Adsta, Viator, et dole regum vices.
Cor Regis isto conditur sub marmore,
Qui jura Gallis, jura Sarmatis dedit;
Tectus Cucullo hunc sustulit Sicarius.
Abi, Viator, et dole regum vices.10
In the Monkish Ages, however ignorant and unpolished, the EPITAPHS were drawn up with far greater Propriety than can be shown in those, which more enlightened Times have produced.
Orate pro Anima—miserrimi Peccatoris11
was an Address to the last Degree striking and solemn, as it flowed naturally from the Religion then believed, and awakened in the Reader Sentiments of Benevolence for the Deceased, and of Concern for his own Happiness. There was Nothing trifling or ludicrous, Nothing that did not tend to the noblest End, the Propagation of Piety and the Increase of Devotion.
It may seem very superfluous to lay it down as the first Rule for writing EPITAPHS, that the Name of the Deceased is not to be omitted; nor should I have thought such a Precept necessary, had not the Practice of the greatest Writers shewn, that it has not been sufficiently regarded. In most of the Poetical EPITAPHS, the Names for whom they were composed may be sought to no Purpose, being only prefixed on the Monument. To expose ye Absurdity of this Omission, it is only necessary to ask how the EPITAPHS, which have outlived the Stones on which they were inscribed, would have contributed to the Information of Posterity, had they wanted the Names of those whom they celebrated.
In drawing the Character of the Deceased, there are no Rules to be observ’d which do not equally relate to other Compositions. The Praise ought not to be general, because the Mind is lost in the Extent of any indefinite Idea, and cannot be affected with what it cannot comprehend.12 When we hear only of a good or great Man, we know not in what Class to place him, nor have any Notion of his Character, distinct from that of a thousand others; his Example can have no Effect upon our Conduct, as we have nothing remarkable or eminent to propose to our Imitation. The EPITAPH composed by Ennius for his own Tomb, has both the Faults last mentioned,
Nemo me decoret lacrumis, nec funera, fletu
Faxit. Cur?—volito vivu’ per ora virum.13
The Reader of this EPITAPH receives scarce any Idea from it; he neither conceives any Veneration for the Man to whom it belongs, nor is instructed by what Methods this boasted Reputation is to be obtained.
Tho’ a sepulchral Inscription is professedly a Panegyric, and, therefore, not confined to historical Impartiality, yet it ought always to be written with regard to Truth. No Man ought to be commended for Virtues which he never possessed, but whoever is curious to know his Faults must enquire after them in other Places; the Monuments of the Dead are not intended to perpetuate the Memory of Crimes, but to exhibit Patterns of Virtue. On the Tomb of Mæcenas, his Luxury is not to be mentioned with his Munificence, nor is the Proscription to find a Place on the Monument of Augustus.14
The best Subject for EPITAPHS is private Virtue; Virtue exerted in the same Circumstances in which the Bulk of Mankind are placed, and which, therefore, may admit of many Imitators. He that has delivered his Country from Oppression, or freed the World from Ignorance and Error, can excite the Emulation of a very small Number; but he that has repelled the Temptations of Poverty, and disdained to free himself from Distress at the Expence of his Virtue, may animate Multitudes, by his Example, to the same Firmness of Heart and Steadiness of Resolution.
Of this Kind I cannot forbear the Mention of two Greek Inscriptions;15 one upon a Man whose Writings are well known, the other upon a Person whose Memory is preserved only in her EPITAPH, who both lived in Slavery, the most calamitous Estate in human Life.
Zosima, quæ solo fuit olim Corpore Serva,
Corpore nunc etiam libera facta fuit.
Zosima, who in her Life could only have her Body enslaved,
now finds her Body likewise set at Liberty.
It is impossible to read this EPITAPH without being animated to bear the Evils of Life with Constancy, and to support the Dignity of Human Nature under the most pressing Afflictions, both by the Example of the Heroine, whose Grave we behold, and the Prospect of that State in which, to use the Language of the inspired Writers, The Poor cease from their Labours, and the Weary be at rest.
The other is upon Epictetus, the Stoic Philosopher.16
Servus Epictetus, mutilatus corpore, vixi
Pauperieque Irus, Curaque prima Deum.
Epictetus, who lies here, was a Slave and a Cripple, poor as the Begger in the Proverb, and the Favourite of Heaven.
In this Distich is comprised the noblest Panegyric, and the most important Instruction. We may learn from it that Virtue is impracticable in no Condition, since Epictetus could recommend himself to the Regard of Heaven, amidst the Temptations of Poverty and Slavery; Slavery, which has always been found so destructive to Virtue that in many Languages a Slave and a Thief are expressed by the same Word. And we may be likewise admonished by it, not to lay any Stress on a Man’s outward Circumstances in making an Estimate of his real value, since Epictetus the Begger, the Cripple, and the Slave, was the Favourite of Heaven.
‘Introduction’ to the Harleian Miscellany.1
Though the Scheme of the following Miscellany is so obvious, that the Title alone is sufficient to explain it; and though several Collections have been formerly attempted upon Plans, as to the Method, very little, but, as to the Capacity and Execution, very different from Ours; we, being possessed of the greatest Variety for such a Work, hope for a more general Reception than those confined Schemes had the Fortune to meet with; and, therefore, think it not wholly unnecessary to explain our Intentions, to display the Treasure of Materials, out of which this Miscellany is to be compiled, and to exhibit a general Idea of the Pieces which we intend to insert in it.
There is, perhaps, no Nation, in which it is so necessary, as in our own, to assemble, from Time to Time, the small Tracts and fugitive Pieces, which are occasionally published: For, besides the general Subjects of Enquiry which are cultivated by us, in common with every other learned Nation, our Constitution in Church and State naturally gives Birth to a Multitude of Performances, which would either not have been written, or could not have been made publick in any other Place.
The Form of our Government, which gives every Man, that has Leisure, or Curiosity, or Vanity the Right of enquiring into the Propriety of publick Measures, and, by consequence, obliges those, who are intrusted with the Administration of National Affairs, to give an Account of their Conduct, to almost every Man, who demands it, may be reasonably imagined to have occasioned innumerable Pamphlets, which would never have appeared under arbitrary Governments, where every Man lulls himself in Indolence under Calamities, of which he cannot promote the Redress, or thinks it prudent to conceal the Uneasiness of which he cannot complain without Danger.
The Multiplicity of Religious Sects tolerated among us, of which every one has found Opponents and Vindicators, is another Source of unexhaustible Publication, almost peculiar to ourselves; for, Controversies cannot be long continued, nor frequently revived, where an Inquisitor has a Right to shut up the Disputants in Dungeons, or where Silence can be imposed on either Party, by the Refusal of a License.
Not that it should be inferred from hence, that Political or Religious Controversies are the only Products of the Liberty of the British Press; the Mind once let loose to Enquiry, and suffered to operate without Restraint, necessarily deviates into peculiar Opinions, and wanders in new Tracks, where she is indeed sometimes lost in a Labyrinth, from which, tho’ she cannot return, and scarce knows how to proceed; yet, sometimes, makes useful Discoveries, or finds out nearer Paths to Knowledge.
The boundless Liberty, with which every Man may write his own Thoughts, and the Opportunity of conveying new Sentiments to the Publick, without Danger of suffering either Ridicule or Censure, which every Man may enjoy, whose Vanity does not incite him too hastily to own his Performances, naturally invites those, who employ themselves in Speculation, to try how
their Notions will be received by a Nation, which exempts Caution from Fear, and Modesty from Shame; and it is no Wonder, that where Reputation may be gained, but needs not be lost, Multitudes are willing to try their Fortune, and thrust their Opinions into the Light, sometimes with unsuccessful Haste, and sometimes with happy Temerity.
It is observed, that, among the Natives of England, is to be found a greater Variety of Humour, than in any other Country; and, doubtless, where every Man has a full Liberty to propagate his Conceptions, Variety of Humour must produce Variety of Writers; and, where the Number of Authors is so great, there cannot but be some worthy of Distinction.
All these and many other Causes, too tedious to be enumerated, have contributed to make Pamphlets and small Tracts a very important Part of an English Library; nor are there any Pieces, upon which those, who aspire to the Reputation of judicious Collectors of Books, bestow more Attention, or greater Expence; because many Advantages may be expected from the Perusal of these small Productions, which are scarcely to be found in that of larger Works.
If we regard History, it is well known, that most Political Treatises have for a long Time appeared in this Form, and that the first Relations of Transactions, while they are yet the Subject of Conversation, divide the Opinions, and employ the Conjectures of Mankind, are delivered by these petty Writers, who have Opportunities of collecting the different Sentiments of Disputants, of inquiring the Truth from living Witnesses, and of copying their Representations from the Life; and, therefore, they preserve a Multitude of particular Incidents, which are forgotten in a short Time, or omitted in formal Relations, and which are yet to be considered as Sparks of Truth, which, when united, may afford Light in some of the darkest Scenes of State, as, we doubt not, will be sufficiently proved in the Course of this Miscellany; and which it is, therefore, the Interest of the Publick to preserve unextinguished.
The same Observation may be extended to Subjects of yet more Importance. In Controversies that relate to the Truths of Religion, the first Essays of Reformation are generally timorous; and those, who have Opinions to offer, which they expect to be opposed, produce their Sentiments, by Degrees, and, for the most Part in small Tracts: By Degrees, that they may not shock their Readers with too many Novelties at once; and in small Tracts, that they may be easily dispersed, or privately printed; Almost every Controversy, therefore, has been, for a Time, carried on in Pamphlets, nor has swelled into larger Volumes, till the first Ardor of the Disputants has subsided, and they have recollected their Notions with Coolness enough to digest them into Order, consolidate them into Systems, and fortify them with Authorities.
From Pamphlets, consequently, are to be learned the Progress of every Debate; the various State, to which the Questions have been changed; the Artifices and Fallacies, which have been used; and the Subterfuges, by which Reason has been eluded: In such Writings may be seen how the Mind has been opened by Degrees, how one Truth has led to another, how Error has been disentangled, and Hints improved to Demonstration. Which Pleasure, and many others are lost by him, that only reads the larger Writers by whom these scattered Sentiments are collected, who will see none of the Changes of Fortune, which every Opinion has passed through, will have no Opportunity of remarking the transient Advantages, which Error may sometimes obtain, by the Artifices of its Patron, or the successful Rallies, by which Truth regains the Day, after a Repulse; but will be to him, who traces the Dispute through, into particular Gradations, as he that hears of a Victory, to him that sees the Battle.
Since the Advantages of preserving these small Tracts are so numerous; our Attempt to unite them in Volumes cannot be thought either useless or unseasonable; for there is no other Method of securing them from Accidents; and they have already been so long neglected, that this Design cannot be delayed, without hazarding the Loss of many Pieces, which deserve to be transmitted to another Age.
The Practice of publishing Pamphlets, on the most important Subjects, has now prevailed more than two Centuries among us; and, therefore, it cannot be doubted, but that, as no large Collections have been yet made, many curious Tracts must have perished; but it is too late to lament that Loss; nor ought we to reflect upon it, with any other View, than that of quickening our Endeavours, for the Preservation of those that yet remain, of which we have now a greater Number, than was, perhaps, ever amassed by any one Person.
The first Appearance of Pamphlets among us is generally thought to be at the new Opposition raised against the Errors and Corruptions of the Church of Rome. Those, who were first convinced of the Reasonableness of the New Learning, as it was then called, propagated their Opinions in small Pieces, which were cheaply printed and, what was then of great Importance, easily concealed. These Treatises were generally printed in foreign Countries, and are not, therefore, always very correct. There was not then that Opportunity of Printing in private, for, the Number of Printers was small, and the Presses were easily overlooked by the Clergy, who spared no Labour or Vigilance for the Suppression of Heresy. There is, however, Reason to suspect, that some Attempts were made to carry on the Propagation of Truth by a secret Press; for one of the first Treatises, in Favour of the Reformation, is said, at the End, to be printed at Greenwich, by the Permission of the Lord of Hosts.
In the Time of King Edward the Sixth, the Presses were employed in Favour of the Reformed Religion, and small Tracts were dispersed over the Nation, to reconcile them to the new Forms of Worship. In this Reign, likewise, Political Pamphlets may be said to have been begun, by the Address of the Rebels of Devonshire; all which Means of propagating the Sentiments of the People so disturbed the Court, that no sooner was Queen Mary resolved to reduce her Subjects to the Romish Superstition, but she artfully, by a Charter* granted to certain Freemen of London, in whose Fidelity, no doubt, she confided, intirely prohibited all Presses, but what should be licensed by them; which Charter is that by which the Corporation of Stationers, in London, is at this time incorporated.
Under the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, when Liberty again began to flourish, the Practice of writing Pamphlets became more general; Presses were multiplied, and Books more dispersed; and, I believe, it may properly be said that the Trade of Writing began at this Time, and that it has ever since gradually increased in the Number, though, perhaps, not in the Stile of those that followed it.
In this Reign, was erected the first secret Press against the Church as now Established, of which I have found any certain Account. It was employed by the Puritans, and conveighed from one Part of the Nation to another, by them, as they found themselves in Danger of Discovery. From this Press issued most of the Pamphlets against Whitgift, and his Associates, in the Ecclesiastical Government; and, when it was at last seized at Manchester, it was employed upon a Pamphlet, called MORE WORK FOR A COOPER.2
In the peaceable Reign of King James, those Minds, which might, perhaps, with less Disturbance of the World, have been engrossed by War, were employed in Controversy; and Writings of all Kinds were multiplied among us. The Press, however, was not wholly engaged in Polemical Performances, for more innocent Subjects were sometimes treated; and it deserves to be remarked, because it is not generally known, that the Treatises of Husbandry and Agriculture, which were published about that Time, are so numerous, that it can scarcely be imagined by whom they were written, or to whom they were sold.
The next Reign is too well known to have been a Time of Confusion, and Disturbance, and Disputes of every Kind; and the Writings, which were produced, bear a natural Proportion to the Number of the Questions that were discussed at that Time; each Party had its Authors, and its Presses, and no Endeavours were omitted to gain Proselytes to every Opinion. I know not whether this may not properly be called, The Age of Pamphlets; for, though they, perhaps, may not arise to such Multitudes as Mr. Rawlinson3 imagined, they were, undoubtedly, more numerous than can be conceived by any who have not had an Opportunity of examining them.
After the Restoration, the same Differences, in Religious Opinions, ar
e well known to have subsisted, and the same Political Struggles to have been frequently renewed; and, therefore, a great Number of Pens were employed, on different Occasions, till, at length, all other Disputes were absorbed in the Popish Controversy.
From the Pamphlets which these different Periods of Time produced, it is proposed, that this Miscellany shall be compiled; for which it cannot be supposed that Materials will be wanting, and, therefore, the only Difficulty will be in what Manner to dispose them.
Those who have gone before us, in Undertakings of this Kind, have ranged the Pamphlets, which Chance threw into their Hands, without any Regard either to the Subject on which they treated, or the Time in which they were written; a Practice, in no wise, to be imitated by us, who want for no Materials; of which we shall chuse those we think best for the particular Circumstances of Times and Things, and most instructing and entertaining to the Reader.
Of the different Methods which present themselves, upon the first View of the great Heaps of Pamphlets, which the Harleian Library exhibits, the two which merit most Attention, are to distribute the Treatises according to their Subjects or their Dates; but neither of these Ways can be conveniently followed. By ranging our Collection in Order of Time, we must necessarily publish those Pieces first, which least engage the Curiosity of the Bulk of Mankind, and our Design must fall to the Ground for Want of Encouragement, before it can be so far advanced to obtain general Regard. By confining ourselves for any long Time to any single Subject, we shall reduce our Readers to one Class, and, as we shall lose all the Grace of Variety, shall disgust all those who read chiefly to be diverted. There is likewise one Objection of equal Force, against both these Methods, that we shall preclude ourselves from the Advantage of any future Discoveries, and we cannot hope to assemble at once all the Pamphlets which have been written in any Age, or on any Subject.
Selected Essays (Penguin Classics) Page 61