by Will Durant
21. Salzman, English Industries, 232; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 467.
22. Lecky, Rationalism, II, 126; Ashley, II, 316; Trevelyan, Social Hy, 112.
23. Traill, III, 128.
24. D’Alton, E. A., Hy of Ireland, II, 382-7; Joyce, Short Hy of Ireland, 317-20.
25. D’Alton, 530 f.; Froude, Henry VIII, III, 166.
26. Pollard, 438.
27. Froude, III, 280.
28. Pocock in English Historical Review, Vol. X, p. 421.
29. Froude, III, 280.
30. Id., II, 363.
31. III, 23-4; Pollard, 390-1.
32. Lingard, V, 73-4; Pollard, 400; Froude, III, 104.
33. Froude, Edward VI, 68.
34. Ashley, II, 351.
35. Froude, Edward VI, 69.
36. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 525; II, 137; Traill, III, 250; Marx, Capital, I, 806.
37. Trevelyan, Social Hy, 137,
38. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 16n.
39. Rogers, J., Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 78.
40. Hughes, I, 29.
41. Traill, III, 127.
42. Hughes, I, 159.
43. Lingard, V, 61.
44. Pollard, 403.
45. Lingard, V, 76.
46. Lees-Milne, Tudor Renaissance, 21.
47. Froude, Henry VIII, III, 281-2,
48. Ibid., 402-6.
49. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 459; Traill, iii, 65.
50. In Coulton, Medieval Village, who disagrees. Cf. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 43.
51. Rogers, 79 f.
CHAPTER XXVI
1. Stow’s Chronicle, in Froude, Edward VI, 21.
2. Ibid., 34.
3. Hughes, II, 162; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 490-1.
4. Rogers, 89.
5. Froude, Edward, 165.
6. Ibid., 183; Prescott, Mary Tudor, 25.
7. Hughes, II, 192-3.
8. Robertson, Freethought, I, 459.
9. Froude, Edward, 98-101-
10. Ibid., 163.
11. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 502,
12. Froude, Edward, 156.
13. Ibid., 278,
14. Ibid,
15. 163.
16. 176; Lingard, V, 22S,
17. Froude, 176.
18. Ibid., 209.
19. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 301.
20. Froude, 226.
21. Cf. Prescott, Mary Tudor, 17.
22. En. Brit., XIV, 1001.
23. Chapuys in Prescott, 50, 54.
24. Ibid.
25. En. Brit., XIV, 1000b.
26. Prescott, 122.
27. Ibid., 209.
28. Pastor, XIV, 399.
29. Froude, Mary Tudor, 44.
30. Prescott, 191-2.
31. Ibid., 194.
32. 196.
33. Froude, Mary Tudor, 66.
34. Hughes, I, 18.
35. Froude, 56.
36. Ibid., 50.
37. 56.
38. Prescott, 285.
39. Ibid., 247.
40. 266.
41. 284.
42. 315.
43. Froude, 325.
44. Prescott, 325.
45. Lingard, V, 230.
46. Prescott, 206.
47. Ibid., 302.
48. 304.
49. Pastor, XIV, 360.
50. Froude, 119.
51. Prescott, 307.
52. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 543.
53. Froude, no.
54. Prescott, 311.
55. Foxe, Acts and Monuments, I, 231 f.; Maitland, S. R., Essays on the Reformation, 409; Smith, Reformation, 586; Lee, Sidney, Dictionary of National Bioggraphy, XX, 146.
56. Hughes, II, 258-9.
57. Froude, Mary Tudor, 199.
58. Lingard, V, 231.
59. Pastor, XIV, 370.
60. Froude, 202.
61. Ibid., 233.
62. Foxe, VIII, 82 3.
63. Ibid., 88.
64. 90.
65. Froude, 235.
66. Beard, Reformation, 182.
67. Hughes, II, 198.
68. Hume, Spain: Its Greatness and Decay, 117.
69. Prescott, 332.
70. Ibid., 381.
71. 390.
CHAPTER XXVII
1. Cf. Buckle, Hy of Civilization, II, ch.ii.
2. Ibid., I, 150; Belloc, How the Reformation Happened, 188.
3. Ibid., 189.
4. Lang, Hy of Scotland, I, 425.
5. Froude, Elizabeth, I, 73.
6. Knox, Hy of the Reformation, Introd, by W. C. Dickinson, xvii.
7. Lang, I, 300.
8. Ibid., 476.
9. Froude, Henry VIII, III, 298.
10. Ibid., 295, 300.
11. Knox, History, I, 76.
12. Ibid., 78.
13. 8.
14. 55.
15. Lang, I, 484.
16. Knox, I, 84-5.
17. Muir, Knox, 119.
18. Ibid., 133.
19. 120.
20. 202.
21. Froude, Elizabeth, I, 257.
22. Allen, Political Thought, no.
23. Knox, History, Introd., lxxiii; Muir, 67.
24. Knox, I, 194 and note 2.
25. Knox, Introd., xlv; cf. Muir, 300.
26. Muir, 157.
27. Lang, II, 37.
28. Knox, II, 18.
29. Ibid., 4.
30. I, 6.
31. Knox, Introd., xli.
32. Ibid., xxxix.
33. Knox, Works, IV, 365, 373-7.
34. Ibid., 418-20.
35. Knox, Book of Discipline, in Allen, Political Thought, 113n.
36. Ibid., 113; Lecky, Rationalism, II, 16.
37. Knox, Introd., xlii, and Allen, 113.
38. In Muir, 142.
39. Ibid., 148-9.
40. Lang, II, 45.
41. Knox, I, 161-2.
42. Ibid.
43. 163.
44. Lang, II, 51-3.
45. Knox, I, 164.
46. Ibid., 171-2.
47. 182; Lang, II, 54-5.
48. Knox, I, 191.
49. Knox, II, Appendix VI.
CHAPTER XXVIII
1. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 602; En. Brit., VII, 210a.
2. Watson, P. B., Swedish Revolution under Gustavus Vasa, 123.
3. Ibid., 162.
4. 169.
5. Horn, Literature of the Scandinavian North, 147.
6. In Lednicki, Life and Culture of Poland, 107.
7. Kesten, Copernicus, 144.
8. Camb. Hy of Poland, I, 322-4.
9. Ibid., 329.
10. Lützow, Bohemia, 206n.
11. Tawney, 75.
12. Blok, II, 331.
13. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 63; Taine, Lectures on Art, 272.
14. Pirenne, H., Belgian Democracy, 218.
15. Motley, J. L., Rise of the Dutch Republic, I, 101.
16. Smith, Reformation, 240.
17. Blok, II, 314.
18. In Kautsky, 283.
19. Smith, 244.
20. Kautsky, 285 f.; Ranke, 75 f.
21. Motley, I, 222-5.
22. Smith, 245.
23. Draper, J. W., Intellectual Development of Europe, II, 226.
24. Smith, 245.
25. Armstrong, Charles V, II, 382-3; Robertson, Charles V, II, 137; Michelet, III, 293.
26. Ibid., 363.
27. 349.
28. Robinson, Readings, 317-9.
29. Altamira, Hy of Spanish Civilization, 135.
30. Hume, Spanish People, 222-3.
31. Vernadsky, G., Kievan Russia, 243,
32. Wilkins, Spanish Protestantism in the 16th Century, 19.
33. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, IV, 8-12.
34. Wilkins, 26; Camb. Mod. Hy, 1,403.
35. Lea, IV, 431-8.
36. Ibid., 441.
37. Prescott, W. H. in Robertson, Charles V, II, 648.
CHAPTER XXIX
1. Waliszewski, Ivan the Terrible, 95.
; 2. Rambaud, Hy of Russia, I, 286.
3. Waliszewski, Ivan, 68.
4. Eckhardt, Russia, 29.
5. Réau, L’art russe, I, 244.
6. Kluchevsky, Hy of Russia, I, 275.
7. Pokrovsky, Hy of Russia, 104.
8. Vernadsky, Hy of Russia, 55.
9. Rambaud, I, 253.
10. Kluchevsky, I, 75, 95.
11. Pokrovsky, 144.
12. Rambaud, I, 266; Waliszewski, Ivan, 267.
13. Ibid., 268, 272.
14. Pokrovsky, 157.
15. Waliszewski, 258.
16. Rambaud, I, 300.
17. Réau, I, 272.
18. Waliszewski, 374.
19. Roeder, Catherine de’ Medici, 495.
20. Waliszewski, 381.
CHAPTER XXX
1. Browne, E. G., Literary Hy of Persia, III, 43.
2. Lamb, H., Tamerlane, 293.
3. Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane, 153.
4. Bulletin of the American Institute for Iranian Art, June, 1938, 248-52.
5. Arnold, T. W., Painting in Islam, 93.
6. Browne, III, 289.
7. Ibid., 277.
8. Hafiz, tr. Streit, 80.
9. In Gottheil, ed., Literature of Persia, I, 408.
10. Hafiz, tr. Streit, stanzas 10,11,19, 21, 49.
11. Bell, G. L., Poems from the Divan of Hafiz, xxiii.
12. Ouseley, G., Biographical Notices of Persian Poets, 23 f.
13. In Grousset, R., Civilizations of the East, I, 338-9.
14. Hafiz, tr. Streit, 65.
15. Ibid., stanza 38.
16. Bell, stanza xliii.
17. Clavijo, 181.
18. Ibid., 137.
19. Browne, III, 185. Some assign Timur’s lameness to a later period; so Clavijo, 210, and Sykes, P., History of Persia, II, 121.
20. Timur, Mulfuzat, v. 26.
21. Browne, III, 186.
22. Ibid., 178; Lamb, 150.
23. Browne, III, 189.
24. Ibid., 190.
25. Clavijo, 132.
26. Ibid., 151, 278.
27. Ibid., 249.
28. Pope, A. U., Masterpieces of Persian Art; 149.
29. Dawlatshah in Browne, III, 501,
30. Ibn Khaldun, Les Prolegomena, I, p. lxxii.
31. Lane-Poole, S., Cairo, 50.
32. Gibbons, H. A., Foundation of the Ottoman Empire, 150.
33. Froissart, J., Chronicles, iv, 90.
34. Lane-Poole, S., Story of Turkey, 97.
35. Cambridge Modern History, IV, 705.
36. Vambéry, A., Story of Hungary, 282.
37. Gibb, E. J., Ottoman Literature, 3.
38. Ibid., 209 f.
39. Browne, III, 455.
40. Jami, Mulla Nuru’ d-Din, tr. E. Fitzgerald, 69.
41. Pope, Masterpieces, 146.
42. Davis, F. H., Persian Mystics: Jami, 71.
43. Clavijo, 153.
44. Saladin, H., et Migeon, G., Manuel d’art musulmane, I, 357.
45. Cf. Pope, A. U., Survey of Persian Art, IV, 428 f.
46. Ibid., III, 1324.
47. Sykes, II, 155.
48. In Dimand, M. S., Handbook of Muhammadan Art, 42.
49. Arnold, T., and Guillaume, A., Legacy of Islam, 96.
50. Ibn Battuta, M., Travels, tr. H. A. Gibb, 148.
51. Ibid., 57.
52. Sarton, G., Introd. to the History of Science, II-2, 1100.
53. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 340.
54. Ibn Khaldun, Prolegomènes, I, p. xxx.
55. Ibid., lxxiii.
56. Ibid., 4.
57. 71.
58. 12.
59. 67.
60. Boer, T., History of Philosophy in Islam, 203.
61. Ibid., 205.
62. De Vaux, C., Les penseurs de l’Islam, I, 288.
63. Ibn Khaldun, I, 175.
64. Ibid., 176 f.
65. 17 of.
66. Ibid., Introd., xxxii.
67. Ibid., 95.
68. Introd., xxxii.
69. Ibid., 324.
70. Ibid., III, 44.
71. I, 303.
72. I, 345; III, 300-5.
73. I, 333, 354.
74. III, 227, 233, 240.
75. III, 115-20, 184, 188; I, 218.
76. De Vaux, I, 282.
77. Ibn Khaldun, III, 249; I, 347.
78. III, 456.
79. III, 125.
80. Issawi, C., An Arab Philosophy of History, 21.
81. Toynbee, A., A Study of History, III, 321.
82. Sarton, III-2, 1770.
CHAPTER XXXI
1. Cambridge Mod. Hy, III, 112.
2. Sykes, II, 164; Browne, IV, 21.
3. Browne, IV, 62.
4. Ibid., 51.
5. Hughes, T. P., Dictionary of Islam, 572.
6. Doughty, Chas., Arabia Deserta, I, 59.
7. Sykes, II, 163.
8. Pope, A. U., Introduction to Persian Art, 224.
9. Browne, IV, 93.
10. Sykes, II, 168-9.
11. Dimand, M. S., Guide to an Exhibition of Islamic Miniature Painting, 34.
12. Pope, A. U., Catalogue of a Loan Exhibition of Early Oriental Carpets, 39.
13. Merriman, R. B., Suleiman the Magnificent, 33.
14. Ibid., 190.
15. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 92.
16. Guicciardini, F., History of the Wars in Italy, VIII, 12; Schevill, F., History of the Balkan Peninsula, 217; Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 93.
17. Merriman, 60.
18. Ibid., 61.
19. Bury, J. B., in Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 93.
20. Merriman, 72.
21. Camb. Mod. Hy, 94-5,
22. Ibid., 95.
23. Ranke, L. von, History of the Reformation in Germany, 579.
24. Merriman, 124.
25. Ibid., 141-2.
26. Camb. Mod. Hy, III, 123.
27. Gibbons, Foundation of the Ottoman Empire, 81; Schevill, 240.
28. Schevill, 233.
29. Merriman, 171.
30. Bury in Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 101.
31. Merriman, 202.
32. Ibid., 165.
33. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 101.
34. Creasy, E. S., History of the Ottoman Turks, 113; Merriman, 148.
35. Robertson, Wm., History of the Reign of Charles V, II, 367.
36. Schevill, 238.
37. Creasy, 109.
38. Lane-Poole, S., Saladin, 36.
39. Hitti, P. K., History of the Arabs, 19.
40. Merriman, 203.
41. Gibbons, 74; Creasy, 106.
42. Bacon, Fr., Philosophical Works, ed. Robertson, 749.
43. Creasy, 113.
44. Gibb, Ottoman Literature, 233.
45. Camb. Mod. Hy, VI, 420.
46. Creasy, 108.
47. Ibid., 109.
48. Gibb, 123-8.
49. Luther, To the Christian Nobility, in Works, II, 149.
50. Froude, J. A., The Reign of Henry VIII, II, 184n.
51. Lang, A., History of Scotland, II, 78.
52. Gibb., 218.
53. Merriman, 185-93; Robertson, Charles V. II, 365-73.
CHAPTER XXXII
1. Percy, Thos., Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, II, 116; Jewish Encyc., XII, 462.
2. Marcus, J., The Jew in the Medieval World, 395-7.
3. Graetz, H., History of the Jews, IV, 272.
4. Erasmus, Letter to Capito, March 13, 1518.
5. Graetz, IV, 296-9; Abbott, G. F., Israel in Europe, 198-9.
6. Abbott, 203.
7. Baron, Salo, Social and Religious History of the Jews, II, 58 f.
8. Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, III-I, 57.
9. Graetz, IV, 220.
10. Ibid., 407.
11. Pastor, L., History of the Popes, VIII, 444.
12. Id., X, 372.
13. Roth, C., in Finkelstein, L., ed., The Jews, 239.
14. Waxman, M., History of Jewish Literature,
II, 66.
15. Roth, C., The Jewish Contribution to Civilization, 92.
16. Thompson, J. W., Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages, 30.
17. Newman, L. J., Jewish Influence in Christian Reform Movements, 436-50.
18. Dubnow, S. M., History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, I, 61.
19. Ibid., 85-7.
20. Abrahams, Israel, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, 403.
21. Newman, 483.
22. Ibid., 473.
23. Graetz, IV, 549-51.
24. Finkelstein, 241.
25. Coulton, G. G., Medieval Panorama, 185.
26. Sarton, III-2, 1059.
27. Coulton, G. G., From St. Francis to Dante, no.
28. Janssen, J., History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, II, 73.
29. Roth, Jewish Contribution, 25.
30. Graetz, IV, 286.
31. Ibid., 245.
32. Cf. e.g., Coulton, Life in the Middle Ages, II, 147.
33. Graetz, IV, 253.
34. Ibid., 55-7; Baron, II, 29.
35. Monmarché, M., ed., Châteaux of the Loire, 190.
36. Graetz, IV, 98.
37. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, I, 101; Abbott, 103; Graetz, 103.
38. Ibid., 101.
39. Abrahams, Jewish Life, 331.
40. Marcus, 44.
41. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 657.
42. Baron, II, 29.
43. Lea, Inquisition in the Middle Ages, II, 379.
44. Graetz, 109-10.
45. Thompson, Economic and Social History, 214.
46. Kastein, J., History and Destiny of the Jews, 321.
47. Janssen, II, 78.
48. Ibid., 76.
49. Jew. Encyc., III, 554.
50. Graetz, 302-7.
51. Ibid., 513.
52. Ibid., 515.
53. Ibid., 52071.
54. Ibid., 523.
55. Prescott, W. H., History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, I, 517; Abbott, 191.
56. Burckhardt, J., Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, 488.
57. Sombart, W., The Jews and Modern Capitalism, 17.
58. Finkelstein, 240.
59. Roth, Jewish Contribution, 210.
60. Graetz, 500.
61. Ibid., 515.
62. Ibid., 525-7.
63. Ibid., 567; Pastor, XIV, 271-4.
64. Abbott, 203; Abrahams, Jewish Life, 67.
65. Pastor, XIV, 274.
66. Abbott, 204; Robertson, W., History of the Reign of Charles V, I, 206-7.
67. Pastor, i.e.
68. Graetz, 361-2.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid., 356.
71. Robertson, W., Charles V, I, 207.
72. Burton, R. F., The Jew, the Gypsy, and El Islam, 65.
73. Graetz, III, 511.
74. Durant, W., Age of Faith, 375.
75. Finkelstein, 229.
76. Abrahams, Jewish Life, 160.
77. Abbott, 202.