by Will Durant
Contarini, Gasparo, Cardinal (1535–42), 446, 562, 866, 893, 896, 897, 898, 912, 920–921, 929
Contemptu mundi, De (Erasmus), 271
Contra atheos (Postel), 881
Contr’un (La Boétie), 882
conversation, art of, 767
Conversos, baptized Jews, 201, 207–208, 209–210, 213, 214, 215, 217–218, 219, 639, 734
Cop, Nicholas, 460, 480, 504
Copenhagen, Denmark, 145, 146, 153, 621, 628
University, 621, 627
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543), 19, 173, 238, 239, 241, 452, 477, 849, 855–863
quoted, 858, 861–862
Book of Revolutions, 849
Little Commentary, 857–858
Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs, 860
copyright protection, 157, 784
Cordova, Francisco Hernández de (1475?-1526), 865
Cordova, Castile, 197, 208
cathedral, 846
Mosque, 221*, 846
Cordus, Curicius (1486–1535), 868
Cordus, Valerius (1515–44), 868, 873
Corinth, 186
cornering products, 295, 296
Coron, Turkey, 706
Coronado, Francisco (1510–54), 865
Correa, Caspar (c. 1490–1565), 815
Corte-Real, Gaspar (1450?-1510), 194
corruption, 18, 71, 212, 590, 603
Cortes, Hernando (1485–1547), 199–200, 817, 865
Córtese, Gregorio (1483–1548), 897, 899
Cosa, Juan de la (1460?-1510), 240
Cosmographia universalis (Münster), 864
cosmography, 676
Cossa, Baldassare, see John XXIII
Cossacks, 654–655
Costa Rica, 267
Coster, Laurens (c. 1370–0. 1443), 158
Cottereau, Jean, 824
Councils and the Churches, On the (Luther), 448
Counsel of the Appointed Cardinals on Reforming the Church, 897–898
quoted, 898
Counter Reformation, 128, 897, 922, 932
counterfeiters, 647
“Count’s War,” 628
Courland, 173
court, French, 60, 494–496
court of love, 72, 500
Courtenay, Edward (152 6}-56), 591, 592, 593
Courtenay, William, Archbishop (1342?-96), 32, 35–36
courtesans, 7, 761
Courtier, The (Castiglione), 500, 742, 767, 816
Courtrai, France, 58
Coutances, France, chapel (1371–86), 79
Covenanters, 489
Coventry, England, Cathedral (1373–94), 119
Coverdale, Miles (1488?-1569), 532, 571
Cracow, Poland, 143, 172, 629, 725
cathedral, 174
university, 173, 237, 788
craft guilds, 38, 59, 144
Cranach, Lucas, the Elder (1472–1553), 345, 415, 450, 836–838, 848
Anna Cuspinian (Coll. Reinhart, Winterthur), 837
Johannes Cuspinian (Coll. Reinhart, Winterthur), 837
Judgment of Paris (Coll. Baron von Schenk), 836
Self-portrait (Uffizi), 837
Venus and Cupid (Brussels), 836
Cranach, Lucas, the Younger (1515–86), Sleeping Hercules (Dresden), 837
Cranmer, Thomas (1489–1556), 444, 532, 545, 547, 560, 565, 576, 579, 580, 581, 584, 589, 597, 894
quoted, 598
Book of Common Prayer, 580, 585
Crawar, Paul, 607
Crécy, France, 63, 70, 88, 161
Cremona, Italy, 161
Crépy: Peace of (1545), 453, 635, 928
Treaty (1544), 516
Crescas, Abraham (d. 1387), 743
Crescas, Hasdai (1340–1410), 745–746
Crescas, Jehuda (1420), 743
Crete, 182
crime, 115, 304, 604, 757
Crimea, 187, 652, 655
Croatia, 184
Croft, Sir James, 592, 593
Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658), 568
Cromwell, Sir Richard, 567
Cromwell, Thomas (1485?-1540), 534, 548, 549, 561, 563–568, 572, 575, 843
Cronacas (Lopes), 195
crop rotation (1300), 143
Cross, Order of the, 173
Crotus Rubianus (1480?-1540), 325, 327, 426
Crowmer, William (1450), III
cruelty, 71
Crusades, 16, 17, 24, 156, 186, 332, 340, 347, 663, 703
Cuba, 262, 264
cuckoldry, 60
Cumuneros, revolt, 638–639
Cunha, Tristao da (1460?-1540), 194
Curia, papal, 7, 11, 12, 18, 25, 330, 332, 448, 546, 624, 899, 918, 932, 933
Curio, Caelius Secundus (1503–69), 478, 486
currency: Castile, 205*
debasing, 65, 66, 252, 583, 624, 676
fluid, 755
Gresham’s law, 857
international, 632
stabilization, 664
standardized, 92
Curvilinear Decorated Gothic, 118
Cuspinian, Johannes, 837
Cuvier, Georges (1769–1832), 868
Cymbalum mundi (Desperiers), 881
Cyprus, 680
Czenger, Hungary, 631
Dahlberg, Johann von (1445–1503), 320
Dalmata, Giovanni, 189
Dalmatic of Charlemagne, 177
Dalmau, Luis (d. c. 1460), Virgin of the Councilors (1446) (Barcelona, Museum of Catalan Art) 223
Damascus, 673, 685
Dames Galantes (Brantôme), 492
Dance of Death, 72–73, 833
Dance of Death, The (Holbein) 842
dancing, H4, 305, 419, 648, 760, 770
Daniel Alexandrovitch (d. 1303), 650
Danish Empire, 146
Dante (1265–1321), 224
Danzig, 172, 173, 439, 629–630
Marienkirche (1425), 154
d’Arc, Jacques, 82, 84
Darcy, Lord, 566
Dardanelles, 177, 179, 181, 185
Daret, Jacques (c. 1404–0. 73), 133
Darmstadt, Germany, 156, 299
Darwin, Charles R. (1809–82), 242, 452
Dataria, 898, 929
Dati, Giuliano, 895
daughters, excluded from crown, 61
Dauphin, 66*
Dauphiné, France, 58, 510
David II, King of Scotland (1329–33; 1357–70, 604
David, Gerard (c. 1460–1523), Rest on the Flight to Egypt (Washington, New York, Madrid), 139
David ibn abi-Zimra, 736
debauchery, 232
Decameron (Boccaccio), 50, 54, 499
deceptions of senses and judgment, 234
Defender, The (Erasmus), 435
Defender of the Faith, 532
Défense et illustration de la langue françoyse (Bellay), 809
Defensor Pads (Masilius and Jandun), quoted, 149
Delhi, India, 673, 676
Del Monte, Cardinal (1545), 928
Delorme, Philibert (c. 1515–70), 520, 826, 827, 830, 848
Architecture, Treatise on, 828
Deluge, second (1524), 855
democracy, 254, 611
Demonic Deceptions, On (Wier), 852
demonolatry, 232, 233, 234
Demosthenes (d. 413 B.C.), 285
Denck, Hans (1495–1527), 395, 397
Denmark, 144, 145, 146, 153, 159, 515, 621, 627–628, 629
dentistry, 874
Deprès, Josquin (1450?-1521), 773, 774, 775
Descartes, René (1596–1650), 241, 886, 939
Deschamps, Eustache (1340?-?1407), 72, 73
Le Miroir de mariage, quoted, 76
Deschler, Joachim (d. 1571), 836
Despenser, Hugh le, III (d. 1326), 27
Desperiers, Bonaventure (c. 1490–1544), 499, 501
Cymbalum mundi, 881
Despoina, Lady, 679, 680
despotism, 651
determinism, 434, 851
Deventer, Holland, 128, 129<
br />
Dialectique (Ramus), 885
Dialoghi d’Amore (Abrabanel), 742
Diane de France (1538–1619), 519
Diane de Poitiers (1499–1566), 517, 518–522, 827
Dias, Bartholomeu (1450?-1500), 194, 260
Dias, Diniz (1446), 194
Díaz, Alfonso, 640
Díaz, Juan, of Cuenca, 640
Díaz del Castillo, Bernai (1492-?81), 817
dictatorship, proletarian, 638
dictionaries, 785
Diderot, Denis (1713–84), 59
Diet of Electors, Germany, 147
Diether von Isenburg (1459), 331
Dietrich of Freiburg (d. c. 1311), 240
Digges, Thomas (d. 1595), 862
Dijon, France, 80, 126, 127, 506
Museum, 131
Dinant, France, 135, 136
Diniz, King of Portugal (1279–1325), 191, 237
Diogenes (412–323 B.C.), quoted, 789
Dionysius the Areopagite (c. 500), 153
Dioscorides, Pedanius (1st Century A.D.), 868
diplomatic missions, men of letters, 48
discipline, 303, 473–474
diseases: curing, 850
England, 39
dispensations, 11, 18, 214, 215
dissection, 243, 798, 869–871, 879
Divinatione, De (Oresme), 234
Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 224
Divine service, 447
divining rod, 753*
divorce, 112, 712, 762
Diwan (Divan), 709
Diyarbekir, Turkey, 698
Djem, Prince (1459–1495), 681, 704
Dlugosz, Jan (1415–80), 173
Dmitri Donskoi (1363–89), 651
Döbeln, Germany, 356
Dolet, Étienne (1508–46), 159, 501, 771, 784–785, 798
Dolgoruki, Yuri (fl. 1156), 650
domiciliary visits, 474
Dominica, 264
Dominicans, 19, 20, 209, 236, 246, 323, 324, 329, 339, 633
Domostroi, 648
Domrémy, France, 81–82
Don Cossacks, 655
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 816
Donation of Constantine, 16, 117, 256, 272, 327, 369
Donne, Sir John (1468), 137–138
Dorat, Jean (1508–88), 808, 809
Doria, Andrea (1468P-1560), 513, 697, 706
Dorpat, Germany, 439
Dortmund, Germany, 144, 297
Dostoievski, Fëdor (1821–81), 841
Douai, France, 59, 92, 96
Douglas, William, Earl of (1425?-52), 605
Dózsa, György (d. 1514), 190
drama, 46, 49, 76, 100, 156, 225, 326, 420, 474, 813, 817
Portugal, 195, 815
Dresden, Germany, 339*
Castle, 835
dress: female, 74, 75, 114, 127, 199, 202, 205, 305, 767, 768
male, 74, 75, 114, 127, 136, 199, 202, 275, 304–305, 713, 767, 768
Wolsey, 528
Dreux, France, 96
drink, 39, 113, 417, 477, 769
Dropsius, Martin, 278
drunkenness, 236, 304, 344, 471, 529, 648, 713, 759, 769
dry point engraving, 309, 316
Dublin, Ireland, university, 236
Dubois, Jacques (1478–1555), 869, 871
Dubois, Pierre (c. 1255–1312), 246, 251
Duccio di Buoninsegna (1255?-?1319), 177
Dudley, Sir Henry, 599
duels, 513*, 514
Dufay, Guillaume (1399–1474), 774–775
Du Guesclin, Bertrand (1320–80), 68, 69, 201
Duisy, Guillaume (1429), 84
Dunkers, 402*
Dunois, Jean (1403?-68), 81, 83, 86, 97
Duns Scotus, John (1265?-?1308), 236, 246, 247, 249, 250, 251, 272, 332, 787
Dunstable, John (c. 1370–1453), 114, 774
Duprat, Antoine (1463–1535), 494
Duran, Profiat (fl. 1410), 741
Duran, Simon (1361–1444), 720
Duran, Simon II, (1439–1510), 736
Durand, William (c. 1270–1334), 7, 246
Dürer, Agnes Frey, 303, 312, 317
Dürer, Albrecht (1471–1528), 73, 139, 290, 296, 298, 301, 306, 311–320, 350, 768
quoted, 318
Adoration of the Magi (Uffizi), 315
Bernhard von Resten (Dresden), 314
Charlemagne (Nuremberg), 314
Dürer’s Father (1490, Uffizi), 314
Dürer’s Father (1497, London), 314
Elizabeth Tucher (Cassel), 314
Feast of the Rose Garlands (Prague), 311, 313, 314
Four Apostles (Munich), 308, 318
Hieronymus Holzschuher (Berlin), 314
Jakob Fugger (Munich), 296
Madonna and Child (Vienna), 315
Madonna and Child with Saints (New York), 314
Oswalt Krell (Munich), 314
Paumgärtner Altar (Munich), 314
Portrait of a Gentleman (Madrid), 314
Selfportrait (1493, Louvre), 312
Self-portrait (1498, Madrid), 312
Self-portrait (1500, Munich), 312
Venetian Lady (Vienna), 314
Willibald Pirkheimer (Madrid), 314
Duret, Jean (1550), 829
Durham, England, 604
Dvina, river, 656
dykes, Holland, 136
dynasties: Abd-el-Wahid, 696
Angevin, 172
Árpád, 184
Aviz, 192
Bourbon, 61
Buurji Mamluks, 676
Capetian, 61, 126
Hapsburg, 142, 152, 226, 296, 300, 301, 410, 441, 455, 491, 591, 639, 710
Hohenstaufen, 148
II Khan, Mongol, 663, 664–666
Lancastrian 57
Marini, 695
Mogul (Mongol), 676
Nefsid, 696
Oldenburg, 146
Palaeologus, 175
Plantagenet, 57
Przemyslid, 161
Safavid, 676, 698
Stuart, 604
Timurid, 676
Tudor, 108, 536, 538, 568, 591
Valois, 61, 491
Yorkist, 108
East Indies, 195
Easterlings, House of (1564), 632
Eastern Roman Empire, 175
Eberlin, Johannes (1521), 383
eccentric, 856*
ecclesiastical authority, repudiation, 366
ecclesiastical courts, 24, 30, 520
ecclesiastical income, 603
ecclesiastical imposts, 621
ecclesiastical offices, filling, 11, 13, 15, 19, 115
ecclesiastical property, appropriation, 393, 395, 444, 455, 456, 543–544, 590, 619, 625, 626, 628, 654
Eck, Johann, Augustinian friar, 633
Eck, Johann, of Trier (1521), 360
quoted, 361
Eck, Dr. Johann, of Ingoistadt (1486–1543), 285, 350, 354, 356, 426, 443, 446, 851, 920
Obelisci, 346, 349
Eckhart, Johannes, Meister, (1260?-?1327), 154, 156, 255, 325
quoted, 153
economic disparities, Europe, 297
economics, 246
Edinburgh, Scotland, 602, 606, 607, 615
Royal College of Surgeons (1505), 244
St. Giles Church, 615
Edinburgh, Treaty of (1560), 618
education, 5, 18, 123, 128, 130, 136, 157, 160, 199, 201, 235–238, 383, 786–790% aristocracy, 235–236
Byzantium, 175
compulsory, 786
Denmark, 627
England, 235, 529, 568
Geneva, 468, 474
Granada, 201–202
Ottoman, 714
Persia, 664
Spain, 225
Education of a Christian Prince (Erasmus), 286
Edward I, King of England, (1272–1307), 27
Edward II, King of England, (1307–27), 26–27, 119
Edward III, King of England (1327–77), 7, 27, 28–29, 30, 32, 38, 40,
48, 61, 62, 63, 68, 69, 118, 119, 150, 161, 162, 231, 234, 569, 604
quoted, 64
Edward IV, King of England (1461–70; 1471–83), 90, 91, 107–108, 112, 118
Edward V, King of England (1483), 108
Edward VI, King of England (1547–53), 561, 573, 576, 577, 579, 585, 586, 608
Edward, King of Portugal (1433–38), 192
Edward, Earl of March, see Edward IV
Edward the Black Prince (1330–76), 29, 63, 65, 69
Egidio de Viterbo (1470–1532), 724
Egypt, 663, 664, 673, 676–678, 681, 710
Einsiedeln, Switzerland, 405
Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine (1122?-1204), 58
Eleanora, wife of Francis I (d.1539), 508, 511, 512, 515
Elector Palatine, 180
electors, Germany, 151-152
Elijah del Medigo, (1463–98), 724
Elizabeth I, Queen of England (1558–1603), 108, 226, 255, 547, 548, 560, 561, 573, 576, 587, 588, 593, 594, 599, 617, 840
Elizabeth of Valois (1545–68), 518, 522
Elmina, Guinea, 259
Eltville, Germany, 159
Ely, England, Cathedral, Lady Chapel (1321–27), 118
Elyot, Thomas (1490?-1546), 789
Elzevirs, The (1580–1712), 159
embargoes, 62, 109
Emden, Germany, 599
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (1553–80), 522, 636
emperors: German, 300
papal confirmation, 330
Empire of Great Britain, 581
empirical psychology, 869
empiricism, 247
enameled glass, 677–678
enamels, 99, 829
Encina, Juan del (c. 1468–1534), 225
Engelbreksson, Engelbrekt (1434), 146
England: absolute monarchy, 207
alliance with France, 526
barbarian inundation, 5
chivalric pomp, 127
coronation oath, quoted, 26
ecclesiastical independence, 33
ecclesiastical wealth, 30
foreign trade, 109
French holdings surrendered, 88
French possessions (1300), 58
(1359), 68
(1369), 69
hospitals (1500), 245
Jewish expulsion, 724
king, divine right, 255
national unification, 92
navy, 62, 572
papal tribute, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 337–338
Parliament, first, 27
population (1307), 37; (1515), 493; 0547), 568
printing press, 159
Protestantism, strengthening, 216
religion subject to the state, 209
revolt (1381), 37–45
(1536), 565–566
(1541), 575
(1549), 581, 582
(1554), 592
Rome renounced, 445
Sanitary Act (1388), 245
schools, 787
state officials, selection, 30
war with France, 8, 27, 28, 29, 41, 45, 62, 63, 81, 535, 596, 599
English, description, 111
engraving, 298, 309
metal, 158
engravings, 309, 316
Dürer’s, 316–317