The Reformation

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The Reformation Page 145

by Will Durant


  Balkh, 633, 698

  Ball, John (d. 1381), 36, 40–41, 42, 45, 47

  Balliol, Edward (1333–57), 604

  Balmes, Abraham de (d. 1524), 741

  Baltic Sea, 144, 178, 299, 629, 656

  Bamberg, Germany, 147, 153, 389, 393

  bank deposits, guaranteed, 198

  banking, 632, 728, 754

  Bannockburn, Scotland, battle (1314), 27, 604

  baptism, 366, 376, 395, 396, 480

  Baptists, 401, 402

  Baqi, Mahmud Abdu’l (1526–1600), 714

  quoted, 714–715

  Barbari, Jacopo de’ (1440?-?1516), 313

  barbarians, 766

  Barbarossa I, Horush (1473?-1518), 696

  Barbarossa II, Khair ed-Din (1466?-1546), 514, 515, 516, 696–698

  Barbarossa, Frederick, see Frederick I

  barber surgeons, 243–244, 869, 874

  Barcelona, Spain, 197, 198, 218, 224

  cathedral, 220–221

  Barcelona, Treaty of (1529), 540

  Barclay, Alexander (1475?-1552), 812*

  Barefoot Friars, 384

  Barnabites, 900

  Barnet, England, 107

  Barquq al-Zahir, Sultan (1390–1412), 677, 690

  Barros, Joāo de (1496–1570), 815

  Barton, Elizabeth (1506?-34), 547, 557

  Basel, Switzerland, 147, 154, 156, 159, 396, 403, 410, 432, 436

  Council, 11, 12, 22, 170, 411, 729, 841, 927, 928, 930

  university, 786

  Basques, 197

  bastardy, 127, 303

  Batalha, Portugal, Santa Maria da Victoria church, 192

  Bath, England, 118

  Bath of Blood, Stockholm, 622, 624

  bathing, 198, 244, 302, 648, 665, 712, 768

  Batt, James (1500), 274

  Battles of the Lord (ben Gerson), 745

  Batu Khan (d. 1255), 647

  Baudricourt, Captain (1429), 82

  Baumgartner, Franz, 297

  Baumgärtner, Hieronymus, (1526), 439

  Bavaria, Germany, 147, 389, 455

  Bayard, Pierre Terrail, Chevalier de (1473?-1524), 94, 205, 506–507, 508

  Bayer, Christian, 443

  Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706’), 50.

  Beaton, David, Cardinal (1494–1546), 603, 605, 606, 607, 608

  Beaton, James, Archbishop (1470?–1539) 607

  Beatrice of Aragon (1476), 188

  Beatriz, Queen of Portugal (1383), 191–192

  Beauchamp, Richard de (1382–1439), 119, 121

  Beaufort, France, 492

  Beaugency, France, 84

  Beaune, France, hospital (1443), 80, 134

  Beauneveû, André (fl. 1360–1403), 80

  Beauvais, France, 91, 99

  Cathedral (1500–48), 96, 822, 829

  Beauval, Firmin de (1344), 238

  Bedford, Duke of, see John of Lancaster

  Begardi, Philip, 852

  beggars, 39, 72, 474, 572, 582

  “Beggars, The Supplication of the,” 543

  Beghards (lay group), 128, 169, 382, 396

  Beguines (lay group), 128

  Behaim, Martin (1459?-?1507), 240

  Beham, Ottilie, 813

  Belem, Portugal, monastery of Santa Maria, 196, 846

  Belgrade, Hungary, 179, 185, 186, 441, 703

  Bellay, Guillaume du (1491–1543), 504, 798

  Bellay, Jean du (1492–1560), 544, 788, 797, 798

  Bellay, Joachim du (1522–60), 501, 808, 809, 815, 826

  Défense et illustration de la langue françoyse, 809

  Belle dame sans merci, La (Chartier), 77

  Belleau, Remy (1528–77), 808

  Bellini, Gentile (1429?-1507), 686, 687, 715

  Bellinzona, Switzerland, 403

  Belloc, Hilaire (1870–1953), 603

  bells, casting, 156

  Belon, Pierre (1517–64), 868

  Bembo, Pietro (1470–1547), 470, 896

  Benedetto da Maiano (1442–97), 188

  Benedict XII, Pope (1334–1342), 151, 730

  Benedict XIII, anti-pope (1394–1423), 9, 10

  Benedict XV, Pope (1914–22), 86

  Benedictines, 20, 236, 329, 899

  benefices, multiple, 19, 501, 545, 899

  Berab, Jakob (1474–1546), 736, 737

  Berbers, 198

  Bergamo, Italy, 161

  Berkeley, Sir Edward, 48

  Berkeley, George (1685–1753), 251

  Berlichingen, Götz von (1480–1562), 299, 387, 391

  Berlin, Germany, 445

  Bermejo, Bartolomé (d. 1498), 223

  Bern, Switzerland, 146, 396, 403, 410, 467

  Bernabei, Domenico (1495), 93, 823

  Bernardino of Feltre (1439–94), 721

  Bernardino of Siena, Saint (1380–1444), quoted, 16

  Berners, John, Lord (1467–1533), 816

  Bernini, Giovanni (1598–1680), 830

  Berquin, Louis de (1489–1529), 503, 504

  Berruguete, Alonso (c. 1480–1561), 845, 847, 848

  Berruguete, Pedro (c. 1450–1504), 223, 845, 847, 848

  Berry, Duke of, see Charles, Duke of Berry (1446–72)

  John, Duke of Berry (1340–1416)

  Berthelier, Philibert (1553), 483

  Berthelot, Gilles (1521), 824

  Bertinoro, Obadiah (1488), 720

  Bessarion, Joannes (1403–72), 176

  Beszterczebánya, Hungary, 189

  betrothals, 112

  Betti, Giovanni di Giusto (1485–1549), 830

  Bèze, Théodore de (1519–1608), 472, 486–487, 488, 489, 614

  Bibbiena, Bernardo (1470–1521), Calandra, 81

  Bible: authenticity, 352, 370–371

  Authorized Version (1611), 534

  Complutensian Polyglot, 225

  Great Bible, 571

  Luther’s translation, 368–369

  paramount authority, 349

  text, interpreting, 366

  translations, 36–37, 75, 124, 320, 368–369, 485, 486, 502, 533, 534, 556, 571, 625, 628, 630, 924

  Vulgate, 225, 272, 283, 285, 320, 929

  Biblia pauperum, 328

  bibliolatry, 302

  Bibliotheca Corvina, Buda, 189

  Bibliotheca universalis (Gesner), 868

  Bibliothèque Nationale, France, 68, 786

  bigamy, 449, 762

  Bigorre, France, 68

  Bihzad, Kamal al-Din (c. 1440–0. 1523), 682, 687–688, 699, 701

  bills of exchange, 198

  Bilney, Thomas (1495?-1531), 532, 549

  biology, 867–869

  Biscay, Bay of, 62

  bishops, appointment, 547

  bishops’ courts, 30

  Black Death, 39, 64, 143, 144, 244, 250, 676, 689, 690, 724, 725, 730, 731, 739, 758

  Black Prince, see Edward

  Black Sea, 177, 178, 182, 680

  Blackheath, London, 110

  Blanche of Bourbon (d. 1361), 197

  Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France (1331–1398), 65

  Blandrata, Giorgio (1515?-?88), 488, 630

  blasphemy, 206, 421, 474, 484, 503

  Blast against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (Knox), 612–613

  blast furnaces, 144, 241

  Bleda, friar, 220

  block printing, 158

  Blois, France, 58, 92, 102, chateau, 97, 496, 824

  blood: pulmonary circulation, 480–481, 689, 872

  purity of, 639

  Blount, Elizabeth, 532

  blue laws, 758

  Boabdil, Moorish King of Granada (1482 s3, 1486–92), 202–203

  Bobadilla, Francisco de (d. 1502), 265–266, 267

  Bobadilla, Nicolas (1534), 910

  Böblingen, Germany, 391

  Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313–75), 48, 54, 224

  Decameron, 50, 54, 499

  Filostrato, 49

  Teseide, 54

  Boccadoro, Domenico Bernabei (d. 1549), 97

  Boch
er, Joan, 585

  Bodleian Library, 119, 123

  Boffi, Guillermo (1410), 221

  Bohemia: chivalry, 161

  civil war, 31

  Diet of Electors, 147

  German empire, separation, 300

  German settlers, 169

  Holy Roman Empire, 148

  Hussite revolt, 153

  Protestants, 629, 631

  racial hostility, 163

  revolution (1415–36), 167–172

  separation from papacy, 12

  Bohemian Brethren, 630, 631

  Bohier, Thomas (1513), 824

  Böhm, Hans (1476), 293

  Bojador, Africa, 193

  Bokhara, 663, 672, 676

  Boleslav V, King of Poland (1227–79), 725

  Boleyn, Anne (1507–36), 537–541, 543, 546, 547, 548, 556, 559, 587

  Boleyn, Mary, 537, 538

  Boleyn, Sir Thomas (1477–1539), 537, 560

  Bolingbroke, Henry (1367–1413), see Henry IV of England

  Bologna, Italy, 507

  University, 224, 788

  Bolsec, Jerome, 477

  Bona, 698

  Bonaparte, Joseph (1768–1844), 215*

  Bonaventura, Giovanni di Fidanza (1221–74), 246

  Bonfils, Immanuel (fl. 1350), 743

  Bonfini, Antonio (1427–1502), 189

  Boniface, Saint (680–755), 232

  Boniface VIII, Pope (1294–1303), 6, 35, 149, 232, 376

  Boniface IX, Pope (1389–1404), 9, 23

  Boniface, Supplication du peuple de France au roi contre le pape (Dubois), 251

  Bonner, Edmund (1500?-69), 580, 589, 590, 596, 597, 598–599

  Bonnivard, François de (1496–1570), 467, 468, 469

  Bonnivet, Guillaume de (c. 1488–1525), 494, 497, 498, 499, 508

  Bontemps, Pierre (1505–68), 830

  Book of Common Prayer, 615, 892

  First, 580

  Second, 585

  Book of Hours, 80, 81

  Book of Kings (Firdausi), 687

  books, 157, 320, 784–786

  burning, 324, 356–357, 363, 639, 739, 881, 924

  Germany, 368, 784

  Hebrew, suppression, 323–324

  illustration, 309

  index of prohibited, 424, 862, 863, 924

  Luther’s, distribution, 368

  magic, 231

  Persia, 666

  Bora, Catherine von, wife of Martin Luther (1499–1552), 407, 416–417

  Bordeaux, 62, 69, 88, 506

  Cathedral (1320–5), 79

  Borgia, Caesar, (1475–1507), 13, 95

  Borgia, St. Francis (1510–72), 913–914

  Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI

  Borgognoni, Theodoric, 244

  Borgoña, Felipe de (fl. 1505–35), 847

  Borromeo, Charles (1538–84), 781, 896–897

  Boscán, Juan (1493?-1542), 816

  Bosch, Hieronymus (1450?-1516), 73, 140–141, 832

  Adoration of the Magi (Madrid, New York), 140

  Hay Ride (Escorial), 140

  Nativity (Cologne), 140

  Pleasures of the World (Escorial), 141

  Temptations of St. Anthony (Lisbon, Cleveland), 140

  Bosnia, 178, 179, 180, 182, 184, 186

  Bosporus, 663

  Boswell, James (1740–95), 318

  Bosworth Field, battle (1485), 108

  botany, 242, 743, 867–868

  Boulogne, France, 577, 581, 583

  Bourbon, Cardinal of, 91

  Bourbon, France, 58

  Bourdichon, Jean (1508), 99

  Les heures d’Anne de Bretagne (1508), 93, 98

  Bourg, Anne du, 521

  Bourges, 80, 102, 506

  Coeur house, 74

  Bourré, Jean (1460), 97

  Bouts, Dirk (Dierik: c, 1410–75), 136–137

  Last Supper (St. Pierre, Louvain), 136

  Martyrdom of St. Erasmus (St. Sauveur, Bruges), 137

  Bowes, Mrs. Elizabeth, 609, 610

  Boyars, Council of, 651

  Brabant, 58, 59, 126, 142

  Bracciolini, Poggio (1380–1459), 167, 320–321

  Bradwardine, Thomas (1290?-1349), 238

  Brahe, Tycho (1546–1601), 862, 863

  Brandenburg, Germany, 144, 145, 147, 172, 356, 423, 454, 478

  Brant, Sebastian (1457?-1521), 425

  Narren-schiff, 316, 326, 812

  Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeilles, Seigneur de (1535?-1614), 93, 499, 501, 760

  Dames Galantes, 492

  Brask, Hans, 624, 625, 626

  Braunsberg, Germany, 630

  Brazil, 194, 195, 264, 269

  Bremen, Germany, 147, 297, 299, 439, 478

  Rathaus, 155

  Brescia, Italy, 161

  Breslau, Germany, 65, 143, 155, 297

  Brest, France, 69

  Brétigny, Peace of, 68

  Breton, Gilles de (d. 1552), 825

  Breton, Jean le, 824

  Brereton, Sir William, 559

  Brethren, Anabaptist sect, 396

  Brethren of the Common Life, 20, 73, 128, 235, 255, 271, 382, 635, 787, 915

  Brethren of the Free Spirit, 128

  Brézé, Louis de (d. 1531), 518

  bribery, 18, 71, 112, 304, 713, 764

  Briçonnet, Guillaume (d. 1533), 502–505, 505

  Brigade, La, French poets, 808, 809

  brigandage, 70–71

  Brissot, Pierre (1478–1522), 870

  Britain, see England

  Brittany, 58, 91, 93

  Brixen, Tirol, 389

  Broederlam, Melchior (1392), 131

  Broet, Paschase (1534), 910

  Bromyard, John (1350), quoted, 20

  bronze work, 307

  Bronzino, Agnolo di Cosimo, II (1502–72)

  Venus and Cupid, 823

  Brosse, Jean de, 512

  Brothel Queen, Geneva, 469

  Brothers of Mercy, 900

  Brou, France, Church (1506–32), 96, 98, 829

  Bruce, Robert (1274–1329), 604

  Brueghel, Jan (1568–1625), 832

  Brueghel, Maria Coecke, 832

  Brueghel, Pieter, the Elder (1525–69), 141, 829, 832–835, 848

  Blind Leading the Blind (Naples), 833

  Fall of Icarus (Brussels), 834

  Gloomy Day (Vienna), 834

  Hay Harvest (Collection Prince Lobkowitz), 834

  Hunters in the Snow (Vienna), 834

  Land of Cockayne (Munich), 833

  Merry Way to the Gallows (Darmstadt), 835

  Netherlandish Proverbs (Berlin), 833

  Return of the Herd (Vienna), 834

  Storm (Vienna), 834

  Triumph of Death (Madrid), 832

  Wheat Harvest (New York), 834

  Brueghel, Pieter, the Younger (1564?-?1638), 832

  Bruges, Belgium, 58, 59, 69, 121, 126, 127, 136, 515, 631, 635

  town hall, 130

  Bruna, Israel (1400–80), 732

  Brunfels, Otto (1488?-1534), 383, 867

  Herbarum vivae icones, 868

  Bruno, Giordano (1548?-1600), 862

  Brunswick, Germany, 439

  Althaus, 835

  Rathaus, 155

  Brusa, Asia Minor, 176, 673, 674, 678, 680

  Brussels, Belgium, 58, 65, 127, 136, 631

  Notre Dame du Sablon church, 136

  Town Hall (1444–55), 130

  bubonic plague, 39, 64, 874

  Bucer, Martin (1491–1551), 423, 439, 443, 449, 461, 465, 477, 479, 480, 484, 505, 580, 920

  Buckingham, Edward, Duke of (d. 1521), 536

  Buda, Hungary, 185, 188, 189, 239, 440, 441, 706

  Budé, Guillaume (1467–1540), 25, 124, 288, 495, 788, 790, 795

  Bulgaria, 178, 179, 180, 184

  Bullant, Jean (1510–78), 826, 828

  bulletin board, academic, 341

  bullfights, 198

  Bullinger, Heinrich, (1504–75), 409, 413, 477, 484, 489, 879

  bu
lls, papal, 23, 148, 204, 209, 214–215, 264, 348, 352, 454, 897

  excommunication, 354, 356, 558

  Golden Bull, 151, 155, 162, 726

  indulgence, 338

  Jewish converts, quoted, 732

  bundling, 762

  Bundschuh, Bond of the Shoe, 293, 294, 362

  Bureau, Jean, 87, 88

  bureaucracy, 494

  Burgkmair, Hans (1473–1531), 296, 301, 310, 840

  Burgomasters, Epistle to the (Luther), 786

  Burgos, Castile, 197, 221, 222

  Burgundy, 58, 91, 126, 127, 135, 136, 507, 510, 513

  Buridan, Jean (c. 1299-c. 1359), 240–241, 246, 251

  “Buridan’s ass,” 240*

  Burnell, Bishop Robert (d. 1292), 30

  Burnet, Gilbert (1643–1715), 534

  burning at the stake, 212, 214, 215, 216, 556, 576, 596–599, 607, 640, 758, 892

  Burning Bush, The (Froment), 98

  Burton, Robert (1577–1640), Anatomy of Melancholy, 274

  Bury St. Edmund, England, 42

  Busbecq, Augier Ghislain de (1522–92), 702, 769

  quoted, 703

  buttons, use of, 74

  Byzantine Empire, 775–178, 181, 653, 663, 703

  Ca Da Mosto, Alvise da (1432?-1511), 194

  Cabala, the, 724, 740, 850

  Cabot, John (1450–98), no, 268

  Cabot, Sebastian (1476?-1557), no, 865

  Cabral, Gonzalo, 193

  Cabral, Pedro Alvarez (1460?-?1526), 194, 269

  Cabrero, Juan, 261

  Caccia, Giovan B. (1535), 897

  Cade, Jack (d. 1450), 110–111

  Cádiz, Marquis of, 202

  Cádiz, Spain, 218

  Caen, France, 520

  Church of St. Pierre (1308), 79, 822

  Caesar, Julius (100–44 B.C.), 187

  Cagliari, Sardinia, 697

  Cahors, Bishop of (1317), 231

  Cairo, Egypt, 677, 736

  Cajetan, Tommaso de Vio, Cardinal (1469–1534), 327, 347–348

  Calabria, Italy, 697

  Calais, France, 63, 65, 68, 69, 70, 88, 136, 522, 599

  Calandra (Bibbiena), 811

  calculus, 743

  calendar: astrological, 231

  reform, 238, 240, 301

  Calicut, India, 194

  California, Spanish conquest, 864

  Calixtus III, Pope (1455–58), 12, 86

  calligraphy, 158, 686, 700–701

  Calmar, Union of (1457), 621, 622, 623

  Calvin, Idelette de Bure, 470

  Calvin, John (1509–64), 13, 35, 152, 153, 165, 404, 435, 459–490, 501, 503, 599, 608, 778, 821, 849

  quoted, 461–462, 463, 464, 482, 485, 858

  Catechism, 469

  Christian Religion, The Principles of the, 460–461

  Institutes, 460, 462, 467, 472, 477, 481, 521, 785

  Mass, Commentary on the, 630

  Calvinism, 465, 475, 517, 521, 599, 607, 608, 609, 610, 614, 615, 619, 630, 631, 633, 635, 787

  Camaldolites, 899

  Cambrai, Flanders, 58, 59, 126

  Ladies Peace, 513

  Treaty of, 514, 540

  Cambridge University, 42, 118, 123, 236, 277, 531, 532, 550, 787

 

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