Associated Press, “Reagan Has Razor-Thin Texas Lead,” News and Observer (NC), May 4, 1980, 1.
75. McNeely, “Bush Buoyed by Texas Showing.”
76. Kenny Klinge, in discussion with the author, July 12, 2006.
77. Lou Cannon, “Reagan Aides Fear Bush May Reopen Old Wounds,” Washington Post, May 3, 1980, A4.
78. McNeely and Mollison, “Mix-Up Gives Bush 3 Delegates.”
79. Sam Kinch Jr., “Clements Follows Cue, Endorses Reagan,” Dallas Morning News, May 6, 1980, 14A.
80. “Reagan Arrives Here for 2-Day Campaign,” Indianapolis Star, May 4, 1980, A1.
81. Ernest B. Furgurson, “Mondale's Mission,” Baltimore Sun, May 4, 1980, K5.
82. “President Plans to Resume Campaigning Although Situation in Iran Is Unresolved,” Wall Street Journal, May 1, 1980, 10.
83. Caroline Rand Herron, Michael Wright, and Daniel Lewis, “The Nation,” New York Times, May 4, 1980, E4; Goldman et al., “Another Rescue Mission.”
84. Angus Deming, Elaine Sciolino, and Christopher Ma, “A Hostage Returns,” Newsweek, July 28, 1980, 45.
85. “President Plans to Resume Campaigning.”
86. Herron, Wright, and Lewis, “The Nation.”
CHAPTER 18: WINNING IS GOOD
1. “Mayors Endorse Reagan,” Indianapolis Star, May 3, 1980, 7.
2. Hedrick Smith, “Carter and Reagan Expected to Widen Delegate Leads in Today's 4 Primaries,” New York Times, May 6, 1980, D18.
3. “Mayors Endorse Reagan.”
4. Memorandum, unsigned, May 3, 1980, Colin Clark Archives Collection.
5. Edwin Meese, in discussion with the author, May 6, 2006.
6. Eleanor Randolph, “Reagan Quietly Planning July Convention Roles,” Los Angeles Times, May 9, 1980, B24.
7. Associated Press, “Ford Gets Republican Convention Role in Unity Bid,” New York Times, May 9, 1980, A23.
8. Associated Press, “Brock Says Survey Shows Gain in Republican Voters,” New York Times, May 10, 1980, 9.
9. Hedrick Smith, “Reagan and Carter Gearing Up and Winding Down,” New York Times, May 19, 1980, B12.
10. Edward Wills Jr., “Reagan Sees Senate in GOP Hands Soon,” Indianapolis Star, May 5, 1980, 1.
11. “Campaign Notebook,” Detroit News, May 15, 1980, 18A.
12. Susan Headden, “Reagan a Go-Getter as Young Man, Recalls Park,” Indianapolis Star, May 5, 1980, 25.
13. Richard Wirthlin, “Reagan for President Campaign Plan,” June 29, 1980, Richard Wirthlin Archives Collection.
14. Craig Shirley, Reagan's Revolution: The Untold Story of the Campaign That Started It All (Nashville, TN: Nelson Current, 2005), 84.
15. Ibid., 236, 239.
16. Stuart Spencer, in discussion with the author, September 28, 2006.
17. Karen Spencer, in discussion with the author, December 20, 2006.
18. Stuart Spencer, in discussion with the author, September 28, 2006.
19. Albert R. Hunt, “Eyes of Reagan Are upon Texas but Gaze Is Turning More Frequently to Autumn,” Wall Street Journal, May 2, 1980, 12.
20. Susan Ritchie, “Detroit—1980 GOP,” Detroit News, May 13, 1980, 4A.
21. Adam Clymer, “Chief of Democrats Declares Race Over,” New York Times, May 3, 1980, 10.
22. “Gallup Finds Public Backs Carter Over Reagan on Avoiding a War,” New York Times, May 4, 1980, 24.
23. Howell Raines, “Newcomers to South and West Reinforcing Reagan's Strength,” New York Times, May 3, 1980, 1.
24. “Texas Primary: The State,” New York Times, May 3, 1980, 9.
25. Wirthlin, “Reagan for President Campaign Plan.”
26. Mike Long, in discussion with the author, April 19, 2007.
27. William Safire, “Reagan in New York,” New York Times, May 8, 1980, A35.
28. Ibid.
29. Raines, “Newcomers to South and West.”
30. Howell Raines, “Reporter's Notebook: Reagan's Style,” New York Times, May 4, 1980, 24.
31. Ibid.
32. Harry Bernstein, “Labor's Fear of Reagan Bars Support of Kennedy,” Los Angeles Times, May 2, 1980, B1.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. James M. Perry, “Carter, Reagan Take 3 State Primaries; Kennedy, Bush Win District of Columbia,” Wall Street Journal, May 7, 1980, 6.
36. “Voting Results in 4 Primaries,” New York Times, May 7, 1980, 7.
37. Perry, “Carter, Reagan Take 3 State Primaries.”
38. Associated Press, “Carter Victories Virtually Eliminate Kennedy as Challenger, Powell Says,” Indianap
olis Star, May 7, 1980, 8.
39. Timothy D. Schellhardt, “Carter's Post–Rose Garden Strategy,” Wall Street Journal, May 8, 1980, 26.
40. Terence Smith, “Confident Carter Aides Shifting Focus to General Election,” New York Times, May 7, 1980, B9.
41. What's News, Wall Street Journal, May 8, 1980, 1.
42. Hedrick Smith, “Carter and Reagan Expected to Widen Delegate Leads in Today's 4 Primaries,” New York Times, May 6, 1980, D18.
43. Lou Cannon, David S. Broder, and Maralee Schwartz, “Reagan Campaign Looks to Running Mate,” Washington Post, May 13, 1980, A4.
44. United Press International, “Udall Reportedly Bars No. 2 Spot with Anderson,” New York Times, May 9, 1980, A22.
45. Associated Press, “Udall Discloses He Suffers from Parkinson's Disease,” New York Times, October 18, 1980, 8.
46. Richard J. Meislin, “Carey, Saying Nation Is ‘In Trouble,’ Calls for Open Convention,” New York Times, May 6, 1980, A1.
47. Ibid.
48. Maurice Carroll, “Carey Renews Call to Democrats for ‘Open’ National Convention,” New York Times, May 9, 1980, A22.
49. David S. Broder, “Carter's Cabinet Power,” Washington Post, May 4, 1980, C7.
50. Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, “The Mondale Alternative,” Washington Post, May 2, 1980, A17.
51. Adam Clymer, “Disquiet Among Democrats,” New York Times, May 8, 1980, B11.
52. Adam Clymer, “Democrats Divided in Colorado Voting,” New York Times, May 7, 1980, B8.
53. Ibid.
54. Associated Press, “Wyoming and Virginia Give Support to Reagan,” New York Times, May 11, 1980, 21.
55. William Endicott, “Reagan Selling a Return to the ‘Good Old Days,’” Los Angeles Times, May 6, 1980, B1.
56. Jackson Diehl and Felicity Barringer, “Voters Express Disenchantment,” Washington Post, May 14, 1980, A1.
57. Associated Press, “New Poll Finds Reagan Leading,” Washington Post, May 15, 1980, A4.
58. Bill Peterson, “Reagan Is Finally Picking Up Support in the Boardrooms,” Washington Post, May 16, 1980, A2.
CHAPTER 19: SIX MEN OUT
1. R. W. Apple Jr., “Europe Looks Askance at Choice for U. S. President,” New York Times, June 6, 1980, A13.
2. William Safire, “Ronnie Le Cowboy,” New York Times, June 16, 1980, A23.
3. David S. Broder, “Columbus Cool to Campaigners Carter, Reagan,” Washington Post, May 30, 1980, A1.
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